Are athletes really getting faster, better, stronger? | David Epstein

6,965,430 views ใƒป 2014-04-29

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
The Olympic motto is "Citius, Altius, Fortius."
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ื”ืžื•ื˜ื• ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื”ื•ื "ืกื™ื˜ื•ืก, ืืœื˜ื™ื•ืก, ืคื•ืจื™ื˜ื•ืก."
00:16
Faster, Higher, Stronger.
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ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:18
And athletes have fulfilled that motto rapidly.
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ื•ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื• ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:22
The winner of the 2012 Olympic marathon
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ื”ื–ื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืช 2012 ื‘ืžืจืชื•ืŸ
00:25
ran two hours and eight minutes.
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ืจืฅ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ืงื•ืช.
00:28
Had he been racing against the winner
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืจื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ื–ื•ื›ื”
00:29
of the 1904 Olympic marathon,
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืช 1904 ื‘ืžืจืชื•ืŸ,
00:32
he would have won by nearly an hour and a half.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™.
00:35
Now we all have this feeling
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื”
00:37
that we're somehow just getting better
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื
00:39
as a human race, inexorably progressing,
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ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ ืขื ืง,
00:41
but it's not like we've evolved into a new species
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืœืžื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ
00:43
in a century.
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ื‘ืžืื” ืื—ืช.
00:44
So what's going on here?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”?
00:47
I want to take a look at what's really behind
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™
00:48
this march of athletic progress.
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ื”ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืืชืœื˜ื™ืช.
00:51
In 1936, Jesse Owens
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ื‘ 1936, ื’'ืกื™ ืื•ื•ื ืก
00:53
held the world record in the 100 meters.
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ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ 100 ืžื˜ืจ.
00:56
Had Jesse Owens been racing last year
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ืื ื’'ืกื™ ืื•ื•ื ืก ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”
00:58
in the world championships of the 100 meters,
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ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ 100 ืžื˜ืจ,
01:01
when Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt finished,
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ื›ืฉื”ืืฆืŸ ืžื’'ืžื™ื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืกื™ื™ื,
01:03
Owens would have still had 14 feet to go.
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ืœืื•ื•ื ืก ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ 4 ืžื˜ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ.
01:07
That's a lot in sprinter land.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื˜ื™ื.
01:09
To give you a sense of how much it is,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ื”,
01:10
I want to share with you a demonstration
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื”ื“ื’ืžื”
01:12
conceived by sports scientist Ross Tucker.
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืจื•ืก ื˜ืืงืจ.
01:15
Now picture the stadium last year
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”
01:17
at the world championships of the 100 meters:
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ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ 100 ืžื˜ืจ:
01:20
thousands of fans waiting with baited breath
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ืืœืคื™ ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืขื ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืขืฆื•ืจื”
01:22
to see Usain Bolt, the fastest man in history;
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื™ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜, ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”;
01:26
flashbulbs popping as the nine fastest men in the world
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ืคืœืืฉื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉืชืฉืขืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:28
coil themselves into their blocks.
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ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืชื•ืš ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื–ื™ื ื•ืง.
01:31
And I want you to pretend
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•
01:32
that Jesse Owens is in that race.
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ืฉื’'ืกื™ ืื•ื•ื ืก ื‘ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ื–ื”.
01:34
Now close your eyes for a second and picture the race.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ.
01:38
Bang! The gun goes off.
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ื‘ืื ื’! ื”ืืงื“ื— ื ื•ืจื”.
01:39
An American sprinter jumps out to the front.
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ืืฆืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืงื•ืคืฅ ืœื—ื–ื™ืช.
01:41
Usain Bolt starts to catch him.
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ื™ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื•.
01:43
Usain Bolt passes him, and as the runners come to the finish,
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ื™ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืขื•ืงืฃ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืฉื”ืจืฆื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื• ื”ื’ืžืจ,
01:45
you'll hear a beep as each man crosses the line.
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ืืชื ืชืฉืžืขื• ืฆืคืฆื•ืฃ ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•.
