Are athletes really getting faster, better, stronger? | David Epstein

6,968,427 views

2014-04-29 ใƒป TED


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Are athletes really getting faster, better, stronger? | David Epstein

6,968,427 views ใƒป 2014-04-29

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Kwangmin Lee
00:12
The Olympic motto is "Citius, Altius, Fortius."
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์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๋Š” "์‹œํ‹ฐ์šฐ์Šค, ์•Œํ‹ฐ์šฐ์Šค, ํฌํ‹ฐ์šฐ์Šค"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
Faster, Higher, Stronger.
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๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ, ๋” ๋†’์ด, ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ.
00:18
And athletes have fulfilled that motto rapidly.
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์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œ์ผœ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
The winner of the 2012 Olympic marathon
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2012๋…„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค ์šฐ์Šน์ž๋Š”
00:25
ran two hours and eight minutes.
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2์‹œ๊ฐ„ 8๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์Šนํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
Had he been racing against the winner
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ 1904๋…„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ ๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค ์Šน์ž๋ฅผ
00:29
of the 1904 Olympic marathon,
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์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:32
he would have won by nearly an hour and a half.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•œ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ด๊ฒผ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
00:35
Now we all have this feeling
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘
00:37
that we're somehow just getting better
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์นจ์—†์ด ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
00:39
as a human race, inexorably progressing,
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๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€๋งŒ
00:41
but it's not like we've evolved into a new species
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
00:43
in a century.
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์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
So what's going on here?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
00:47
I want to take a look at what's really behind
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋ณด์—
00:48
this march of athletic progress.
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์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
In 1936, Jesse Owens
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1936๋…„ ์ œ์‹œ ์˜ค์›ฌ์Šค๊ฐ€
00:53
held the world record in the 100 meters.
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100๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
Had Jesse Owens been racing last year
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์ œ์‹œ ์˜ค์›ฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋…„
00:58
in the world championships of the 100 meters,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ๋Œ€ํšŒ 100๋ฏธํ„ฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด
01:01
when Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt finished,
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์ž๋งˆ์ด์นด์˜ ์šฐ์ƒค์ธ ๋ณผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ ์„ ์ง€๋‚  ๋•Œ
01:03
Owens would have still had 14 feet to go.
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์˜ค์›ฌ์Šค๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ 14๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
That's a lot in sprinter land.
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๋‹จ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
01:09
To give you a sense of how much it is,
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ธ์ง€ ๋Š๊ปด๋ณด์‹œ๋„๋ก
01:10
I want to share with you a demonstration
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์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๊ณผํ•™์ž ๋กœ์Šค ํ„ฑ์ปค๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•œ
01:12
conceived by sports scientist Ross Tucker.
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์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
Now picture the stadium last year
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์ง€๋‚œ ํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์„ ์ˆ˜๊ถŒ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ
01:17
at the world championships of the 100 meters:
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100๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋ณด์„ธ์š”:
01:20
thousands of fans waiting with baited breath
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ธ ์šฐ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋ณผํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:22
to see Usain Bolt, the fastest man in history;
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ช…์˜ ํŒฌ๋“ค์ด ์ˆจ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
flashbulbs popping as the nine fastest men in the world
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ 9๋ช…์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด
01:28
coil themselves into their blocks.
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์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•  ๋•Œ, ํ”Œ๋ž˜์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํ„ฐ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
And I want you to pretend
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์ œ์‹œ ์˜ค์›ฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์— ์ถœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
01:32
that Jesse Owens is in that race.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
Now close your eyes for a second and picture the race.
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์ด์ œ ์ž ์‹œ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:38
Bang! The gun goes off.
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ํƒ•! ์ด์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
An American sprinter jumps out to the front.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„œ์ž
01:41
Usain Bolt starts to catch him.
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์šฐ์ƒค์ธ ๋ณผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์žก๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
Usain Bolt passes him, and as the runners come to the finish,
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์šฐ์ƒค์ธ ๋ณผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์›”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
you'll hear a beep as each man crosses the line.
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์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์‚ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
(Beeps)
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(์‚์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
01:49
That's the entire finish of the race.
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์ € ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์˜ ๋์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
You can open your eyes now.
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์ด์ œ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋œจ์…”๋„ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
That first beep was Usain Bolt.
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์ฒซ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ƒค์ธ ๋ณผํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:56
That last beep was Jesse Owens.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ์‹œ ์˜ค์›ฌ์Šค์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์—์š”.
01:59
Listen to it again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
02:01
(Beeps)
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(์‚์‚ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
02:03
When you think of it like that,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
02:04
it's not that big a difference, is it?
