Francis Collins: We need better drugs -- now

62,109 views ・ 2013-03-21

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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λ²ˆμ—­: Hyun Soo Jeon κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
μ—¬κΈ° 계신 λΆ„λ“€ 쀑에 48μ„Έ 이상이신 뢄듀은
손을 ν•œ 번 λ“€μ–΄λ³΄μ‹œκ² μ–΄μš”?
λͺ‡ λΆ„ 계신 것 κ°™κ΅°μš”.
μΆ•ν•˜λ“œλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
미ꡭ인의 ν‰κ· μˆ˜λͺ… κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
00:16
So let me ask for a show of hands.
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00:18
How many people here are over the age of 48?
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μ§€κΈˆ 손을 λ“œμ‹  뢄듀은 1900년도에 νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜
00:22
Well, there do seem to be a few.
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ν‰κ· μˆ˜λͺ…을 이미 λ„˜μ–΄μ„œμ…¨μ–΄μš”.
00:25
Well, congratulations,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ 이후 100λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ–΄λ–€ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”μ§€λ„ ν•œ 번 λ³Όκ²Œμš”.
00:27
because if you look at this particular slide of U.S. life expectancy,
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κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό μ­‰ λ”°λΌκ°€μ‹œλ‹€λ³΄λ©΄
μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” μ € μ•„λž˜μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 보싀 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
you are now in excess of the average life span
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1918λ…„λ„μ—λŠ” λ…κ°μ˜ μœ ν–‰μœΌλ‘œ 인해 μž μ‹œ κ°μ†Œν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:34
of somebody who was born in 1900.
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2010λ…„λ„κΉŒμ§€ μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ μ¦κ°€ν•΄μ„œ
00:37
But look what happened in the course of that century.
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μ§€κΈˆ νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ ν‰κ· μˆ˜λͺ…은 79세인 것을 λ³Ό 수 있죠.
00:40
If you follow that curve,
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이 μΆ”μ„ΈλŠ” 아직 λλ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
you'll see that it starts way down there.
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쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ΄μ£ .
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬μ „νžˆ ν•  일이 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
There's that dip there for the 1918 flu.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄
00:47
And here we are at 2010,
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λΆ„μž μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒκΈ°μ „μ΄ μ •ν™•νžˆ λ°ν˜€μ§„
00:49
average life expectancy of a child born today, age 79,
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μ§ˆν™˜μ€ λͺ‡ κ°œλ‚˜ λ κΉŒμš”?
00:52
and we are not done yet.
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μ•½ 4,000개 μ •λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ†€λΌμš΄ 수치죠.
00:54
Now, that's the good news.
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00:56
But there's still a lot of work to do.
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νŠΉνžˆλ‚˜ λΆ„μž μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œμ˜ λ°œκ²¬μ€
00:58
So, for instance, if you ask,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ μ΅œκ·Όμ— μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 κ°μ•ˆν•˜λ©΄μš”.
00:59
how many diseases do we now know
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λ†€λΌμšΈ μ •λ„λ‘œ 큰 λ°œμ „μ΄λΌλŠ” μ μ—μ„œλŠ” ν₯λ―Έλ‘­μ§€λ§Œ
01:02
the exact molecular basis?
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01:04
Turns out it's about 4,000, which is pretty amazing,
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이 4,000개 μ§ˆν™˜ 쀑에
μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 것은 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ κΉŒμš”?
01:08
because most of those molecular discoveries
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μ•½ 250개 정도밖에 λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
have just happened in the last little while.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§€κΈˆ 이 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 곡백을 λ©”μš°κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 도전에 직면해 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
It's exciting to see that in terms of what we've learned,
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그리 어렡지 μ•Šμ€ 일이라고 μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹€ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
but how many of those 4,000 diseases
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생물학 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해
μ§ˆλ³‘μ˜ λ°œμƒκΈ°μ „μ„ λ°ν˜€λƒˆμœΌλ‹ˆ
01:18
now have treatments available?
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01:20
Only about 250.
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κ·Έ 정보λ₯Ό λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ μ‘μš©ν•˜λ©΄ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„κΉŒ
01:22
So we have this huge challenge, this huge gap.
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ν•˜κ³ μš”.
01:25
You would think this wouldn't be too hard,
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κΈ°μ΄ˆκ³Όν•™κ³Ό κ·Έ μ‘μš©λ²• 사이에
01:27
that we would simply have the ability
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닀리λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜ λ†“μ•„μ„œ κ·Έ ν‹ˆμ„
01:29
to take this fundamental information that we're learning
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λ©”μš°λ©΄ 되겠죠.
01:32
about how it is that basic biology teaches us
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κ·Έ λ‹€λ¦¬λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 생겼을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
about the causes of disease
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μ–‘μͺ½μ„ μ΄μ–΄μ£ΌλŠ” μ–΄λ–€ λ²ˆλ“―ν•œ
01:37
and build a bridge across this yawning gap
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방법이 있겠죠.
01:40
between what we've learned about basic science
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01:42
and its application,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 쉽닀면 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ’‹μ„κΉŒμš”?
01:44
a bridge that would look maybe something like this,
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μ•ˆνƒ€κΉκ²Œλ„, μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
where you'd have to put together a nice shiny way
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기초적인 지식을 μ‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것은
μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” 이런 μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
to get from one side to the other.
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λ²ˆλ“―ν•œ λ‹€λ¦¬λŠ” μ—†κ³ μš”,
01:54
Well, wouldn't it be nice if it was that easy?
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μΌμ’…μ˜ λ‚΄κΈ°λ₯Ό ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
Unfortunately, it's not.
