Francis Collins: We need better drugs -- now

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Maja Budišin Lukin Lektor: Mile Živković

So let me ask for a show of hands.

Hajde da dignete ruke.

How many people here are over the age of 48?

Koliko ljudi ovde ima više od 48 godina?

Well, there do seem to be a few.

Pa, izgleda da ih ima nekoliko.

Well, congratulations,

Čestitamo,

because if you look at this particular slide of U.S. life expectancy,

jer ako pogledate na konkretno ovom slajdu američkog životnog veka,

you are now in excess of the average life span

sada ste prešli prosečni životni vek

of somebody who was born in 1900.

nekoga ko je rođen 1900.

But look what happened in the course of that century.

Ali pogledajte šta se dogodilo tokom tog veka.

If you follow that curve,

Ako pratite krivulju,

you'll see that it starts way down there.

videćete da ona počinje ovde dole.

There's that dip there for the 1918 flu.

Ovde opada zbog gripa 1918.

And here we are at 2010,

I evo nas u 2010.

average life expectancy of a child born today, age 79,

Prosečni životni vek deteta rođenog danas je 79 godina.

and we are not done yet.

I još nismo završili.

Now, that's the good news.

To su dobre vesti.

But there's still a lot of work to do.

Ali ima još dosta posla da se uradi.

So, for instance, if you ask,

Na primer, ako upitate

how many diseases do we now know

za koliko bolesti mi sada znamo

the exact molecular basis?

tačnu molekularnu osnovu

Turns out it's about 4,000, which is pretty amazing,

ispostavlja se da ih je oko 4000, što je zadivljujuće,

because most of those molecular discoveries

jer se većina tih molekularnih otkrića

have just happened in the last little while.

dogodila nedavno.

It's exciting to see that in terms of what we've learned,

Sa stanovišta koliko smo naučili to je fantastično,

but how many of those 4,000 diseases

ali koliko od tih 4000 bolesti

now have treatments available?

danas lečimo?

Only about 250.

Samo oko 250.

So we have this huge challenge, this huge gap.

Tako imamo ogromni izazov, ogromni jaz.

You would think this wouldn't be too hard,

Mogli biste pomisliti da to ne bi trebalo da bude previše teško,

that we would simply have the ability

da bi jednostavno trebalo da smo sposobni

to take this fundamental information that we're learning

da se koristimo osnovnim znanjem

about how it is that basic biology teaches us

naučenim iz biologije

about the causes of disease

o uzrocima bolesti

and build a bridge across this yawning gap

i da sagradimo most preko zjapećeg jaza,

between what we've learned about basic science

između onoga što smo naučili o osnovnoj nauci

and its application,

i njenoj primeni,

a bridge that would look maybe something like this,

most koji bi izgledao nekako ovako,

where you'd have to put together a nice shiny way

gde biste morali da sastavite lep svetao put

to get from one side to the other.

kojim se prelazi s jedne strane na drugu.

Well, wouldn't it be nice if it was that easy?

Dakle, zar ne bi bilo lepo kad bi bilo tako lako?

Unfortunately, it's not.

Nažalost, nije.

In reality, trying to go from fundamental knowledge

U stvarnosti je pokušaj prelaska od osnovnog znanja

to its application is more like this.

do njegove primene više nalik na ovo.

There are no shiny bridges.

Nema svetlih mostova.

You sort of place your bets.

Više je nalik ulogu u kladionici.

Maybe you've got a swimmer and a rowboat

Možda dobijete plivača i čamac

and a sailboat and a tugboat

i jedrilicu i remorker

and you set them off on their way,

koje otpratite na put

and the rains come and the lightning flashes,

i počne kiša i sevanje

and oh my gosh, there are sharks in the water

i o moj bože, ajkule su u vodi

and the swimmer gets into trouble,

i plivač je u nevolji

and, uh oh, the swimmer drowned

i uh, ah, plivač se udavio

and the sailboat capsized,

jedrilica se prevrnula,

and that tugboat, well, it hit the rocks,

remorker se zabio u stene

and maybe if you're lucky, somebody gets across.

i možda, ako imate sreće, nekom uspe da pređe preko.