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ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ฃ ?
02:06
And then consider that Usain Bolt started
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์šฐ์ƒค์ธ ๋ณผํŠธ๊ฐ€
02:08
by propelling himself out of blocks
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์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜
02:11
down a specially fabricated carpet
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๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊น”์•„๋‘” ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์นดํŽ˜ํŠธ ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:13
designed to allow him to travel
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์นดํŽ˜ํŠธ๋Š” ๋ณผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ
02:15
as fast as humanly possible.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
Jesse Owens, on the other hand,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ œ์‹œ ์˜ค์›ฌ์Šค๋Š”
02:19
ran on cinders, the ash from burnt wood,
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ํƒ€๋‹ค ๋‚จ์€ ์žฌ ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋œ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
and that soft surface stole far more energy
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆด ๋•Œ
02:24
from his legs as he ran.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
Rather than blocks, Jesse Owens had a gardening trowel
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์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ์˜ ๋ธ”๋Ÿญ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์ œ์‹œ ์˜ค์›ฌ์Šค๋Š” ์žฌ ์•ˆ์— ์ •์›์šฉ ์‚ฝ์œผ๋กœ
02:29
that he had to use to dig holes in the cinders to start from.
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์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ํŒŒ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
Biomechanical analysis of the speed
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์šฐ์ƒค์ธ ๋ณผํŠธ์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
02:35
of Owens' joints shows that had been running
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02:38
on the same surface as Bolt,
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์ƒ์ฒด๊ณตํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
02:39
he wouldn't have been 14 feet behind,
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์˜ค์›ฌ์Šค๋Š” 14ํ”ผํŠธ๋‚˜ ๋’ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
he would have been within one stride.
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ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ ์ด๋‚ด์— ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:44
Rather than the last beep,
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์ œ์‹œ ์˜ค์›ฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์‚์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:46
Owens would have been the second beep.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
Listen to it again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
02:51
(Beeps)
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(์‚์‚ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
02:52
That's the difference track surface technology has made,
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๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž™ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
and it's done it throughout the running world.
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์œก์ƒ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ํผ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์ง€์š”.
02:57
Consider a longer event.
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์ข€ ๋” ๊ธด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
02:59
In 1954, Sir Roger Bannister
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1954๋…„ ๋กœ์ € ๋ฐฐ๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š”
03:02
became the first man to run under four minutes in the mile.
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1๋งˆ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ๋ฅผ 4๋ถ„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ์ฃผํŒŒํ•œ ์ฒซ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
Nowadays, college kids do that every year.
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์š”์ฆ˜์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งค๋…„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
On rare occasions, a high school kid does it.
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๋“œ๋ฌผ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋‚ด์ง€์š”.
03:11
As of the end of last year,
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์ง€๋‚œ ํ•ด ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€
03:12
1,314 men
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1,314๋ช…์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด
03:15
had run under four minutes in the mile,
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1๋งˆ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์—์„œ 4๋ถ„ ์ด๋‚ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
but like Jesse Owens,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ์‹œ ์˜ค์›ฌ์Šค์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
03:18
Sir Roger Bannister ran on soft cinders
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๋กœ์ € ๋ฐฐ๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ์€ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์—์„œ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:21
that stole far more energy from his legs
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋‚ ์˜ ์ธ์กฐ ํŠธ๋ž™๋ณด๋‹ค
03:23
than the synthetic tracks of today.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠธ๋ž™์ด์ฃ .
03:25
So I consulted biomechanics experts
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์ €๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด๊ณตํ•™์ž์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„
03:27
to find out how much slower it is to run on cinders
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์žฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ํŠธ๋ž™์—์„œ ๋›ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ธ์กฐ ํŠธ๋ž™์— ๋น„ํ•ด
03:29
than synthetic tracks,
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋Š๋ ค์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
and their consensus that it's one and a half percent slower.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ 1.5% ์ •๋„ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๋™์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
So if you apply a one and a half percent slowdown conversion
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์ธ์กฐ ํŠธ๋ž™์—์„œ ๋›ด
03:37
to every man who ran his sub-four mile
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1๋งˆ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์ž๋“ค์„
03:39
on a synthetic track,
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๋ชจ๋‘ 1.5% ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
03:41
this is what happens.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
Only 530 are left.
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530๋ช…๋งŒ ๋‚จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
If you look at it from that perspective,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋กœ์ ธ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ ์ด ํ›„๋กœ
03:46
fewer than ten new men per [year]
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[๋งค๋…„] 10๋ช…๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
03:49
have joined the sub-four mile club
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4๋ถ„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ์ข…์ฃผ ๋ช…๋‹จ์—
03:50
since Sir Roger Bannister.