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μˆ˜μ˜μ„ μˆ˜κ°€ ν•œ λͺ… 있고
μΉ΄λˆ„μ™€ μš”νŠΈμ™€ μ˜ˆμΈμ„ μ΄ ν•œ μ²™μ”© μžˆλ‹€κ³  해보죠.
01:58
In reality, trying to go from fundamental knowledge
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λͺ¨λ‘ 각자 강을 κ±΄λ„ˆλ €κ³  ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
02:01
to its application is more like this.
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비도 내리고, λ²ˆκ°œλ„ 치고
λ¬Ό μ†μ—λŠ” 상어도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
There are no shiny bridges.
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μˆ˜μ˜μ„ μˆ˜κ°€ μœ„ν—˜μ— λΉ μ‘Œλ„€μš”.
02:06
You sort of place your bets.
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02:07
Maybe you've got a swimmer and a rowboat
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μˆ˜μ˜μ„ μˆ˜λŠ” λκΉŒμ§€ κ±΄λ„ˆμ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:09
and a sailboat and a tugboat
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μš”νŠΈλŠ” λ’€μ§‘ν˜”κ³ 
02:11
and you set them off on their way,
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이런, μ˜ˆμΈμ„ μ€ μ•”μ΄ˆμ— λΆ€λ”ͺν˜”λ„€μš”.
02:13
and the rains come and the lightning flashes,
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κ·Έλž˜λ„ 운이 μ’‹λ‹€λ©΄ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λŠ” κ°• κ±΄λ„ˆμ— λ„μ°©ν•˜κ² μ£ .
02:15
and oh my gosh, there are sharks in the water
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” 이 과정이 μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
02:17
and the swimmer gets into trouble,
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κ·Έ 전에, 치료제λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것은 무엇을 μ˜λ―Έν• κΉŒμš”?
02:19
and, uh oh, the swimmer drowned
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02:20
and the sailboat capsized,
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μ•½μ΄λž€ λ¬΄μ—‡μΈκ°€μš”?
약은 μˆ˜μ†Œ, νƒ„μ†Œ, μ‚°μ†Œ, μ§ˆμ†Œ
02:24
and that tugboat, well, it hit the rocks,
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02:25
and maybe if you're lucky, somebody gets across.
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그리고 λͺ‡ 가지 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ›μžλ“€μ΄ λͺ¨μ—¬
02:28
Well, what does this really look like?
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ λͺ¨μ–‘을 ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ” λΆ„μžλ“€μ˜ μ§‘ν•©μ²΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
Well, what is it to make a therapeutic, anyway?
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν˜•μ„±λœ λΆ„μžμ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘에 따라
02:32
What's a drug? A drug is made up
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이 약이 ν‘œμ μ— λͺ…쀑할지가 κ²°μ •λ˜μ£ .
02:35
of a small molecule of hydrogen, carbon,
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μ˜λ„ν•œ 곳에 κ°€μ„œ μž‘μš©ν• μ§€ λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
02:37
oxygen, nitrogen, and a few other atoms
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이 그림을 ν•œ 번 λ³΄μ„Έμš”. μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λͺ¨μ–‘듀이 μ„žμ—¬ 있죠?
02:39
all cobbled together in a shape,
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이제 μ–΄λ–€ μ§ˆν™˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ 치료제λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•œλ‹€λ©΄
02:42
and it's those shapes that determine whether, in fact,
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μžνμ¦μ΄λ‚˜
02:44
that particular drug is going to hit its target.
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μ•ŒμΈ ν•˜μ΄λ¨Έλ³‘, μ•” 같은 μ§ˆν™˜λ“€μ΄μš”.
02:47
Is it going to land where it's supposed to?
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그러면 μ € μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λͺ¨μ–‘λ“€ 쀑에
효λŠ₯이 있고 μ•ˆμ „μ„±μ΄ 보μž₯λ˜λŠ” λͺ¨μ–‘을 찾으면 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
So look at this picture here -- a lot of shapes dancing around for you.
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κ·Έ 과정을 μžμ„Ένžˆ ν•œ 번 λ³ΌκΉŒμš”?
02:53
Now what you need to do, if you're trying to develop
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02:55
a new treatment for autism
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μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” λͺ‡μ²œ 개, λͺ‡λ§Œ 개의
ν™”ν•©λ¬Όλ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:57
or Alzheimer's disease or cancer
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그리고 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 단계λ₯Ό κ±°μΉ˜λ©΄μ„œ
02:59
is to find the right shape in that mix
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λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜λŠ” 쀑간에 νƒˆλ½ν•˜μ£ .
03:01
that will ultimately provide benefit and will be safe.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” 이 쀑에 λ„€ λ‹€μ„― κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μž„μƒμ‹œν—˜μ„ 진행할 수 μžˆμ„ 것이고
03:04
And when you look at what happens to that pipeline,
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μ’‹λ‹€λ©΄, μ‹œμž‘ν•œμ§€ 14λ…„λ§Œμ—
03:07
you start out maybe with thousands,
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03:08
tens of thousands of compounds.
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ν•œ 개 μ˜μ•½ν’ˆμ„ μŠΉμΈλ°›μ„ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
You weed down through various steps
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λΉ„μš©μ€ 10μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬κ°€ λ„˜κ²Œ λ“€κ² μ£ .
03:12
that cause many of these to fail.
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κ·Έ ν•œ 번의 성곡을 μœ„ν•΄μ„œμš”.