Well, what does this really look like?

A kako to stvarno izgleda?

Well, what is it to make a therapeutic, anyway?

Šta je uopšte to što čini nešto terapeutskim?

What's a drug? A drug is made up

Šta je lek? Lek je sačinjen

of a small molecule of hydrogen, carbon,

od malog molekula vodonika, ugljenika,

oxygen, nitrogen, and a few other atoms

kiseonika, azota i još nekoliko drugih atoma,

all cobbled together in a shape,

i sve to je isprepleteno u oblik

and it's those shapes that determine whether, in fact,

i u stvari ti oblici određuju da li će

that particular drug is going to hit its target.

određeni lek pogoditi svoj cilj.

Is it going to land where it's supposed to?

Da li će sleteti tamo gde bi trebalo?

So look at this picture here -- a lot of shapes dancing around for you.

Pogledajte ovu sliku ovde - mnogo oblika pleše okolo za vas.

Now what you need to do, if you're trying to develop

Ono što morate da uradite, ako pokušavate da razvijete

a new treatment for autism

nov način lečenja autizma

or Alzheimer's disease or cancer

ili Alchajmerove bolesti ili raka,

is to find the right shape in that mix

je da pronađete pravi oblik u toj mešavini

that will ultimately provide benefit and will be safe.

koji će konačno biti od koristi i koji će biti bezopasan.

And when you look at what happens to that pipeline,

I kada pogledate šta se dešava tom cevovodu,

you start out maybe with thousands,

započeli ste možda s hiljadama,

tens of thousands of compounds.

desetinama hiljada sastojaka.

You weed down through various steps

Eliminišete ih tokom različitih koraka

that cause many of these to fail.

što je uzrok da mnogi od njih propadnu.

Ultimately, maybe you can run a clinical trial with four or five of these,

Na kraju ćete možda moći pokrenuti klinički postupak za njih četiri ili pet

and if all goes well, 14 years after you started,

i ako sve bude u redu, posle 14 godina od vašeg početka

you will get one approval.

dobićete jedno odobrenje.

And it will cost you upwards of a billion dollars

I to će vas koštati milijarde dolara,

for that one success.

taj jedan uspeh.

So we have to look at this pipeline the way an engineer would,

Zato moramo pogledati na taj cevovod očima inženjera,

and say, "How can we do better?"

pa reći: "Kako možemo raditi bolje?"

And that's the main theme of what I want to say to you this morning.

I to je glavna tema o kojoj želim da vam govorim danas.

How can we make this go faster?

Kako to možemo ubrzati?

How can we make it more successful?

Kako to možemo raditi uspešnije?

Well, let me tell you about a few examples

Dozvolite da vam ispričam o nekoliko primera

where this has actually worked.

koji to potvrđuju.

One that has just happened in the last few months

Jedan, koji se dogodio nedavno, poslednjih meseci,

is the successful approval of a drug for cystic fibrosis.

je uspešno odobren lek za cističnu fibrozu.

But it's taken a long time to get there.

Ali stići dotle zahteva mnogo vremena.

Cystic fibrosis had its molecular cause discovered in 1989

Za cističnu fibrozu molekularni uzrok je otkriven 1989.

by my group working with another group in Toronto,

u mojoj grupi i u saradnji s jednom grupom iz Toronta.

discovering what the mutation was in a particular gene

Otkrili smo koja je mutacija bila u određenom genu

on chromosome 7.

na hromozomu 7.

That picture you see there?

Vidite tu sliku?

Here it is. That's the same kid.

Ovde je. To je isto dete.