01:48
(Beeps)
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(ืฆืคืฆื•ืคื™ื)
01:49
That's the entire finish of the race.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ.
01:52
You can open your eyes now.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืงื•ื— ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
01:54
That first beep was Usain Bolt.
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ื”ืฆืคืฆื•ืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜.
01:56
That last beep was Jesse Owens.
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ื”ืฆืคืฆื•ืฃ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื’'ืกื™ ืื•ื•ื ืก.
01:59
Listen to it again.
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ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘.
02:01
(Beeps)
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(ืฆืคืฆื•ืคื™ื)
02:03
When you think of it like that,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”,
02:04
it's not that big a difference, is it?
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:06
And then consider that Usain Bolt started
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ื•ืื– ืชืฉืงืœื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื ืง
02:08
by propelling himself out of blocks
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื—ื™ืคืชื• ืžื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื
02:11
down a specially fabricated carpet
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ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
02:13
designed to allow him to travel
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ืฉืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ
02:15
as fast as humanly possible.
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ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ.
02:17
Jesse Owens, on the other hand,
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ื’'ืกื™ ืื•ื•ื ืก, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
02:19
ran on cinders, the ash from burnt wood,
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ืจืฅ ืขืœ ืืคืจ, ื”ืืคืจ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืฉืจื•ืฃ,
02:22
and that soft surface stole far more energy
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืจืš ื”ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
02:24
from his legs as he ran.
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ืžืจื’ืœื™ื• ื›ืฉืจืฅ.
02:26
Rather than blocks, Jesse Owens had a gardening trowel
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื, ืœื’'ืกื™ ืื•ื•ื ืก ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืฃ ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ
02:29
that he had to use to dig holes in the cinders to start from.
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ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืคืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ื.
02:33
Biomechanical analysis of the speed
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ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžื›ืื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
02:35
of Owens' joints shows that had been running
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื ืก ืžืจืื” ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืฅ
02:38
on the same surface as Bolt,
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ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื˜ื— ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜,
02:39
he wouldn't have been 14 feet behind,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” 4 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ,
02:42
he would have been within one stride.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืฆืขื“.
02:44
Rather than the last beep,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฆืคืฆื•ืฃ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
02:46
Owens would have been the second beep.
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ืื•ื•ื ืก ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™.
02:49
Listen to it again.
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ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘.
02:51
(Beeps)
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(ืฆืคืฆื•ืคื™ื)
02:52
That's the difference track surface technology has made,
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ื–ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืขืฉืชื”,
02:55
and it's done it throughout the running world.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื™ืฆื”.
02:57
Consider a longer event.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžืงืฆื” ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:59
In 1954, Sir Roger Bannister
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ื‘ 1954, ืกืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจ ื‘ืื ื™ืกื˜ืจ
03:02
became the first man to run under four minutes in the mile.
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ื”ืคืš ืœืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืจื•ืฅ ืžื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืจื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช.
03:05
Nowadays, college kids do that every year.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
03:08
On rare occasions, a high school kid does it.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
03:11
As of the end of last year,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
03:12
1,314 men
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1,314 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
03:15
had run under four minutes in the mile,
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ืจืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืจื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช,
03:17
but like Jesse Owens,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ื’'ืกื™ ืื•ื•ื ืก,
03:18
Sir Roger Bannister ran on soft cinders
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ืกืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจ ื‘ืื ื™ืกื˜ืจ ืจืฅ ืขืœ ืืคืจ ืจืš
03:21
that stole far more energy from his legs
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ืฉื’ื ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•
03:23
than the synthetic tracks of today.
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ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:25
So I consulted biomechanics experts
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ืื– ื”ืชื™ืขืฆืชื™ ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื›ืื ื™ืงื”
03:27
to find out how much slower it is to run on cinders
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื” ืœืจื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืจ
03:29
than synthetic tracks,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™,
03:31
and their consensus that it's one and a half percent slower.