03:13
Ultimately, maybe you can run a clinical trial with four or five of these,
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우리의 κ³Όμ œλŠ” 이 κ°œλ°œκ³Όμ •μ„ μ—”μ§€λ‹ˆμ–΄μ˜ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ 보고
03:17
and if all goes well, 14 years after you started,
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무엇을 κ°œμ„ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λ¬»λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이게 μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό 였늘 μ•„μΉ¨ 이야기λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ„κ³  싢은 μ£Όμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
you will get one approval.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 더 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 진행할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:22
And it will cost you upwards of a billion dollars
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 더 성곡적인 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 얻을 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:24
for that one success.
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03:26
So we have to look at this pipeline the way an engineer would,
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κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μ’‹μ•˜λ˜ λͺ‡ 가지 사둀λ₯Ό
λ¨Όμ € λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄κ²Œμš”.
03:29
and say, "How can we do better?"
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03:30
And that's the main theme of what I want to say to you this morning.
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뢈과 λͺ‡ 달 전에
03:33
How can we make this go faster?
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낭포성 μ„¬μœ μ¦ 치료제 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μŠΉμΈμ„ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
How can we make it more successful?
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λ¬Όλ‘  μŠΉμΈμ„ λ°›κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ κΈ΄ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ±Έλ Έμ£ .
03:38
Well, let me tell you about a few examples
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낭포성 μ„¬μœ μ¦μ˜ λΆ„μž μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œμ˜ λ°œμƒκΈ°μ „μ€ 1989년도에 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
where this has actually worked.
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03:42
One that has just happened in the last few months
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μ œκ°€ μ΄λ„λŠ” μ—°κ΅¬νŒ€μ΄ ν† λ‘ ν† μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ—°κ΅¬νŒ€κ³Ό ν˜‘λ ₯ν•΄μ„œ
03:45
is the successful approval of a drug for cystic fibrosis.
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7번 μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄μ˜ νŠΉμ • μœ μ „μžμ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄κ°€
원인이 λœλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 λ°ν˜€λƒˆμ£ .
03:48
But it's taken a long time to get there.
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사진에 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μ†Œλ…„μ΄
03:50
Cystic fibrosis had its molecular cause discovered in 1989
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λ°”λ‘œ 이 μ²­λ…„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이름은 λŒ€λ‹ˆ 베셋이고, 23λ…„ 후에 찍은 μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
by my group working with another group in Toronto,
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이 사진을 찍은 ν•΄λŠ”
03:57
discovering what the mutation was in a particular gene
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λŒ€λ‹ˆκ°€ κ²°ν˜Όμ„ ν•œ ν•΄μ΄μž
03:59
on chromosome 7.
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낭포성 μ„¬μœ μ¦μ— λŒ€ν•œ λΆ„μž μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ 이해λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ κ°œλ°œλ˜μ–΄
04:01
That picture you see there?
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04:03
Here it is. That's the same kid.
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κ·Έ 원인이 λ˜λŠ” λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λ₯Ό ν‘œμ μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” μΉ˜λ£Œμ œκ°€
04:05
That's Danny Bessette, 23 years later,
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처음으둜 λ―Έκ΅­ μ‹ν’ˆμ˜μ•½κ΅­(FDA) μŠΉμΈμ„ 받은 ν•΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
because this is the year,
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04:09
and it's also the year where Danny got married,
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쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
μ•ˆνƒ€κΉκ²Œλ„ 이 μΉ˜λ£Œμ œκ°€ λͺ¨λ“  μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 낭포성 μ„¬μœ μ¦μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
where we have, for the first time, the approval by the FDA
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λŒ€λ‹ˆμ—κ²Œλ„ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ—†μ—ˆκ³ , 아직은 λ‹€μŒ μ„ΈλŒ€ μΉ˜λ£Œμ œκ°€
04:15
of a drug that precisely targets the defect in cystic fibrosis
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빨리 κ°œλ°œλ˜μ–΄ λŒ€λ‹ˆλ₯Ό λ„μšΈ 수 있기λ₯Ό κΈ°λŒ€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ 23λ…„μ΄λ‚˜ κ±Έλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ„ˆλ¬΄ 였래 κ±Έλ Έμ£ .
04:19
based upon all this molecular understanding.
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04:21
That's the good news.
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04:22
The bad news is, this drug doesn't actually treat all cases of cystic fibrosis,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄ 더 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 진행할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
ν•œ 가지 방법은 기술의 도움을 λ°›λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
and it won't work for Danny, and we're still waiting
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이 λͺ¨λ“  과정에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ ꡉμž₯히 μ€‘μš”ν•œ κΈ°μˆ μ€
04:28
for that next generation to help him.
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인간 μœ μ „μ²΄(human genome)μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
But it took 23 years to get this far. That's too long.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 염색체λ₯Ό ν’€μ–΄μ„œ
04:33
How do we go faster?
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κ·Έ μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” DNAλ₯Ό 보고
04:35
Well, one way to go faster is to take advantage of technology,
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DNA에 담겨 μžˆλŠ” A, C, G, T μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό
04:38
and a very important technology that we depend on
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읽어낼 수 있죠.
04:40
for all of this is the human genome,
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이 μ½”λ“œκ°€ 인간을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  μƒλ¬Όμ˜ μ„€λͺ…μ„œλ‘œ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:43
the ability to be able to look at a chromosome,
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이 μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό μ½λŠ” 데 λ“œλŠ” λΉ„μš©μ€
04:45
to unzip it, to pull out all the DNA,
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μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” λͺ‡μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬ μ •λ„μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ
04:48
and to be able to then read out the letters in that DNA code,
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μ§€λ‚œ 10λ…„κ°„
04:51
the A's, C's, G's and T's
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λ¬΄μ–΄μ˜ 법칙보닀도 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ κ°μ†Œν•΄μ„œ
04:53
that are our instruction book and the instruction book for all living things,
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ ν•œ λͺ…μ˜ μœ μ „μ²΄ μ—ΌκΈ°μ„œμ—΄μ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜λŠ” 데 1만 λ‹¬λŸ¬λ„ 듀지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
and the cost of doing this,
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λ¨Έμ§€μ•Šμ•„ 1천 λ‹¬λŸ¬λ‘œ 쀄어듀 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ˜ˆμƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
which used to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars,
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05:00
has in the course of the last 10 years
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ν₯미둭지 μ•Šλ‚˜μš”?