That's Danny Bessette, 23 years later,

To je Deni Biset posle 23 godine,

because this is the year,

u važnoj godini u kojoj,

and it's also the year where Danny got married,

osim što se Deni oženio,

where we have, for the first time, the approval by the FDA

po prvi put imamo odobrenje od FDA

of a drug that precisely targets the defect in cystic fibrosis

za lek koji precizno pogađa nepravilnost u cističnoj fibrozi

based upon all this molecular understanding.

i koji je zasnovan na svom tom molekularnom razumevanju.

That's the good news.

To je dobra vest.

The bad news is, this drug doesn't actually treat all cases of cystic fibrosis,

Loša vest je da taj lek ne leči sve slučajeve cistične fibroze

and it won't work for Danny, and we're still waiting

i Deniju ne pomaže, pa i dalje čekamo

for that next generation to help him.

sledeće generacije lekova da mu pomognu.

But it took 23 years to get this far. That's too long.

Ali, da bi se dotle stiglo trebalo je 23 godine. To je predugo.

How do we go faster?

Kako da idemo brže?

Well, one way to go faster is to take advantage of technology,

Jedan način da se krene brže je uz pomoć tehnologije,

and a very important technology that we depend on

a veoma važna tehnologija, od koje zavisimo

for all of this is the human genome,

za sve spomenuto, je ljudski genom,

the ability to be able to look at a chromosome,

umeće posmatranja hromozoma,

to unzip it, to pull out all the DNA,

njegovo otpakivanje, vađenje DNK

and to be able to then read out the letters in that DNA code,

i mogućnost čitanja slova u tom DNK kodu,

the A's, C's, G's and T's

A, C, G i T slova

that are our instruction book and the instruction book for all living things,

koja su naša uputstva i uputstva za sva živa bića,

and the cost of doing this,

a za sav taj rad je cena,

which used to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars,

koja je nekada bila stotine miliona dolara,

has in the course of the last 10 years

u poslednjih 10 godina

fallen faster than Moore's Law, down to the point

pala, brže od Murovog zakona, do svote

where it is less than 10,000 dollars today to have your genome sequenced, or mine,

koja je danas manja od 10.000 dolara za sekvenciranje vašeg ili mog genoma

and we're headed for the $1,000 genome fairly soon.

i približavamo se genomu od 1.000 dolara.

Well, that's exciting.

Da, to je uzbudljivo,

How does that play out in terms of application to a disease?

ali kako je to povezano s primenom na bolesti?

I want to tell you about another disorder.

Ispričaću vam o još jednoj nepravilnosti.

This one is a disorder which is quite rare.

Radi se o veoma retkoj nepravilnosti.

It's called Hutchinson-Gilford progeria,

Ime joj je Hačinson-Gilfordova progerija

and it is the most dramatic form of premature aging.

i to je najdramatičniji oblik prevremenog starenja.

Only about one in every four million kids has this disease,

Ovu bolest ima samo jedno u četiri miliona dece

and in a simple way, what happens is,

i uprošćeno rečeno radi se o tome

because of a mutation in a particular gene,

da se zbog mutacije u određenom genu

a protein is made that's toxic to the cell

stvorio protein koji je toksičan za ćeliju

and it causes these individuals to age

i obolelim osobama uzrokuje starenje

at about seven times the normal rate.

koje je oko sedam puta brže od normalnog.

Let me show you a video of what that does to the cell.

Pokazaću vam snimak toga šta to radi ćeliji.

The normal cell, if you looked at it under the microscope,

Normalna ćelija, ako je pogledate pod mikroskopom

would have a nucleus sitting in the middle of the cell,

ima jedro u sredini ćelije

which is nice and round and smooth in its boundaries

koje je lepo i okruglo, pravilnih granica

and it looks kind of like that.

i izgleda otprilike ovako.

A progeria cell, on the other hand,

Ćelija progerije, s druge strane,

because of this toxic protein called progerin,

zbog toksičnog proteina po imenu progerin

has these lumps and bumps in it.

ima ove nepravilnosti.

So what we would like to do after discovering this

Zato je naša želja bila, posle otkrića

back in 2003

još u 2003.,

is to come up with a way to try to correct that.

da pokušamo da nađemo način kako bi to ispravili.