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ื•ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื•ื– ืื™ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:34
So if you apply a one and a half percent slowdown conversion
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ืื– ืื ืชื™ื™ืฉืžื• ื”ืžืจืช ื”ืื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื– ื•ื—ืฆื™
03:37
to every man who ran his sub-four mile
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ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืฉืจืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืจื‘ืข
03:39
on a synthetic track,
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ืขืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™,
03:41
this is what happens.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
03:43
Only 530 are left.
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ืจืง 530 ื ืฉืืจื•.
03:45
If you look at it from that perspective,
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ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื•,
03:46
fewer than ten new men per [year]
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ
03:49
have joined the sub-four mile club
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืจื‘ืข
03:50
since Sir Roger Bannister.
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ืžืื– ืกืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจ ื‘ืื ื™ืกื˜ืจ.
03:52
Now, 530 is a lot more than one,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, 530 ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื“,
03:55
and that's partly because there are many more people
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื
03:57
training today and they're training more intelligently.
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ืฉืžืชืืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ื ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:00
Even college kids are professional in their training
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืขืจื™ ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
04:02
compared to Sir Roger Bannister,
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืกืจ ืจื•ื’'ืจ ื‘ืื ื™ืกื˜ืจ,
04:03
who trained for 45 minutes at a time
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ืฉื”ืชืืžืŸ 45 ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื
04:05
while he ditched gynecology lectures in med school.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื’ื ื™ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื”.
04:08
And that guy who won the 1904 Olympic marathon
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืจืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื’ืช 1904
04:10
in three in a half hours,
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืช,
04:12
that guy was drinking rat poison and brandy
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืชื” ืจืขืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื ื“ื™
04:14
while he ran along the course.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืจืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
04:16
That was his idea of a performance-enhancing drug.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœืกื ืžืฉืคืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื•.
04:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:21
Clearly, athletes have gotten more savvy
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ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื
04:22
about performance-enhancing drugs as well,
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ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืกืžื™ื ืžืฉืคืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื,
04:25
and that's made a difference in some sports at some times,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืฉื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
04:27
but technology has made a difference in all sports,
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ืฆืจื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
04:30
from faster skis to lighter shoes.
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ืžืžื’ืœืฉื™ ืกืงื™ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:32
Take a look at the record for the 100-meter freestyle swim.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื—ื™ื™ืช 100 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
04:35
The record is always trending downward,
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ื”ืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืข ืœืžื˜ื”,
04:38
but it's punctuated by these steep cliffs.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืงื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:41
This first cliff, in 1956, is the introduction
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ื”ืฆื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ 1956, ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืฆื’ื”
04:44
of the flip turn.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืš.
04:45
Rather than stopping and turning around,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
04:47
athletes could somersault under the water
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ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืœื˜ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื
04:49
and get going right away in the opposite direction.
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ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™.
04:51
This second cliff, the introduction of gutters
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ื”ืฆื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื–ื‘ื™ื
04:54
on the side of the pool
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ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”
04:55
that allows water to splash off,
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ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœืžื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ,
04:57
rather than becoming turbulence
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช
04:58
that impedes the swimmers as they race.
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ืฉืžืคืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืฅ.
05:01
This final cliff,
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ื”ืฆื•ืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
05:02
the introduction of full-body
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ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœื™ืคืช ื’ื•ืฃ
05:03
and low-friction swimsuits.
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ืžืœืื” ืขื ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš ื ืžื•ืš.
05:05
Throughout sports, technology has changed the face of performance.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื.
05:09
In 1972, Eddy Merckx set the record
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ื‘ 1972, ืื“ื™ ืžืจืงืก ืงื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื
05:12
for the longest distance cycled in one hour
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ืœืžืจื—ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉืขื”
05:14
at 30 miles, 3,774 feet.
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ืฉืœ 49 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื• 430 ืžื˜ืจ.