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์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
Now, 530 is a lot more than one,
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530๋ช…์€ ํ•œ ๋ช…๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:55
and that's partly because there are many more people
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:57
training today and they're training more intelligently.
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๋” ์ง€๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
Even college kids are professional in their training
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค ์กฐ์ฐจ ๋กœ์ € ๋ฐฐ๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:02
compared to Sir Roger Bannister,
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์ง์—…์ ์ธ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์š”.
04:03
who trained for 45 minutes at a time
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๋ฐฐ๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ์€ ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•™๊ณผ๋ชฉ์— ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
04:05
while he ditched gynecology lectures in med school.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— 45๋ถ„ ์”ฉ๋งŒ ํ›ˆ๋ จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
And that guy who won the 1904 Olympic marathon
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1904๋…„ ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์—์„œ
04:10
in three in a half hours,
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3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์Šนํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
04:12
that guy was drinking rat poison and brandy
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๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค ์ฝ”์Šค๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ๋ฉด์„œ
04:14
while he ran along the course.
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์ฅ์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋””๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์…จ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
That was his idea of a performance-enhancing drug.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋‚ธ ์šด๋™ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
04:19
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:21
Clearly, athletes have gotten more savvy
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์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์šด๋™ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์—์„œ๋„
04:22
about performance-enhancing drugs as well,
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ง€๋Šฅํ™” ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
and that's made a difference in some sports at some times,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ชฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:27
but technology has made a difference in all sports,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
from faster skis to lighter shoes.
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๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์Šคํ‚ค์—์„œ ๋” ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ์‹ ๋ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
04:32
Take a look at the record for the 100-meter freestyle swim.
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100๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ž์œ ํ˜• ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
04:35
The record is always trending downward,
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๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ข‹์•„์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด์ฃ .
04:38
but it's punctuated by these steep cliffs.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
This first cliff, in 1956, is the introduction
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1956๋…„์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ด ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”
04:44
of the flip turn.
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ํ”Œ๋ฆฝ ํ„ด์˜ ๋„์ž…์ด์—ˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
04:45
Rather than stopping and turning around,
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๋ฉˆ์ถฐ์„œ ๋Œ์•„์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
04:47
athletes could somersault under the water
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์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ ์†์—์„œ ๊ณต์ค‘ ์ œ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„
04:49
and get going right away in the opposite direction.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
This second cliff, the introduction of gutters
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์ด ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ ๋ฒฝ๋ฉด์—
04:54
on the side of the pool
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๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
04:55
that allows water to splash off,
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๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋˜๋Œ์•„์™€ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
04:57
rather than becoming turbulence
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๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ํŠ€๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ
04:58
that impedes the swimmers as they race.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
This final cliff,
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์ด ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”
05:02
the introduction of full-body
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์ €ํ•ญ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š”
05:03
and low-friction swimsuits.
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์ „์‹  ์ˆ˜์˜๋ณต ๋•๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:05
Throughout sports, technology has changed the face of performance.
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์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์™ธํ˜•์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
In 1972, Eddy Merckx set the record
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1972๋…„ ์—๋”” ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์น™์Šค๋Š”
05:12
for the longest distance cycled in one hour
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์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์„ธ์› ์ฃ .
05:14
at 30 miles, 3,774 feet.
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30๋งˆ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”. 3,774ํ”ผํŠธ์š”.
05:18
Now that record improved and improved
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์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ข‹์•„์ง€๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์—ญํ•™์ ์ด ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
05:20
as bicycles improved and became more aerodynamic
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๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์ ์  ๋”
05:23
all the way until 1996,
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์ข‹์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:25
when it was set at 35 miles, 1,531 feet,
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1996๋…„์—๋Š” 35๋งˆ์ผ, 1,531ํ”ผํŠธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
nearly five miles farther
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๊ทธ๊ฑด 1972๋…„ ์—๋”” ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์น™์Šค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ณด๋‹ค
05:32
than Eddy Merckx cycled in 1972.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 5๋งˆ์ผ ์ •๋„ ์ข‹์•„์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:35
But then in 2000, the International Cycling Union
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ 2,000๋…„์— ๊ตญ์ œ ์‹ธ์ดํด๋ง ํ˜‘ํšŒ๋Š”
05:38
decreed that anyone who wanted to hold that record
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด 1972๋…„์— ์—๋”” ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์น™์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ์žฅ๋น„์™€
05:41
had to do so with essentially the same equipment
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ
05:44
that Eddy Merckx used in 1972.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
Where does the record stand today?