Well again, by knowing something about the molecular pathways,

I opet, pošto se znalo nešto o molekularnim putevima,

it was possible to pick

bilo je moguće izabrati

one of those many, many compounds that might have been useful

jedan iz tog mnoštva sastojaka koji bi mogao biti koristan

and try it out.

i isproban.

In an experiment done in cell culture

U eksperimentu izvedenom u ćelijskoj kulturi

and shown here in a cartoon,

i prikazanom na crtežu,

if you take that particular compound

ako uzmete određeni sastojak

and you add it to that cell that has progeria,

i dodate ga ćeliji s progerijom

and you watch to see what happened,

posmatrajući šta će se dogoditi

in just 72 hours, that cell becomes,

videćete da posle samo 72 sata ta ćelija postaje,

for all purposes that we can determine,

za sve namene koje možemo da odredimo,

almost like a normal cell.

skoro kao normalna ćelija.

Well that was exciting, but would it actually work in a real human being?

Da, to je fascinantno, ali da li bi to zaista delovalo u stvarnom ljudskom biću?

This has led, in the space of only four years

Ovo se dogodilo u periodu od samo četiri godine

from the time the gene was discovered to the start of a clinical trial,

od časa otkrića gena do započinjanja kliničkog ispitivanja

to a test of that very compound.

za testiranje tog određenog sastojka.

And the kids that you see here

Sva deca koju vidite ovde

all volunteered to be part of this,

su se dobrovoljno prijavila za ovo,

28 of them,

njih 28-oro

and you can see as soon as the picture comes up

i videćete čim se slika pojavi

that they are in fact a remarkable group of young people

da je to izvanredna grupa mladih ljudi

all afflicted by this disease,

obolelih od ove bolesti,

all looking quite similar to each other.

po izgledu svi nalik jedan na drugog.

And instead of telling you more about it,

I umesto dalje priče o tome

I'm going to invite one of them, Sam Berns from Boston,

pozvaću jednog od njih, Sema Burnsa iz Bostona

who's here this morning, to come up on the stage

koji je ovde, da se popne na binu

and tell us about his experience

i da nam kaže o svom iskustvu

as a child affected with progeria.

deteta obolelog od progerije.

Sam is 15 years old. His parents, Scott Berns and Leslie Gordon,

Sem ima 15 godina. Njegovi roditelji, Skot Burns i Lesli Gordon,

both physicians, are here with us this morning as well.

oboje lekari, takođe su ovde sa nama.

Sam, please have a seat.

Molim te, Sem, izvoli sesti.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

So Sam, why don't you tell these folks

Sem, hajde reci ovom društvu

what it's like being affected with this condition called progeria?

kako je to biti oboleo od progerije?

Sam Burns: Well, progeria limits me in some ways.

Sem Burns: Progerija me ograničava u nekim stvarima.

I cannot play sports or do physical activities,

Ne mogu da se bavim sportom ili fizičkim aktivnostima,

but I have been able to take interest in things

ali bio sam u mogućnosti da se uključim u stvari

that progeria, luckily, does not limit.

koje, srećom, progerija ne ograničava.

But when there is something that I really do want to do

Ali kada se pojavi nešto što bih zaista želeo da uradim,

that progeria gets in the way of, like marching band

a progerija tome stoji na putu, kao što je marširajući orkestar,

or umpiring, we always find a way to do it,

ili sportsko suđenje, uvek pronađemo način kako da to postignem

and that just shows that progeria isn't in control of my life.

što samo pokazuje da mi progerija ne kroji život.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Francis Collins: So what would you like to say to researchers

Frensis Kolins: I šta bi želeo da poručiš istraživačima

here in the auditorium and others listening to this?

ovde u auditorijumu i ostalima koji ovo slušaju?

What would you say to them both about research on progeria

Šta bi im svima rekao o istraživanju progerije

and maybe about other conditions as well?

i još možda o drugim bolestima?