05:18
Now that record improved and improved
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื•ื”ืฉืชืคืจ
05:20
as bicycles improved and became more aerodynamic
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ื›ืฉืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช
05:23
all the way until 1996,
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ืขื“ 1996,
05:25
when it was set at 35 miles, 1,531 feet,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ 56 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื• 764 ืžื˜ืจ,
05:29
nearly five miles farther
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ื›ืžืขื˜ 8 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:32
than Eddy Merckx cycled in 1972.
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ืžืฉืื“ื™ ืžืจืงืก ื“ื™ื•ื•ืฉ ื‘ 1972.
05:35
But then in 2000, the International Cycling Union
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื‘ 2000, ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™
05:38
decreed that anyone who wanted to hold that record
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ืงื‘ืข ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืฉื™ื
05:41
had to do so with essentially the same equipment
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฆื™ื•ื“
05:44
that Eddy Merckx used in 1972.
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ืฉืื“ื™ ืžืจืงืก ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ 1972.
05:46
Where does the record stand today?
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ืื– ืื™ืคื” ื”ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ื™ื•ื?
05:49
30 miles, 4,657 feet,
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49 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ, 699 ืžื˜ืจ,
05:52
a grand total of 883 feet
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ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ 269 ืžื˜ืจ
05:55
farther than Eddy Merckx cycled
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืื“ื™ ืžืจืงืก ื“ื™ื•ื•ืฉ
05:57
more than four decades ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
05:59
Essentially the entire improvement in this record
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื”
06:01
was due to technology.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
06:03
Still, technology isn't the only thing pushing athletes forward.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
06:07
While indeed we haven't evolved
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื•
06:08
into a new species in a century,
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ืœืžื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืื”,
06:10
the gene pool within competitive sports
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ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™
06:12
most certainly has changed.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
06:14
In the early half of the 20th century,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 20,
06:16
physical education instructors and coaches
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ืœืžื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื•ื”ืžืืžื ื™ื
06:18
had the idea that the average body type
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ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืกื•ื’ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
06:20
was the best for all athletic endeavors:
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜:
06:22
medium height, medium weight, no matter the sport.
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ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืžืฉืงืœ ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ื–ื” ืกืคื•ืจื˜.
06:26
And this showed in athletes' bodies.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ื.
06:28
In the 1920s, the average elite high-jumper
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 20, ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงื•ืคืฅ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
06:30
and average elite shot-putter were the same exact size.
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ื•ื–ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื”.
06:34
But as that idea started to fade away,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคื•ื’ื’,
06:35
as sports scientists and coaches realized that
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ื›ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืžืืžื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•
06:38
rather than the average body type,
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ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
06:39
you want highly specialized bodies
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช
06:41
that fit into certain athletic niches,
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ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืชืœื˜ื™ื•ืช,
06:43
a form of artificial selection took place,
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ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
06:46
a self-sorting for bodies that fit certain sports,
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ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
06:48
and athletes' bodies became more different from one another.
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
06:51
Today, rather than the same size as the average elite high jumper,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืคืฅ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
06:55
the average elite shot-putter
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ื–ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
06:56
is two and a half inches taller
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ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ
06:58
and 130 pounds heavier.
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ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ 59 ืง"ื’.
07:01
And this happened throughout the sports world.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜.
07:03
In fact, if you plot on a height versus mass graph
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืืชื ืžืกืจื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืœ ืžืฉืงืœ
07:05
one data point for each of two dozen sports
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืื—ืช ืœื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืชืจื™ืกืจื™ ืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜
07:08
in the first half of the 20th century, it looks like this.
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ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 20, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืš.
07:11
There's some dispersal,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ,
07:13
but it's kind of grouped around that average body type.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
07:16
Then that idea started to go away,
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคื•ื’ื’,
07:17
and at the same time, digital technology --
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช --
07:19
first radio, then television and the Internet --
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ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื– ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ --
07:21
gave millions, or in some cases billions, of people
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ื ืชื ื• ืœืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื, ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
07:23
a ticket to consume elite sports performance.