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์š”์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:49
30 miles, 4,657 feet,
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30๋งˆ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 4,657 ํ”ผํŠธ์š”.
05:52
a grand total of 883 feet
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์—๋”” ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์น™์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋˜
05:55
farther than Eddy Merckx cycled
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40๋…„ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ
05:57
more than four decades ago.
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๋„ํ•ฉ 883ํ”ผํŠธ ๋” ์ข‹์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
Essentially the entire improvement in this record
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์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์ข‹์•„์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
06:01
was due to technology.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋•๋ถ„์ด์—์š”.
06:03
Still, technology isn't the only thing pushing athletes forward.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ๋” ์ง„์ „์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
While indeed we haven't evolved
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ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ์— ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…์œผ๋กœ
06:08
into a new species in a century,
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์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
06:10
the gene pool within competitive sports
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๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์šด๋™์—์„œ ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์ธ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
06:12
most certainly has changed.
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ํ›„๋ณด๊ตฐ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
In the early half of the 20th century,
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „๋ฐ˜์—
06:16
physical education instructors and coaches
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์ฒด์œก ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ์ฝ”์น˜๋“ค์€
06:18
had the idea that the average body type
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์ฒดํ˜•์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์šด๋™์—
06:20
was the best for all athletic endeavors:
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
06:22
medium height, medium weight, no matter the sport.
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์–ด๋–ค ์šด๋™์ด๋“  ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ‚ค, ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ฏค ๋˜๋Š” ์ฒด์ค‘์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:26
And this showed in athletes' bodies.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์ฒดํ˜•์— ์ž˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
In the 1920s, the average elite high-jumper
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1920๋…„๋Œ€์— ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋†’์ด๋›ฐ๊ธฐ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค๊ณผ
06:30
and average elite shot-putter were the same exact size.
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ํˆฌํฌํ™˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
But as that idea started to fade away,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์ฝ”์น˜๋“ค์ด
06:35
as sports scientists and coaches realized that
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์ฒดํ˜•๋ณด๋‹ค
06:38
rather than the average body type,
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํŠนํ™”๋œ ์ฒดํ˜•์ด
06:39
you want highly specialized bodies
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์šด๋™ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋” ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
06:41
that fit into certain athletic niches,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
a form of artificial selection took place,
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ธ์œ„์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:46
a self-sorting for bodies that fit certain sports,
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์šด๋™์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ฒดํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
and athletes' bodies became more different from one another.
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์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์ฒดํ˜•์€ ์ ์  ๋” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
Today, rather than the same size as the average elite high jumper,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๋†’์ด๋›ฐ๊ธฐ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณด๋‹ค
06:55
the average elite shot-putter
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ํˆฌํฌํ™˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด
06:56
is two and a half inches taller
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ํ‚ค๋„ 2.5์ธ์น˜ ์ •๋„ ๋” ํฌ๊ณ 
06:58
and 130 pounds heavier.
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์ฒด์ค‘๋„ 130ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์›Œ์š”.
07:01
And this happened throughout the sports world.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์šด๋™ ์ข…๋ชฉ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
In fact, if you plot on a height versus mass graph
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ์•ฝ 20์—ฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ข…๋ชฉ๊ตฐ์—์„œ
07:05
one data point for each of two dozen sports
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ํ‚ค์™€ ์ฒด์ค‘์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด๋ฉด
07:08
in the first half of the 20th century, it looks like this.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
There's some dispersal,
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:13
but it's kind of grouped around that average body type.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ์ฒดํ˜• ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
Then that idea started to go away,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์—†์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
and at the same time, digital technology --
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ --
07:19
first radio, then television and the Internet --
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๋ผ๋””์˜ค๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ, TV ์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๊นŒ์ง€--
07:21
gave millions, or in some cases billions, of people
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์–ต์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
07:23
a ticket to consume elite sports performance.
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์šด๋™ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
The financial incentives and fame and glory afforded elite athletes skyrocketed,
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์žฅ๋ ค๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๋ช…์„ฑ, ์˜์˜ˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์น˜์†Ÿ์•˜๊ณ 
07:30
and it tipped toward the tiny upper echelon of performance.
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๊ทนํžˆ ์ผ๋ถ€์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์น˜๋‹ฌ์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
It accelerated the artificial selection for specialized bodies.
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๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํŠนํ™”๋œ ์ฒดํ˜•์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™” ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
And if you plot a data point for these same
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ 20์—ฌ๊ฐœ ์ข…๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด๋ฉด
07:40
two dozen sports today, it looks like this.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด์—์š”.