SB: Well, research on progeria has come so far

SB: Istraživanja progerije su otišla toliko daleko

in less than 15 years,

za manje od 15 godina,

and that just shows the drive that researchers can have

što samo pokazuje kakav zalet istraživači mogu imati

to get this far, and it really means a lot

da dotle stignu i to zaista mnogo znači

to myself and other kids with progeria,

meni i drugoj deci oboleloj od progerije

and it shows that if that drive exists,

i pokazuje da kada takav zalet postoji

anybody can cure any disease,

otvara se mogućnost za svakoga da izleči bilo koju bolest

and hopefully progeria can be cured in the near future,

i nadam se izlečivosti progerije u bliskoj budućnosti

and so we can eliminate those 4,000 diseases

kao i mogućnosti eliminacije tih 4.000 bolesti

that Francis was talking about.

o kojima je Frensis govorio.

FC: Excellent. So Sam took the day off from school today

FK: Odlično. Sem je izostao iz škole danas

to be here, and he is — (Applause) --

da bi bio ovde, a on je - (Aplauz) -

He is, by the way, a straight-A+ student in the ninth grade

On je, onako usput, odličan učenik, ima odlične ocene u devetom razredu

in his school in Boston.

škole u Bostonu.

Please join me in thanking and welcoming Sam.

Molim vas pridružite mi se u zahvalnici i dobrodošlici Semu.

SB: Thank you very much. FC: Well done. Well done, buddy.

SB: Mnogo Vam hvala. FK: Odlično je bilo drugar.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

So I just want to say a couple more things

Želeo bih samo da kažem još par stvari

about that particular story, and then try to generalize

o toj priči i onda bih pokušao da generalizujem

how could we have stories of success

o tome kako bismo mogli imati priče o uspehu

all over the place for these diseases, as Sam says,

svuda za sve te bolesti, kako kaže Sem,

these 4,000 that are waiting for answers.

za tih 4.000 koje čekaju na odgovore.

You might have noticed that the drug

Možda ste primetili da lek

that is now in clinical trial for progeria

za progeriju, koji je sada u kliničkom ispitivanju,

is not a drug that was designed for that.

nije lek koji je bio za to namenjen.

It's such a rare disease, it would be hard for a company

To je toliko retka bolest da bi kompanijama bilo teško

to justify spending hundreds of millions of dollars to generate a drug.

da opravdaju stotine miliona dolara utrošenih za proizvodnju leka.

This is a drug that was developed for cancer.

To je lek koji se razvijao za rak.

Turned out, it didn't work very well for cancer,

Ispostavilo se da nije delovao dovoljno dobro na rak,

but it has exactly the right properties, the right shape,

ali da ima prava svojstva, pravi oblik

to work for progeria, and that's what's happened.

za lečenje progerije i tako se to dogodilo.

Wouldn't it be great if we could do that more systematically?

Zar ne bi bilo bolje kada bi to radili sistematičnije?

Could we, in fact, encourage all the companies that are out there

Zar ne bismo mogli da podržimo postojeće kompanije

that have drugs in their freezers

koje imaju zamrznute lekove

that are known to be safe in humans

za koje se zna da su bezopasni za ljude,

but have never actually succeeded in terms

ali koji nikada nisu uspeli da

of being effective for the treatments they were tried for?

efektivno leče ono za šta su bili namenjeni?

Now we're learning about all these new molecular pathways --

Sada učimo o svim tim novim molekularnim putevima -

some of those could be repositioned or repurposed,

neki od lekova bi se mogli repozicionirati ili koristiti za druge namene,

or whatever word you want to use, for new applications,

ili drugim rečima, dati im novu primenu,

basically teaching old drugs new tricks.

naučiti stare lekove novim trikovima.

That could be a phenomenal, valuable activity.

To bi mogla biti fenomenalna, vredna aktivnost.