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ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืœืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืืจื•ืขื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืขื™ืœื™ืช.
07:27
The financial incentives and fame and glory afforded elite athletes skyrocketed,
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ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ืขื™ืœื™ืช ืœื”ืžืจื™ื,
07:30
and it tipped toward the tiny upper echelon of performance.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื.
07:35
It accelerated the artificial selection for specialized bodies.
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ื–ื” ื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช.
07:38
And if you plot a data point for these same
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืื•ืชื
07:40
two dozen sports today, it looks like this.
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ืฉื ื™ ืชืจื™ืกืจื™ ืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืš.
07:44
The athletes' bodies have gotten
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ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืš
07:45
much more different from one another.
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ืœืฉื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
07:47
And because this chart looks like the charts
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื’ืจืฃ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื
07:49
that show the expanding universe,
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ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืชืคืฉื˜,
07:51
with the galaxies flying away from one another,
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ืขื ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
07:54
the scientists who discovered it call it
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื–ื” ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื”
07:55
"The Big Bang of Body Types."
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"ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ."
07:58
In sports where height is prized, like basketball,
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ื‘ืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื”ื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ,
08:01
the tall athletes got taller.
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ื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:03
In 1983, the National Basketball Association
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ื‘ 1983, ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™
08:06
signed a groundbreaking agreement
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ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš
08:07
making players partners in the league,
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ืฉื”ืคืš ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื’ื”,
08:09
entitled to shares of ticket revenues
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ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื
08:11
and television contracts.
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ื•ื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
08:13
Suddenly, anybody who could be an NBA player
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ืคืชืื•ื, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืงืŸ NBA
08:15
wanted to be,
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ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
08:16
and teams started scouring the globe
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืกืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
08:18
for the bodies that could help them win championships.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
08:20
Almost overnight,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“,
08:22
the proportion of men in the NBA
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ื”ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ NBA
08:23
who are at least seven feet tall doubled
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ืฉื”ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 2.13 ืžื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื›ืคืœ
08:25
to 10 percent.
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ืœ 10 ืื—ื•ื–.
08:27
Today, one in 10 men in the NBA
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ 10 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ NBA
08:29
is at least seven feet tall,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 2.13 ืžื˜ืจ,
08:31
but a seven-foot-tall man is incredibly rare
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื” ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื
08:33
in the general population --
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ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช --
08:35
so rare that if you know an American man
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
08:37
between the ages of 20 and 40
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 20 ืขื“ 40
08:39
who is at least seven feet tall,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 2.13 ืžื˜ืจ,
08:41
there's a 17 percent chance
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 17 ืื—ื•ื–
08:43
he's in the NBA right now.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ NBA ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
08:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:47
That is, find six honest seven footers,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืžืฆืื• ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 2.13,
08:50
one is in the NBA right now.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ NBA ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
08:54
And that's not the only way that NBA players' bodies are unique.
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ื•ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื” NBA ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™.
08:56
This is Leonardo da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man,"
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ื–ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™,
08:59
the ideal proportions,
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ื”ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช,
09:00
with arm span equal to height.
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ืขื ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื–ื”ื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื”.
09:02
My arm span is exactly equal to my height.
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ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™.
09:05
Yours is probably very nearly so.
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ืฉืœื›ื ื’ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื“ื•ืžื”.
09:07
But not the average NBA player.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื” NBA ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
09:09
The average NBA player is a shade under 6'7",
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื” NBA ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื•ื ืžืขื˜ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืจ,
09:12
with arms that are seven feet long.
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ืขื ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš 2.13.
09:14
Not only are NBA players ridiculously tall,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉืฉื—ืงื ื™ NBA ื”ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื’ื•ื›ื—ืช,
09:17
they are ludicrously long.
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ื”ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื’ื•ื›ื—ืช.
09:19
Had Leonardo wanted to draw
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ืื ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ
09:20
the Vitruvian NBA Player,
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ืืช ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื” NBA ื”ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™,
09:22
he would have needed a rectangle and an ellipse,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืืœื™ืคืกื”,
09:24
not a circle and a square.