07:44
The athletes' bodies have gotten
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์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์ฒดํ˜•์€ ์„œ๋กœ
07:45
much more different from one another.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
And because this chart looks like the charts
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์ด ๋„ํ‘œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜
07:49
that show the expanding universe,
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์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ
07:51
with the galaxies flying away from one another,
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ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์•„์„œ
07:54
the scientists who discovered it call it
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„
07:55
"The Big Bang of Body Types."
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"์ฒดํ˜•์˜ ๋น…๋ฑ…"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
In sports where height is prized, like basketball,
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๋†๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ข…๋ชฉ์—์„œ
08:01
the tall athletes got taller.
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ํ‚ค ํฐ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋” ์ปค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
In 1983, the National Basketball Association
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1983๋…„ ์ „๊ตญ ๋†๊ตฌ ํ˜‘ํšŒ๋Š”
08:06
signed a groundbreaking agreement
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๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋‹จ์ฒด์™€
08:07
making players partners in the league,
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์ž…์žฅ๊ถŒ ํŒ๋งค์™€ TV ์ค‘๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”
08:09
entitled to shares of ticket revenues
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์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š”
08:11
and television contracts.
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ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
Suddenly, anybody who could be an NBA player
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด NBA ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
08:15
wanted to be,
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๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:16
and teams started scouring the globe
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๊ฐ ํŒ€์€ ์šฐ์Šน์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋ 
08:18
for the bodies that could help them win championships.
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๋ชธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋’ค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
Almost overnight,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•˜๋ฃป๋ฐค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—
08:22
the proportion of men in the NBA
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7ํ”ผํŠธ ์ด์ƒ์ด ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„
08:23
who are at least seven feet tall doubled
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NBA ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด
08:25
to 10 percent.
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10%๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
08:27
Today, one in 10 men in the NBA
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์š”์ฆ˜์€ NBA ์—์„œ 10๋ช… ์ค‘์— ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด
08:29
is at least seven feet tall,
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7ํ”ผํŠธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
08:31
but a seven-foot-tall man is incredibly rare
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— 7ํ”ผํŠธ ์ •๋„ ํฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
08:33
in the general population --
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
08:35
so rare that if you know an American man
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด
08:37
between the ages of 20 and 40
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20์„ธ์—์„œ 40์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ
08:39
who is at least seven feet tall,
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ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ 7ํ”ผํŠธ ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
08:41
there's a 17 percent chance
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด NBA ์„ ์ˆ˜์ผ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด
08:43
he's in the NBA right now.
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17%๋‚˜ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:47
That is, find six honest seven footers,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, 7ํ”ผํŠธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ 6๋ช…์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
08:50
one is in the NBA right now.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์€ NBA ์„ ์ˆ˜์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:54
And that's not the only way that NBA players' bodies are unique.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด NBA ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์ฒดํ˜•์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋‹จ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
08:56
This is Leonardo da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man,"
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ๋ ˆ์˜ค๋‚˜๋ฅด๋„ ๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜์˜ "๋น„ํˆฌ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ์Šค์  ์ธ๊ฐ„"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
the ideal proportions,
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ํŒ”์„ ํŽธ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
09:00
with arm span equal to height.
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์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:02
My arm span is exactly equal to my height.
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์ œ ํŒ”์„ ํŽด๋ฉด ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‚ค์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
Yours is probably very nearly so.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ• ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:07
But not the average NBA player.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ NBA ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
The average NBA player is a shade under 6'7",
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ํŒ”์„ ํŽด์„œ 7ํ”ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ NBA ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€
09:12
with arms that are seven feet long.
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ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ 6ํ”ผํŠธ 7์ธ์น˜์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ชป๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
Not only are NBA players ridiculously tall,
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NBA ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์šฐ์Šค๊ฝ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํด ๋ฟ ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:17
they are ludicrously long.
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์šฐ์Šค์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ธธ์ด๋„ ๊ธธ์–ด์š”.
09:19
Had Leonardo wanted to draw
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๋‹ค๋นˆ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํˆฌ๋ฅด๋น„์šฐ์Šค์  NBA ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ
09:20
the Vitruvian NBA Player,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:22
he would have needed a rectangle and an ellipse,
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์›๊ณผ ์ •์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
09:24
not a circle and a square.
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ํƒ€์›์ด๋‚˜ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
So in sports where large size is prized,
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ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ข…๋ชฉ์—์„œ๋Š”
09:29
the large athletes have gotten larger.