05:02
fallen faster than Moore's Law, down to the point
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이 λͺ¨λ“  게 μ§ˆλ³‘κ³Ό 무슨 관련이 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
05:05
where it is less than 10,000 dollars today to have your genome sequenced, or mine,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§ˆλ³‘ ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ†Œκ°œν• κ²Œμš”.
ꡉμž₯히 ν¬κ·€ν•œ μ§ˆλ³‘μΈλ°
05:09
and we're headed for the $1,000 genome fairly soon.
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λͺ…칭은 ν—ˆμΉœμŠ¨-κΈΈν¬λ“œ 쑰둜증으둜
05:13
Well, that's exciting.
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쑰둜증 쀑 μ‘°κΈ° λ…Έν™”κ°€ κ°€μž₯ μ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” ν˜•νƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:14
How does that play out in terms of application to a disease?
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μ†Œμ•„ μ•½ 4백만 λͺ… 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…μ—κ²Œμ„œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” μ§ˆν™˜μ΄κ³ 
05:18
I want to tell you about another disorder.
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05:20
This one is a disorder which is quite rare.
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κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ μ„€λͺ…λ“œλ¦¬μžλ©΄
05:22
It's called Hutchinson-Gilford progeria,
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νŠΉμ • μœ μ „μžμ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•œ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λ‘œ μΈν•΄μ„œ
05:25
and it is the most dramatic form of premature aging.
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세포에 λŒ€ν•΄ 독성을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ μƒμ„±λ˜κ³ 
05:28
Only about one in every four million kids has this disease,
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이 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 일반적인 μ†λ„μ˜ 7λ°° μ •λ„λ‘œ
λ…Έν™”κ°€ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” μ§ˆλ³‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:32
and in a simple way, what happens is,
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이 차이가 세포에 μ–΄λ–€ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”μ§€ μ˜μƒμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦΄κ²Œμš”.
05:36
because of a mutation in a particular gene,
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μ •μƒμ„Έν¬λŠ” ν˜„λ―Έκ²½μœΌλ‘œ κ΄€μ°°ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
05:38
a protein is made that's toxic to the cell
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세포 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°°λ˜λŠ” μ„Έν¬ν•΅μ˜
05:41
and it causes these individuals to age
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05:43
at about seven times the normal rate.
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λͺ¨μ–‘이 λ‘₯κΈ€κ³ , κ·Έ 경계도 λ§€λ„λŸ½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
Let me show you a video of what that does to the cell.
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이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:49
The normal cell, if you looked at it under the microscope,
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λ°˜λ©΄μ— 쑰둜증이 μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” μ„Έν¬λŠ”
ν”„λ‘œμ œλ¦°μ΄λΌλŠ” 이 독성 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
05:52
would have a nucleus sitting in the middle of the cell,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ €κΈ° μšΈν‰λΆˆν‰ν•˜κ²Œ νŠ€μ–΄λ‚˜μ™€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:55
which is nice and round and smooth in its boundaries
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 2003λ…„ 이 발견이 이루어진 이후
05:59
and it looks kind of like that.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
06:01
A progeria cell, on the other hand,
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이것을 λ°”λ‘œμž‘κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 방법을 μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
because of this toxic protein called progerin,
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그리고 μ΄λ²ˆμ—λ„ 경둜(pathway)에 λŒ€ν•œ λΆ„μž μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ 이해λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ
06:06
has these lumps and bumps in it.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ ν™”ν•©λ¬Ό 쀑에
06:08
So what we would like to do after discovering this
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νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ„ 것 같은 것을 μ„ νƒν•΄μ„œ
06:11
back in 2003
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μ‹œλ„ν•΄λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
is to come up with a way to try to correct that.
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λ°°μ–‘λœ μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ μ§„ν–‰ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ κ²°κ³Ό
06:16
Well again, by knowing something about the molecular pathways,
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μ˜μƒμ—μ„œ λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” λŒ€λ‘œ
이 화합물을
06:19
it was possible to pick
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06:21
one of those many, many compounds that might have been useful
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쑰둜증이 μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” 세포와 μž‘μš©μ‹œν‚€λ©΄
06:24
and try it out.
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μ—¬κΈ° λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 바와 같이
06:25
In an experiment done in cell culture
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단 72μ‹œκ°„ λ§Œμ— ν•΄λ‹Ή 세포가
06:28
and shown here in a cartoon,
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정상 세포와 거의 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ λ³€ν™”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:30
if you take that particular compound
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적어도 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ νŒλ‹¨ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ”μš”.
06:32
and you add it to that cell that has progeria,
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ꡉμž₯히 ν₯미둜운 λ°œκ²¬μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, μ‹€μ œ μΈμ²΄μ—μ„œλ„ λ™μΌν•œ ν˜„μƒμ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚ κΉŒμš”?
06:36
and you watch to see what happened,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 과정을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ, κ΄€λ ¨ μœ μ „μžκ°€ λ°œκ²¬λœμ§€ 단 4λ…„λ§Œμ—
06:38
in just 72 hours, that cell becomes,
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06:41
for all purposes that we can determine,
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이 ν™”ν•©λ¬Όμ˜ 효λŠ₯을 μ‹œν—˜ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
06:43
almost like a normal cell.