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ืœื ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื•ืžืจื•ื‘ืข.
09:27
So in sports where large size is prized,
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ืื– ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉื ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ,
09:29
the large athletes have gotten larger.
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ื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:31
Conversely, in sports where diminutive stature is an advantage,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื–ื”, ื‘ืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืžื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ,
09:34
the small athletes got smaller.
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ื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:37
The average elite female gymnast
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ืžืชืขืžืœืช ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช
09:38
shrunk from 5'3" to 4'9" on average
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื” ืžืžื˜ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข
09:41
over the last 30 years,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 30 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
09:42
all the better for their power-to-weight ratio
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ื—ืก ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ
09:44
and for spinning in the air.
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ื•ืœืกื™ื‘ืกื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
09:46
And while the large got larger
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:48
and the small got smaller,
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ื•ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:49
the weird got weirder.
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ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ื–ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:51
The average length of the forearm
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ื”ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื”
09:53
of a water polo player in relation
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ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืคื•ืœื• ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก
09:55
to their total arm got longer,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืชืืจืš,
09:57
all the better for a forceful throwing whip.
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ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ืจื™ืงืช ืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื–ืงื”.
09:59
And as the large got larger,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืคืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:00
small got smaller, and the weird weirder.
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ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœืžื•ื–ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:03
In swimming, the ideal body type
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ื‘ืฉื—ื™ื”, ืกื•ื’ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™
10:05
is a long torso and short legs.
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ื”ื™ื ืคืœื’ ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื•ืช.
10:07
It's like the long hull of a canoe
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืงืื ื•
10:09
for speed over the water.
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ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ื.
10:11
And the opposite is advantageous in running.
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ื•ื”ื”ืคืš ื ื•ืชืŸ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืฆื”.
10:12
You want long legs and a short torso.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืคืœื’ ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ.
10:14
And this shows in athletes' bodies today.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
10:17
Here you see Michael Phelps,
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืคืœืคืก,
10:18
the greatest swimmer in history,
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ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
10:20
standing next to Hicham El Guerrouj,
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ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฉืื ืืœ ื’ื•ืจื•ื’',
10:22
the world record holder in the mile.
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื™ืฆืช ืžื™ื™ืœ.
10:24
These men are seven inches different in height,
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื•ื 16 ืก"ืž,
10:27
but because of the body types
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
10:28
advantaged in their sports,
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ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื”ื,
10:30
they wear the same length pants.
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ื”ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืจืš.
10:33
Seven inches difference in height,
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 16 ืก"ืž ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”,
10:34
these men have the same length legs.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืจืš ืจื’ืœ.
10:37
Now in some cases, the search for bodies
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื’ื•ืฃ
10:39
that could push athletic performance forward
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”
10:41
ended up introducing into the competitive world
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™
10:43
populations of people that weren't previously competing at all,
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชื—ืจื• ื‘ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
10:46
like Kenyan distance runners.
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ื›ืžื• ืจืฆื™ื ืœืžืจื—ืง ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™ื.
10:49
We think of Kenyans as being great marathoners.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™ื ื›ืจืฆื™ ืžืจืชื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื™ื.
10:53
Kenyans think of the Kalenjin tribe
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ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืงืœื ื’'ื™ืŸ
10:55
as being great marathoners.
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ื›ืจืฆื™ ืžืจืชื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื™ื.
10:57
The Kalenjin make up just 12 percent
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ื”ืงืœื ื’'ื™ืŸ ื”ื 12 ืื—ื•ื–
10:59
of the Kenyan population
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ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™ืช
11:01
but the vast majority of elite runners.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืจืฆื™ ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช.