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๋ชธ์ง‘์ด ํฐ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ปค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
Conversely, in sports where diminutive stature is an advantage,
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์™œ์†Œํ•œ ์ฒด๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ข…๋ชฉ์—์„œ๋Š”
09:34
the small athletes got smaller.
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์ž‘์€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ๋” ์ž‘์•„์กŒ์–ด์š”.
09:37
The average elite female gymnast
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์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ฒด์กฐ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
09:38
shrunk from 5'3" to 4'9" on average
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์ง€๋‚œ 30๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ 5ํ”ผํŠธ 3์ธ์น˜์—์„œ
09:41
over the last 30 years,
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4ํ”ผํŠธ 9์ธ์น˜๋กœ ์ค„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
all the better for their power-to-weight ratio
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ํž˜ ๋Œ€ ์ฒด์ค‘์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด๋‚˜
09:44
and for spinning in the air.
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๊ณต์ค‘ ํšŒ์ „์— ํ›จ์”ฌ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€์š”.
09:46
And while the large got larger
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ํฐ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋” ์ปค์ง€๊ณ 
09:48
and the small got smaller,
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์ž‘์€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋” ์ž‘์•„์ง€๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
09:49
the weird got weirder.
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์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒํ•ด์กŒ์–ด์š”.
09:51
The average length of the forearm
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์ˆ˜๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์ „์ฒด ํŒ” ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ
09:53
of a water polo player in relation
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ํŒ”๋š์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€
09:55
to their total arm got longer,
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๋” ๊ธธ์–ด์กŒ์–ด์š”.
09:57
all the better for a forceful throwing whip.
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํˆฌ๊ตฌ์— ํ›จ์”ฌ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜์ฃ .
09:59
And as the large got larger,
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ํฐ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ๋” ์ปค์ง€๊ณ 
10:00
small got smaller, and the weird weirder.
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์ž‘์€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๋” ์ž‘์•„์ง€๊ณ , ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ
10:03
In swimming, the ideal body type
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์ˆ˜์˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ฒดํ˜•์€
10:05
is a long torso and short legs.
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์ƒ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์งง์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
It's like the long hull of a canoe
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋ ค๊ณ 
10:09
for speed over the water.
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์นด๋ˆ„์˜ ๋ชธ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
10:11
And the opposite is advantageous in running.
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์œก์ƒ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
10:12
You want long legs and a short torso.
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ƒ์ฒด๋Š” ์งง์•„์กŒ์–ด์š”.
10:14
And this shows in athletes' bodies today.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ๋ชธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
Here you see Michael Phelps,
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๋งˆ์ดํด ํŽ ํ”„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ ๋ฐ์š”.
10:18
the greatest swimmer in history,
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง€์š”.
10:20
standing next to Hicham El Guerrouj,
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1๋งˆ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ณด์œ ์ž์ธ
10:22
the world record holder in the mile.
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ํžˆ์ƒด ์—˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฅด์ฆˆ ์˜†์— ์„  ๋ชจ์Šต์ด์ฃ .
10:24
These men are seven inches different in height,
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์ด ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ 7์ธ์น˜๋‚˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ
10:27
but because of the body types
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๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์ข…๋ชฉ์—์„œ
10:28
advantaged in their sports,
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์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ฒดํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
10:30
they wear the same length pants.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ๋ฐ”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž…์–ด์š”.
10:33
Seven inches difference in height,
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ํ‚ค๋Š” 7์ธ์น˜๋‚˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ
10:34
these men have the same length legs.
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
Now in some cases, the search for bodies
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”, ์šด๋™ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„
10:39
that could push athletic performance forward
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ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ
10:41
ended up introducing into the competitive world
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์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด
10:43
populations of people that weren't previously competing at all,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
like Kenyan distance runners.
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์ผ€๋ƒ์˜ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
10:49
We think of Kenyans as being great marathoners.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ผ€๋ƒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
Kenyans think of the Kalenjin tribe
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์ผ€๋ƒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐค๋ Œ์ง„ ์ข…์กฑ์„
10:55
as being great marathoners.
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์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์—ฌ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
The Kalenjin make up just 12 percent
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๊ฐค๋ Œ์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ผ€๋ƒ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜
10:59
of the Kenyan population
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12%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
11:01
but the vast majority of elite runners.
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์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์œก์ƒ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ„๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
And they happen, on average,
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
11:04
to have a certain unique physiology:
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ชธ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
11:06
legs that are very long
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ธด ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์™€
11:08
and very thin at their extremity,
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๊ทน๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
11:10
and this is because they have their ancestry
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ด
11:11
at very low latitude
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๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณ ๋„์˜
11:13
in a very hot and dry climate,
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๊ณ ์˜จ ์ €์Šตํ•œ ์ง€๋Œ€์— ์‚ด์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
and an evolutionary adaptation to that
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐํ›„์— ์ง„ํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ
11:17
is limbs that are very long
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์ฒด์˜จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ
11:18
and very thin at the extremity
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๊ธธ๊ณ  ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”
11:20
for cooling purposes.