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μž„μƒμ‹œν—˜μ΄ μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
Well that was exciting, but would it actually work in a real human being?
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화면에 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 아이듀 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€
이 μž„μƒμ‹œν—˜μ— μžμ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:49
This has led, in the space of only four years
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총 28λͺ…μ΄μš”.
06:53
from the time the gene was discovered to the start of a clinical trial,
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μ‚¬μ§„μ—μ„œ λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 바와 같이
06:56
to a test of that very compound.
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λͺ¨λ‘ 멋진 청년듀이죠.
06:58
And the kids that you see here
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λͺ¨λ‘ 같은 μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ μ•“κ³  있고
07:00
all volunteered to be part of this,
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μ„œλ‘œ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ™Έλͺ¨λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:03
28 of them,
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μ œκ°€ 더 μžμ„Ένžˆ μ„€λͺ…λ“œλ¦¬κΈ° λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
07:04
and you can see as soon as the picture comes up
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이 아이듀 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…을 λ¬΄λŒ€ μœ„λ‘œ μ΄ˆλŒ€ν•˜κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:07
that they are in fact a remarkable group of young people
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였늘 μ•„μΉ¨ μš°λ¦¬μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ν•΄ μ€€, λ³΄μŠ€ν„΄μ—μ„œ 온 μƒ˜ 번즈 ꡰ이
07:11
all afflicted by this disease,
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μ‘°λ‘œμ¦μ„ μ•“κ³  μžˆλŠ” ν™˜μžλ‘œμ„œ
07:12
all looking quite similar to each other.
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본인의 κ²½ν—˜λ‹΄μ„ λ“€λ €μ£Όκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:14
And instead of telling you more about it,
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μƒ˜μ€ 15살이고, μƒ˜μ˜ λΆ€λͺ¨λ‹˜μ΄μž μ˜μ‚¬μ΄μ‹  슀콧 번즈 씨와 레슬리 κ³ λ“  씨가
07:16
I'm going to invite one of them, Sam Berns from Boston,
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였늘 ν•¨κ»˜ μžλ¦¬ν•΄ μ£Όμ…¨μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:20
who's here this morning, to come up on the stage
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μƒ˜, νŽΈν•˜κ²Œ μ•‰μ•„μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
07:23
and tell us about his experience
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
07:25
as a child affected with progeria.
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07:27
Sam is 15 years old. His parents, Scott Berns and Leslie Gordon,
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07:31
both physicians, are here with us this morning as well.
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μƒ˜, 였늘 λ“£κ³  계신 λΆ„λ“€κ»˜
07:33
Sam, please have a seat.
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μ‘°λ‘œμ¦μ΄λΌλŠ” μ§ˆν™˜μ„ μ•“κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•΄ ν•œ 번 μ–˜κΈ°ν•΄μ€„λž˜μš”?
07:35
(Applause)
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μƒ˜ 번즈: 쑰둜증으둜 μΈν•΄μ„œ μ œν•œλ˜λŠ” 뢀뢄도 λΆ„λͺ… μžˆμ–΄μš”.
μŠ€ν¬μΈ λ‚˜ 신체적인 ν™œλ™μ„ ν•  수 μ—†μ£ .
07:43
So Sam, why don't you tell these folks
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„ 쑰둜증의 영ν–₯을 받지 μ•ŠλŠ”
07:45
what it's like being affected with this condition called progeria?
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ν™œλ™λ“€μ— λŒ€μ‹  ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
07:48
Sam Burns: Well, progeria limits me in some ways.
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쑰둜증으둜 인해 μ œν•œλ˜λŠ” ν™œλ™μ„ ν•˜κ³  싢을 λ•Œλ„ 있죠.
07:52
I cannot play sports or do physical activities,
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λ§ˆμΉ­λ°΄λ“œ(ν–‰μ§„ν•˜λ©° μ—°μ£Όν•˜λŠ” λ°΄λ“œ)에 μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ‹¬νŒμ„ λ³΄λŠ” 일 λ“±μ΄μš”.
07:56
but I have been able to take interest in things
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그럴 λ•Œλ„ μ–Έμ œλ‚˜ κ·Έ ν™œλ™μ„ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 방법을 μ°Ύμ•„λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:59
that progeria, luckily, does not limit.
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쑰둜증이 제 μƒν™œμ„ ν†΅μ œν•  수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” λ°©μ¦μ΄μ—μš”.
08:02
But when there is something that I really do want to do
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
08:05
that progeria gets in the way of, like marching band
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ν”„λžœμ‹œμŠ€ 콜린슀: κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ§€κΈˆ 이 강당에 계신 μ—°κ΅¬μž λΆ„λ“€κ³Ό
λ‹€λ₯Έ μ²­μ€‘λ“€κ»˜ ν•˜κ³  싢은 말이 μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
08:08
or umpiring, we always find a way to do it,
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μ‘°λ‘œμ¦μ΄λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§ˆν™˜μ˜ 연ꡬ에 λŒ€ν•΄
08:11
and that just shows that progeria isn't in control of my life.
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μ–΄λ–€ 말을 ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ€κ°€μš”?
μƒ˜ 번즈: μ‘°λ‘œμ¦μ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 15년도 μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ—
08:15
(Applause)
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08:16
Francis Collins: So what would you like to say to researchers
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 많이 μ§„μ „λœ 것은
08:18
here in the auditorium and others listening to this?
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μ—°κ΅¬μž λΆ„λ“€κ»˜μ„œ 가지고 계신 동기와 좔진λ ₯ λ•λΆ„μ΄μ—μš”.
08:22
What would you say to them both about research on progeria
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08:24
and maybe about other conditions as well?