11:03
And they happen, on average,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
11:04
to have a certain unique physiology:
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ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช:
11:06
legs that are very long
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ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช
11:08
and very thin at their extremity,
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ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืจื–ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช,
11:10
and this is because they have their ancestry
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื
11:11
at very low latitude
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ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืงื•ื™ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื
11:13
in a very hot and dry climate,
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ื•ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ื—ื ื•ื™ื‘ืฉ ืžืื•ื“,
11:15
and an evolutionary adaptation to that
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ื•ื”ืชืืžื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื–ื”
11:17
is limbs that are very long
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ื”ื™ื ื’ืคื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช
11:18
and very thin at the extremity
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ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืจื–ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช
11:20
for cooling purposes.
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ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.
11:21
It's the same reason that a radiator has long coils,
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ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืจื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืกืœื™ืœื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื,
11:25
to increase surface area compared to volume
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื ืคื—
11:26
to let heat out,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื—ื•ื,
11:28
and because the leg is like a pendulum,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื˜ื•ื˜ืœืช,
11:30
the longer and thinner it is at the extremity,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช,
11:31
the more energy-efficient it is to swing.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ื ืคื”.
11:34
To put Kalenjin running success in perspective,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืงืœื™ื ื’'ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื”,
11:37
consider that 17 American men in history
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ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉ 17 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
11:40
have run faster than two hours and 10 minutes
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ืจืฆื• ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขืฉืจ ื“ืงื•ืช
11:42
in the marathon.
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ื‘ืžืจืชื•ืŸ.
11:43
That's a four-minute-and-58-second-per-mile pace.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช ื• 58 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื™ืœ.
11:47
Thirty-two Kalenjin men did that last October.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืงืœื ื’'ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
11:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:52
That's from a source population the size
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ
11:53
of metropolitan Atlanta.
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ืฉืœ ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช.
11:56
Still, even changing technology
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช
11:58
and the changing gene pool in sports
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ื•ืžืื’ืจ ื’ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื“ืคื•ืจื˜
11:59
don't account for all of the changes in performance.
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ืœื ืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื.
12:02
Athletes have a different mindset than they once did.
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ืœืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื.
12:05
Have you ever seen in a movie when someone gets
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื™ืชื ืกืจื˜ ื‘ื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
12:06
an electrical shock
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ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื•ืง ื—ืฉืžืœื™
12:07
and they're thrown across a room?
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ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืขืคื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ?
12:10
There's no explosion there.
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ืื™ืš ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉื.
12:11
What's happening when that happens is that
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื–ื”
12:13
the electrical impulse is causing
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ืฉื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
12:14
all their muscle fibers to twitch at once,
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ืœื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช,
12:16
and they're throwing themselves across the room.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืจ.
12:19
They're essentially jumping.
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื.
12:21
That's the power
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ื•ื—
12:22
that's contained in the human body.
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ืฉืžื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
12:24
But normally we can't access nearly all of it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืฉืช ืœื›ื•ืœื•.
12:26
Our brain acts as a limiter,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ,
12:28
preventing us from accessing all of our physical resources,
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ืžื•ื ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืกื™ื™ื,
12:30
because we might hurt ourselves,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•,
12:32
tearing tendons or ligaments.
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ื ืงืจืข ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืื• ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช.
12:33
But the more we learn about how that limiter functions,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“,
12:36
the more we learn how we can push it back
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืš ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืื—ื•ืจื”
12:38
just a bit,
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ืจืง ืžืขื˜,
12:40
in some cases by convincing the brain
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื ื•ืข ื”ืžื•ื—
12:42
that the body won't be in mortal danger
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ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ืžื•ื•ืช
12:44
by pushing harder.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:46
Endurance and ultra-endurance sports
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ืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื•ืœืช ื•ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื‘ื•ืœืช
12:47
serve as a great example.
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ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืขื•ืœื”.