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
It's the same reason that a radiator has long coils,
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๋ผ๋””์—์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ด์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ข‹๊ฒŒ
11:25
to increase surface area compared to volume
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๋ถ€ํ”ผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ
11:26
to let heat out,
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1942
๊ธด ์ฝ”์ผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
11:28
and because the leg is like a pendulum,
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๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„๋™์ž์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ
11:30
the longer and thinner it is at the extremity,
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๋„ํŠธ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Š˜์ˆ˜๋ก
11:31
the more energy-efficient it is to swing.
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์›€์ง์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
To put Kalenjin running success in perspective,
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์บ˜๋ Œ์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์œก์ƒ์—์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด
11:37
consider that 17 American men in history
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๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค์—์„œ 2์‹œ๊ฐ„ 10๋ถ„ ์ด๋‚ด์˜
11:40
have run faster than two hours and 10 minutes
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๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์„
11:42
in the marathon.
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๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
11:43
That's a four-minute-and-58-second-per-mile pace.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด 1๋งˆ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์—์„œ 4๋ถ„ 58์ดˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ํ•„์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
Thirty-two Kalenjin men did that last October.
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์ง€๋‚œ 10์›”์—๋งŒ 32๋ช…์˜ ์บ˜๋ Œ์ง„ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:52
That's from a source population the size
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„ํ‹€๋ž€ํƒ€ ๋„์‹œ๊ถŒ ์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜
11:53
of metropolitan Atlanta.
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์ธ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
Still, even changing technology
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šด๋™์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋‚˜
11:58
and the changing gene pool in sports
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์„ ์ฒœ์ ์ธ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋งŒ์ด
11:59
don't account for all of the changes in performance.
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์„ฑ์  ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
Athletes have a different mindset than they once did.
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์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์˜ˆ์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
Have you ever seen in a movie when someone gets
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์˜ํ™”์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
12:06
an electrical shock
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์ „๊ธฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
12:07
and they're thrown across a room?
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๋ฌธ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋™๋Œ•์ด ์ณ์ง€๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด์‹ ์  ์žˆ์œผ์‹œ์ฃ ?
12:10
There's no explosion there.
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ํญ๋ฐœ๋„ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
12:11
What's happening when that happens is that
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:13
the electrical impulse is causing
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์ „๊ธฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ด ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—
12:14
all their muscle fibers to twitch at once,
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๊ทผ์œก์— ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
and they're throwing themselves across the room.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ ๋ผ๊ฐ€์ฃ .
12:19
They're essentially jumping.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ ํ”„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
That's the power
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์— ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ
12:22
that's contained in the human body.
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1949
ํž˜์ด์—์š”.
12:24
But normally we can't access nearly all of it.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณดํ†ต์€ ๊ทธ์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
12:26
Our brain acts as a limiter,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ์„ ๋‘์–ด์„œ
12:28
preventing us from accessing all of our physical resources,
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๋ชธ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์œก์ฒด์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
because we might hurt ourselves,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
12:32
tearing tendons or ligaments.
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ํž˜์ค„์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ๋Œ€์— ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:33
But the more we learn about how that limiter functions,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ์•Œ๋ฉด ์•Œ์ˆ˜๋ก
12:36
the more we learn how we can push it back
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€๋„
12:38
just a bit,
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๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์„œ
12:40
in some cases by convincing the brain
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”, ๋” ํž˜์„ ๋‚ด๋„
12:42
that the body won't be in mortal danger
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๋ชธ์— ์ฃฝ์„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„
12:44
by pushing harder.
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๋‡Œ์—๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‹ ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
Endurance and ultra-endurance sports
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์ฐธ์„์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทน๋„์˜ ์ธ๋‚ด๋ ฅ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…๋ชฉ์ด
12:47
serve as a great example.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ์ด์ฃ .
12:49
Ultra-endurance was once thought to be harmful
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ํ•œ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ทน๋„์˜ ์ธ๋‚ด๋ ฅ์ด ๋ชธ์— ์ข‹์ง€ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
12:51
to human health,
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์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
but now we realize
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€
12:54
that we have all these traits
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๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์ธ๋‚ด๋ ฅ์— ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ
12:55
that are perfect for ultra-endurance:
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š” .