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이 λͺ¨λ“  과정이 μ‘°λ‘œμ¦μ„ μ•“κ³  μžˆλŠ” 저와 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ”
08:26
SB: Well, research on progeria has come so far
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ꡉμž₯히 큰 의미λ₯Ό 가지고
08:29
in less than 15 years,
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08:31
and that just shows the drive that researchers can have
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이런 동기와 좔진λ ₯이 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ λˆ„κ΅¬λ“ μ§€
μ§ˆλ³‘μ— λŒ€ν•œ 치료제λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•  수 μžˆμŒμ„ 보여주고 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
08:36
to get this far, and it really means a lot
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μ‘°λ§Œκ°„ μ‘°λ‘œμ¦μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•  수 있게 되길 바라고
08:39
to myself and other kids with progeria,
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ν”„λžœμ‹œμŠ€ 씨가 λ§μ”€ν•˜μ…¨λ˜ 4,000개 μ§ˆν™˜λ„
08:43
and it shows that if that drive exists,
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λͺ¨λ‘ μΉ˜λ£Œν•  수 있게 될 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
08:45
anybody can cure any disease,
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ν”„λžœμ‹œμŠ€ 콜린슀: μ’‹μ•„μš”. μƒ˜μ€ 였늘 μ—¬κΈ° 와주기 μœ„ν•΄
08:48
and hopefully progeria can be cured in the near future,
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학ꡐλ₯Ό λΉ μ‘ŒλŠ”λ°μš” (λ°•μˆ˜)
08:52
and so we can eliminate those 4,000 diseases
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ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œλŠ” A+만 λ°›λŠ” 9ν•™λ…„ λͺ¨λ²”μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:56
that Francis was talking about.
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08:59
FC: Excellent. So Sam took the day off from school today
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λ³΄μŠ€ν„΄μ—μ„œμš”.
λ‹€μ‹œ ν•œ 번 ν™˜μ˜κ³Ό κ°μ‚¬μ˜ λ°•μˆ˜ λΆ€νƒλ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:02
to be here, and he is β€” (Applause) --
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μƒ˜ 번즈: 정말 κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν”„λžœμ‹œμŠ€ 콜린슀: 잘 ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. κ³ μƒν–ˆμ–΄μš”, μƒ˜.
09:07
He is, by the way, a straight-A+ student in the ninth grade
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
09:12
in his school in Boston.
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09:13
Please join me in thanking and welcoming Sam.
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09:15
SB: Thank you very much. FC: Well done. Well done, buddy.
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09:19
(Applause)
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이제 이 사둀에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€λ§Œ
더 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  λ‚˜μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§ˆν™˜λ“€ κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ
μƒ˜μ΄ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•œ, 아직 ν•΄κ²°λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 4,000개 μ§ˆν™˜ λͺ¨λ‘μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ
성곡적인 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
이 사둀λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ„μ§€ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:32
So I just want to say a couple more things
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09:33
about that particular story, and then try to generalize
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ 보셨을지 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ
μ§€κΈˆ 쑰둜증 μΉ˜λ£Œμ œλ‘œμ„œ μž„μƒμ‹œν—˜μ΄ μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 약은
09:37
how could we have stories of success
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사싀 μ²˜μŒλΆ€ν„° 쑰둜증 치료λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 개발된 약은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:39
all over the place for these diseases, as Sam says,
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쑰둜증이 μ›Œλ‚™ ν¬κ·€ν•œ μ§ˆν™˜μ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
09:43
these 4,000 that are waiting for answers.
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κΈ°μ—…μ—μ„œ κ·Έ 치료제λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λͺ‡ μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό νˆ¬μžν•˜κΈ°λŠ” 쉽지 μ•Šκ² μ£ .
09:45
You might have noticed that the drug
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이 약은 μ›λž˜ μ•” 치료λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ κ°œλ°œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:47
that is now in clinical trial for progeria
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그런데 μ•”μ—λŠ” λ³„λ‘œ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ—†μ—ˆκ³ 
09:50
is not a drug that was designed for that.
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09:51
It's such a rare disease, it would be hard for a company
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μ•Œκ³  λ³΄λ‹ˆ μ‘°λ‘œμ¦μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κΈ°μ— μ•Œλ§žμ€ νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό
μ•Œλ§žμ€ λͺ¨μ–‘을 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 것이죠.
09:54
to justify spending hundreds of millions of dollars to generate a drug.
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이런 μ‹μ˜ κ°œλ°œμ„ 쑰금 더 μ²΄κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ 정말 쒋지 μ•Šμ„κΉŒμš”?
09:58
This is a drug that was developed for cancer.
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄, 인체에 λŒ€ν•œ μ•ˆμ „μ„±μ€ μž…μ¦λ˜μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
10:00
Turned out, it didn't work very well for cancer,
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10:02
but it has exactly the right properties, the right shape,
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μ›λž˜ μ˜λ„ν–ˆλ˜ 효과λ₯Ό λ‚΄μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν•΄μ„œ
10:05
to work for progeria, and that's what's happened.
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냉동고에 μž λ“€μ–΄μžˆλŠ” 약듀을
기업듀이 λ‹€μ‹œ ν•œ 번 꺼내보도둝
10:08
Wouldn't it be great if we could do that more systematically?
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ν•  μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μ„κΉŒμš”?
10:11
Could we, in fact, encourage all the companies that are out there
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생물학적 κ²½λ‘œμ— λŒ€ν•œ λΆ„μž μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 발견 덕뢄에
이 μ•½λ“€ 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μš©λ„λ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:15
that have drugs in their freezers
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10:16
that are known to be safe in humans
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μ•½λ¬Ό 재창좜, μž¬μ§€μ •, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λΆ€λ₯΄μ…”도 μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:19
but have never actually succeeded in terms
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κΈ°μ‘΄ μ•½ν’ˆμ— μΌμ’…μ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” 것과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:21
of being effective for the treatments they were tried for?