We have many discussions now between NIH and companies

Postoji mnogo diskusija između Nacionalnog zdravstvenog osiguranja (NZO) i kompanija

about doing this that are looking very promising.

o tome, što je veoma ohrabrujuće.

And you could expect quite a lot to come from this.

I mogli biste očekivati da iz toga proiziđe prilično mnogo toga.

There are quite a number of success stories one can point to

Postoji priličan broj priča o uspehu koje potvrđuju

about how this has led to major advances.

da je to dovelo do značajnog napretka.

The first drug for HIV/AIDS

Prvi lek za sidu

was not developed for HIV/AIDS.

nije se razvijao za sidu.

It was developed for cancer. It was AZT.

Razvijao se za rak. To je bio AZT.

It didn't work very well for cancer, but became

Nije delovao dovoljno dobro na rak, ali je postao

the first successful antiretroviral,

prvi uspešni antiretrovirusni lek

and you can see from the table there are others as well.

i u tabeli možete videti i sve druge takve lekove.

So how do we actually make that a more generalizable effort?

Dakle, na koji način možemo takve napore šire primenjivati?

Well, we have to come up with a partnership

Za to moramo ostvariti partnerstvo

between academia, government, the private sector,

između akademskih ustanova, vlade, privatnog sektora

and patient organizations to make that so.

i udruženja pacijenata.

At NIH, we have started this new

U okviru NZO smo osnovali

National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.

novi Nacionalni centar za unapređivanje prevodilačkih nauka.

It just started last December, and this is one of its goals.

Centar je počeo sa radom u decembru i to je jedan od njegovih ciljeva.

Let me tell you another thing we could do.

Dozvolite da kažem još nešto što bismo mogli uraditi.

Wouldn't it be nice to be able to a test a drug

Zar ne bi bilo lepo kada bismo mogli da testiramo

to see if it's effective and safe

dejstvo i bezbednost leka

without having to put patients at risk,

bez rizika za pacijente,

because that first time you're never quite sure?

jer prvi put nismo sasvim sigurni?

How do we know, for instance, whether drugs are safe

Kako mi znamo, na primer, da li su lekovi bezopasni

before we give them to people? We test them on animals.

pre nego što ih damo ljudima? Testiramo ih na životinjama.

And it's not all that reliable, and it's costly,

No, to nije sasvim pouzdano, skupo je

and it's time-consuming.

i dugotrajno.

Suppose we could do this instead on human cells.

Zamislite kada bismo mogli to raditi na ljudskim ćelijama.

You probably know, if you've been paying attention

Verovatno znate, ako ste obraćali pažnju

to some of the science literature

na neku naučnu literaturu,

that you can now take a skin cell

da danas možete uzeti ćeliju kože

and encourage it to become a liver cell

i podstaći je da se pretvori u ćeliju jetre

or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us.

ili u ćeliju srca, bubrega, mozga, za bilo koga od nas.

So what if you used those cells as your test

Šta kada bismo te ćelije koristili za testiranje

for whether a drug is going to work and whether it's going to be safe?

vašeg leka, kako deluje i koliko je bezopasan?

Here you see a picture of a lung on a chip.

Ovde vidite sliku pluća na čipu.

This is something created by the Wyss Institute in Boston,

Ovo je nešto stvoreno na Vis institutu iz Bostona

and what they have done here, if we can run the little video,

i videćemo, ako pustimo video, da su oni

is to take cells from an individual,

uzeli ćelije od jedne osobe,

turn them into the kinds of cells that are present in the lung,

pretvorili ih u vrstu ćelija prisutnih u plućima

and determine what would happen

i odredili šta bi se desilo

if you added to this various drug compounds

kada bi im dodavali različite sastojke leka,

to see if they are toxic or safe.

da bi ustanovili da li su toksični ili bezopasni.

You can see this chip even breathes.

Možete videti da ovaj čip čak diše.

It has an air channel. It has a blood channel.

Ima kanal za vazduh. Ima kanal za krv.