12:58
no body fur and a glut of sweat glands
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์ฒด๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ  ๋•€์ƒ˜์ด ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฉด
13:01
that keep us cool while running;
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๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ค‘์— ๋ชธ์„ ์‹ํžˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
narrow waists and long legs compared to our frames;
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ฒดํ˜•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ธด ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ตฌ์š”.
13:06
large surface area of joints for shock absorption.
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์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ด€์ ˆ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ด ๋„“์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
We have an arch in our foot that acts like a spring,
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๋ฐœ์—๋Š” ์Šคํ”„๋ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ์‹ฌ๊ณผ
13:12
short toes that are better for pushing off
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๋„์•ฝ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์งง์€ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด
13:14
than for grasping tree limbs,
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๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์žก๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์œ ์šฉํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:15
and when we run,
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๋›ธ ๋•Œ๋Š”
13:16
we can turn our torso and our shoulders
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋กœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์ฒด์™€ ์–ด๊นจ๋ฅผ
13:18
like this while keeping our heads straight.
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๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
Our primate cousins can't do that.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์  ์‚ฌ์ดŒ์ธ ์œ ์ธ์›๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
They have to run like this.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
13:24
And we have big old butt muscles
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์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์—‰๋ฉ์ด ๊ทผ์œก์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
13:26
that keep us upright while running.
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๋›ฐ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ชธ์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์„ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
Have you ever looked at an ape's butt?
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์œ ์ธ์›์˜ ์—‰๋ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ์„ธ์š”?
13:30
They have no buns because they don't run upright.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ์„œ ๋›ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—‰๋ฉ์ด ์‚ด์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
And as athletes have realized
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€
13:34
that we're perfectly suited for ultra-endurance,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทน๋„์˜ ์ธ๋‚ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋งž๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
13:37
they've taken on feats
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์ „์—๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜
13:38
that would have been unthinkable before,
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๊ทนํ•œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ฝ‘๋‚ด์ง€์š”.
13:40
athletes like Spanish endurance racer Kรญlian Jornet.
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์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ๊ทน๊ธฐ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ธ ํ‚ฌ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ์กฐ๋„ท๊ฐ™์€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ์—์š”.
13:44
Here's Kรญlian running up the Matterhorn.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งˆํ…Œํ˜ธ๋ฅธ์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ทธ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:47
With a sweatshirt there tied around his waist.
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ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์— ์Šค์›จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌถ์—ˆ๊ตฐ์š”.
13:50
It's so steep he can't even run here.
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์‚ฐ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ผ์„œ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์–ด์š”.
13:52
He's pulling up on a rope.
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๋ฐง์ค„์„ ์žก๊ณ  ๋‹น๊ฒจ์„œ ์˜ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
This is a vertical ascent
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” 8์ฒœ ํ”ผํŠธ ์ด์ƒ์˜
13:55
of more than 8,000 feet,
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์ˆ˜์ง ์ ˆ๋ฒฝ์ด์ง€์š”.
13:57
and Kรญlian went up and down
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๊ทธ๋Š” 3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด์—
13:59
in under three hours.
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์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
Amazing.
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๋†€๋ž์ฃ .
14:03
And talented though he is,
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๋น„๋ก ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
14:04
Kรญlian is not a physiological freak.
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์œก์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ดˆ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ž๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”.
14:07
Now that he has done this,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋‚ด์ž
14:09
other athletes will follow,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
just as other athletes followed
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๋งˆ์น˜ 1๋งˆ์ผ์„ 4๋ถ„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ๋›ฐ์—ˆ๋˜
14:12
after Sir Roger Bannister
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๋กœ์ ธ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ์˜
14:14
ran under four minutes in the mile.
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๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:16
Changing technology, changing genes,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์žฌ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”,
14:17
and a changing mindset.
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๋งˆ์Œ๊ฐ€์ง์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”.
14:20
Innovation in sports,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠธ๋ž™์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑด
14:21
whether that's new track surfaces
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜์˜๋ณต์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์—ˆ๊ฑด,
14:23
or new swimming techniques,
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์Šคํฌ์ธ ์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ
14:25
the democratization of sport,
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์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”,
14:26
the spread to new bodies
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ
14:28
and to new populations around the world,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹ ์ฒด์™€ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ตด,
14:30
and imagination in sport,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ
14:32
an understanding of what the human body
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š”
14:34
is truly capable of,
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋Š”
14:36
have conspired to make athletes stronger,
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์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ 
14:38
faster, bolder,
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋” ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•ด์ง€๋„๋ก ์ด๋Œ์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
and better than ever.
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์˜ˆ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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