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이것이 ꡉμž₯히 κ°€μΉ˜ 있고 κ·€μ€‘ν•œ ν™œλ™μΌ 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
10:24
Now we're learning about all these new molecular pathways --
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10:26
some of those could be repositioned or repurposed,
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ν˜„μž¬ 이와 κ΄€λ ¨ν•΄μ„œ λ―Έκ΅­ ꡭ립보건원(NIH)κ³Ό 기업듀이 ν™œλ°œνžˆ λ…Όμ˜ 쀑이고
10:29
or whatever word you want to use, for new applications,
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쒋은 κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μ˜ˆμƒλ˜λŠ” κ²½μš°λ„ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그리고 이λ₯Ό 톡해 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ λ§Žμ€ 발견이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
basically teaching old drugs new tricks.
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μ•½λ¬Ό 재창좜이 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 발견으둜 이어진 μ‚¬λ‘€λŠ”
10:35
That could be a phenomenal, valuable activity.
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과거에도 κ½€ λ§Žμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:37
We have many discussions now between NIH and companies
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첫 HIV/μ—μ΄μ¦ˆ μΉ˜λ£Œμ œλŠ”
10:40
about doing this that are looking very promising.
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μ›λž˜ HIV/μ—μ΄μ¦ˆ 치료λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 개발된 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:43
And you could expect quite a lot to come from this.
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μ•” 치료λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 개발된 AZTλΌλŠ” μ•½ν’ˆμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
10:45
There are quite a number of success stories one can point to
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μ•” μΉ˜λ£Œμ—λŠ” 큰 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ—†μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 개발된 첫 ν•­λ ˆνŠΈλ‘œλ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μ•½ν’ˆμ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
10:48
about how this has led to major advances.
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ν‘œμ—μ„œ 보싀 수 μžˆλ“―μ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ 성곡 사둀도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:51
The first drug for HIV/AIDS
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ…Έλ ₯을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν™•μž₯ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
10:53
was not developed for HIV/AIDS.
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10:54
It was developed for cancer. It was AZT.
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λ¨Όμ € 학계와 μ •λΆ€, λ―Όκ°„κΈ°μ—…,
10:57
It didn't work very well for cancer, but became
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그리고 ν™˜μžμ‘°μ§ 간에
10:59
the first successful antiretroviral,
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11:01
and you can see from the table there are others as well.
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νŒŒνŠΈλ„ˆμ‹­μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ―Έκ΅­ ꡭ립보건원(NIH)μ—μ„œλŠ”
11:04
So how do we actually make that a more generalizable effort?
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κ΅­λ¦½μ€‘κ°œμ—°κ΅¬μ„Όν„°(NCATS)λ₯Ό μƒˆλ‘œ κ΅¬μΆ•ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:07
Well, we have to come up with a partnership
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μ§€λ‚œ 12월에 μš΄μ˜μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆκ³ , νŒŒνŠΈλ„ˆμ‹­ ꡬ좕이 μ„Όν„°μ˜ λͺ©ν‘œ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:10
between academia, government, the private sector,
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11:12
and patient organizations to make that so.
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λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©μ•ˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν•΄λ³Όκ²Œμš”.
μ–΄λ–€ μ•½μ˜ 효λŠ₯κ³Ό μ•ˆμ „μ„±μ„ μ‹œν—˜ν•  λ•Œ
11:15
At NIH, we have started this new
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ν™˜μžλ“€μ„ μœ„ν—˜ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
11:17
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.
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μ‹œν—˜ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ 정말 쒋지 μ•Šμ„κΉŒμš”?
11:20
It just started last December, and this is one of its goals.
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μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ ν™•μ‹ ν•  수 μ—†μœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
11:23
Let me tell you another thing we could do.
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μ–΄λ–€ 약을 인체에 νˆ¬μ—¬ν•˜κΈ° 전에
11:25
Wouldn't it be nice to be able to a test a drug
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κ·Έ 약이 μ•ˆμ „ν•œμ§€λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•„λ‚˜μš”? λ™λ¬Όμ‹€ν—˜μ„ λ¨Όμ € μ§„ν–‰ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:28
to see if it's effective and safe
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그런데 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 신뒰둭지 λͺ»ν•˜κ³  λΉ„μš©μ΄ 많이 λ“€λ©°
11:30
without having to put patients at risk,
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μ‹œκ°„λ„ 였래 걸리죠.
11:32
because that first time you're never quite sure?
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ μΈκ°„μ„Έν¬λ‘œ 진행할 수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
11:35
How do we know, for instance, whether drugs are safe
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졜근 논문듀에 μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜κ³  계셨닀면
11:37
before we give them to people? We test them on animals.
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μ•„μ‹€ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ² μ§€λ§Œ
μ΄μ œλŠ” 피뢀세포λ₯Ό 가지고
11:40
And it's not all that reliable, and it's costly,
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κ°„μ„Έν¬λ‘œ λ³€ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:43
and it's time-consuming.
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11:44
Suppose we could do this instead on human cells.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 심μž₯μ„Έν¬λ‚˜ μ‹ μž₯세포, λ‡Œμ„Έν¬λ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 우리 쀑 λˆ„κ΅¬λ“ μ§€μš”.
11:47
You probably know, if you've been paying attention
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 이 세포듀을 가지고
11:50
to some of the science literature
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약물이 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ„μ§€, 그리고 μ•ˆμ „ν• μ§€λ₯Ό μ‹œν—˜ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
11:51
that you can now take a skin cell
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11:52
and encourage it to become a liver cell
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μ§€κΈˆ 보고 계신 것이 β€œν μΉ©(Lung-on-a-Chip)β€œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:55
or a heart cell or a kidney cell or a brain cell for any of us.