And it has cells in between

Između ima ćelije

that allow you to see what happens when you add a compound.

uz pomoć kojih vidite šta se dešava kada dodajete sastojak.

Are those cells happy or not?

Da li su te ćelije srećne ili nisu?

You can do this same kind of chip technology

Možete napraviti istu vrstu tehnologije čipova

for kidneys, for hearts, for muscles,

za bubrege, srce, mišiće,

all the places where you want to see whether a drug

za sva mesta ako želite da ustanovite da li će lek

is going to be a problem, for the liver.

biti problematičan za jetru.

And ultimately, because you can do this for the individual,

I na kraju, zato što to možete raditi individualno,

we could even see this moving to the point

uviđamo da se taj proces bliži fazi

where the ability to develop and test medicines

u kojoj će mogućnost razvoja i testiranja lekova

will be you on a chip, what we're trying to say here is

biti na vašem čipu, odnosno šta pokušavamo reći ovde je

the individualizing of the process of developing drugs

individualizacija postupka za razvoj lekova

and testing their safety.

i za testiranje njihove bezbednosti.

So let me sum up.

Dozvolite mi da rezimiram.

We are in a remarkable moment here.

Mi smo u značajnom trenutku ovde.

For me, at NIH now for almost 20 years,

Po meni u NZO za poslednjih 20 godina

there has never been a time where there was more excitement

nikada nije bilo više oduševljenja

about the potential that lies in front of us.

u vezi sa mogućnostima ispred nas.

We have made all these discoveries

Došli smo do svih tih otkrića

pouring out of laboratories across the world.

koja teku iz laboratorija širom sveta.

What do we need to capitalize on this? First of all, we need resources.

Šta nam treba za kapitalizaciju toga? Prvo, potrebni su nam resursi.

This is research that's high-risk, sometimes high-cost.

To je istraživanje koje je jako rizično, ponekad jako skupo.

The payoff is enormous, both in terms of health

Isplativost je ogromna, kako u smislu zdravlja

and in terms of economic growth. We need to support that.

tako i u smislu privrednog rasta. Moramo tome dati podršku.

Second, we need new kinds of partnerships

Drugo, potrebna su nam nove vrste partnerstva

between academia and government and the private sector

između akademskih ustanova, vlade, privatnog sektora

and patient organizations, just like the one I've been describing here,

i udruženja pacijenata, baš kao ona koja sam opisivao ovde,

in terms of the way in which we could go after repurposing new compounds.

u smislu načina na koji bi mogli davati nove svrhe novim sastojcima.

And third, and maybe most important, we need talent.

Treće i možda najvažnije je to da nam je potreban talenat.

We need the best and the brightest

Potrebni su nam najbolji i najpametniji

from many different disciplines to come and join this effort --

u mnogim različitim disciplinama, da dođu i da se pridruže tim naporima -

all ages, all different groups --

svih starosnih doba, iz svih različitih grupa -

because this is the time, folks.

jer, ljudi, sada je čas.

This is the 21st-century biology that you've been waiting for,

Ovo je biologija 21. veka na koju ste čekali

and we have the chance to take that

i imamo šansu da je prihvatimo

and turn it into something which will, in fact,

i pretvorimo u nešto što će zaista

knock out disease. That's my goal.

zatreti bolesti. To je moj cilj.

I hope that's your goal.

Nadam se da je i vaš cilj.

I think it'll be the goal of the poets and the muppets

Mislim da će to biti cilj pesnika i lutaka

and the surfers and the bankers

i surfera i bankara

and all the other people who join this stage

i svih drugih ljudi koji se pridruže na ovoj pozornici,

and think about what we're trying to do here

i razmislite šta pokušavamo ovde da uradimo

and why it matters.

i zbog čega je to važno.

It matters for now. It matters as soon as possible.

Važno je sada. Važno je što pre je moguće.

If you don't believe me, just ask Sam.

Ako ne verujete meni, pitajte Sema.

Thank you all very much.

Mnogo vam hvala svima.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)