12:49
Ultra-endurance was once thought to be harmful
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ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื‘ื•ืœืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืคืขื ืœืžื–ื™ืง
12:51
to human health,
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ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
12:52
but now we realize
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
12:54
that we have all these traits
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
12:55
that are perfect for ultra-endurance:
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ืฉืžื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืœืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื‘ื•ืœืช:
12:58
no body fur and a glut of sweat glands
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ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื•ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื–ืขื”
13:01
that keep us cool while running;
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ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืงืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืจืฆื™ื;
13:02
narrow waists and long legs compared to our frames;
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ืžื•ืชื ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•;
13:06
large surface area of joints for shock absorption.
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ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ืš ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ื.
13:09
We have an arch in our foot that acts like a spring,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงืฉืช ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืžื• ืงืคื™ืฅ.
13:12
short toes that are better for pushing off
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ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื”
13:14
than for grasping tree limbs,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืœืคื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื ืคื™ื,
13:15
and when we run,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจืฆื™ื,
13:16
we can turn our torso and our shoulders
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืคืœื’ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื
13:18
like this while keeping our heads straight.
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ื›ืš ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ืžื•ืคื ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
13:20
Our primate cousins can't do that.
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ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
13:21
They have to run like this.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจื•ืฅ ื›ืš.
13:24
And we have big old butt muscles
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ืขื›ื•ื– ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
13:26
that keep us upright while running.
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ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืคื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจืฆื™ื.
13:28
Have you ever looked at an ape's butt?
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื™ืชื ืขื›ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฃ?
13:30
They have no buns because they don't run upright.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืœื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืฃ.
13:33
And as athletes have realized
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•
13:34
that we're perfectly suited for ultra-endurance,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื‘ื•ืœืช,
13:37
they've taken on feats
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ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืืชื’ืจื™ื
13:38
that would have been unthinkable before,
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ืฉืœื ื ืฉืงืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
13:40
athletes like Spanish endurance racer Kรญlian Jornet.
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ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืฆืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืงื™ืœื™ืืŸ ื’'ื•ืจื ื”.
13:44
Here's Kรญlian running up the Matterhorn.
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ื”ื ื” ืงื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืจืฅ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžื˜ื”ื•ืจืŸ.
13:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:47
With a sweatshirt there tied around his waist.
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ืขื ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืฉื ืœืžื•ืชื ื™ื™ื.
13:50
It's so steep he can't even run here.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืชืœื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื•ืฅ ืคื”.
13:52
He's pulling up on a rope.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ.
13:53
This is a vertical ascent
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ื–ื• ืขืœื™ื” ืื ื›ื™ืช
13:55
of more than 8,000 feet,
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ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 2.5 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
13:57
and Kรญlian went up and down
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ื•ืงื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืขืœื” ื•ื™ืจื“
13:59
in under three hours.
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ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช.
14:01
Amazing.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
14:03
And talented though he is,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ,
14:04
Kรญlian is not a physiological freak.
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ืงื™ืœื™ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคืจื™ืง ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
14:07
Now that he has done this,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”,
14:09
other athletes will follow,
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ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืขืงื‘ื•,
14:10
just as other athletes followed
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชืœื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•
14:12
after Sir Roger Bannister
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืกืจ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ืื ื™ืกื˜ืจ
14:14
ran under four minutes in the mile.
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ืจืฅ ืžื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืจื‘ืข ื“ืงื•ืช.
14:16
Changing technology, changing genes,
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”, ื’ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื,
14:17
and a changing mindset.
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ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”.
14:20
Innovation in sports,
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
14:21
whether that's new track surfaces
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืจื™ืฆื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
14:23
or new swimming techniques,
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ืื• ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
14:25
the democratization of sport,
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
14:26
the spread to new bodies
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ื”ืžื ืขื“ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
14:28
and to new populations around the world,
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ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
14:30
and imagination in sport,
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
14:32
an understanding of what the human body
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ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
14:34
is truly capable of,
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ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื•,
14:36
have conspired to make athletes stronger,
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ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:38
faster, bolder,
396
878078
2523
ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:40
and better than ever.
397
880601
1977
ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
14:42
Thank you very much.
398
882578
2356
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
14:44
(Applause)
399
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3526
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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