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λ³΄μŠ€ν„΄μ— μžˆλŠ” μœ„μŠ€(Wyss) μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ˜ μ—°κ΅¬νŒ€μ΄ κ°œλ°œν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ,
11:58
So what if you used those cells as your test
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μ˜μƒμ—μ„œ λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” λŒ€λ‘œ
12:02
for whether a drug is going to work and whether it's going to be safe?
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μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œμ„œ μ±„μ·¨ν•œ 세포λ₯Ό
12:05
Here you see a picture of a lung on a chip.
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νμ—μ„œ κ΄€μ°°λ˜λŠ” μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ„Έν¬λ‘œ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚¨ λ’€
12:09
This is something created by the Wyss Institute in Boston,
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ•½λ¬Όκ³Ό μž‘μš©ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κ³ 
12:12
and what they have done here, if we can run the little video,
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ν•΄λ‹Ή 약물이 독성이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•ˆμ „ν•œμ§€ νŒλ³„ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:15
is to take cells from an individual,
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이 칩은 ν˜Έν‘λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:18
turn them into the kinds of cells that are present in the lung,
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곡기가 흐λ₯΄λŠ” λΆ€λΆ„κ³Ό ν˜ˆμ•‘μ΄ 흐λ₯΄λŠ” 뢀뢄이 있고
12:21
and determine what would happen
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κ·Έ 사이에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ 세포듀을 톡해
12:23
if you added to this various drug compounds
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μ–΄λ–€ 약물을 νˆ¬μ—¬ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€ κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
세포듀이 이 약물을 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•„λ‹Œμ§€ 말이죠.
12:26
to see if they are toxic or safe.
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같은 λ°©μ‹μ˜ μΉ© κΈ°μˆ μ„
12:28
You can see this chip even breathes.
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12:30
It has an air channel. It has a blood channel.
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μ‹ μž₯μ΄λ‚˜ 심μž₯, 근윑과 같이
약물이 μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” λΆ€μœ„λΌλ©΄ 어디에든
12:33
And it has cells in between
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12:35
that allow you to see what happens when you add a compound.
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μ μš©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 간도 λ¬Όλ‘  κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ³ μš”.
12:37
Are those cells happy or not?
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이 κΈ°μˆ μ€ κ°œμΈλ³„λ‘œ 적용이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
12:39
You can do this same kind of chip technology
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κΆκ·Ήμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ•½ν’ˆμ˜ 개발과 μ‹œν—˜μ— μžˆμ–΄
12:42
for kidneys, for hearts, for muscles,
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이런 게 μ“°μ΄κ²Œ 될 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:44
all the places where you want to see whether a drug
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λ°”λ‘œ β€œμ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 각자의 μΉ©(you-on-a-chip)β€œμ΄μ£ .
12:47
is going to be a problem, for the liver.
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12:49
And ultimately, because you can do this for the individual,
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μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” 것은, μ•½ν’ˆ 개발과 μ•ˆμ „μ„± μ‹œν—˜λ„ 개인 λ§žμΆ€ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ
12:52
we could even see this moving to the point
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진행될 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:54
where the ability to develop and test medicines
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그럼 이제 정리해 λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§€κΈˆ λ†€λΌμš΄ μˆœκ°„μ„ λ§ˆμ£Όν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:58
will be you on a chip, what we're trying to say here is
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저도 λ―Έκ΅­ ꡭ립보건원(NIH)μ—μ„œ 20λ…„ κ°€κΉŒμ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
13:01
the individualizing of the process of developing drugs
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λˆˆμ•žμ— λ§ˆμ£Όν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ°€λŠ₯성에 λŒ€ν•΄
이 μ •λ„λ‘œ κΈ°λŒ€λ₯Ό 가진 적은 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:04
and testing their safety.
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13:06
So let me sum up.
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μ „μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ
13:08
We are in a remarkable moment here.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ°œκ²¬λ“€μ΄ 이루어지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:10
For me, at NIH now for almost 20 years,
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이것을 기회둜 μ‚ΌμœΌλ €λ©΄ 무엇보닀도 μžμ›μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:12
there has never been a time where there was more excitement
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이런 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λ¦¬μŠ€ν¬λ„ 크고, 가끔은 λΉ„μš©λ„ 많이 λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:15
about the potential that lies in front of us.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 톡해 μ–»λŠ” 것 λ˜ν•œ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜μ£ .
13:18
We have made all these discoveries
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13:19
pouring out of laboratories across the world.
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ν™˜μžμ˜ 건강과 κ²½μ œμ„±μž₯의 μΈ‘λ©΄ λͺ¨λ‘μ—μ„œμš”. μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 지원해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:22
What do we need to capitalize on this? First of all, we need resources.
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λ˜ν•œ, μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ νŒŒνŠΈλ„ˆμ‹­μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ œκ°€ μ•žμ—μ„œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ Έλ“―μ΄, 학계와 μ •λΆ€, λ―Όκ°„κΈ°μ—…,
13:25
This is research that's high-risk, sometimes high-cost.
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그리고 ν™˜μžμ‘°μ§ λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό μ•„μš°λ₯΄λŠ” νŒŒνŠΈλ„ˆμ‹­μ΄μ£ .
13:29
The payoff is enormous, both in terms of health
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ νŒŒνŠΈλ„ˆμ‹­μ„ 톡해 μ•½λ¬Ό 재창좜 이후에 λ‚˜μ•„κ°ˆ λ°©ν–₯을 κ²°μ •ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:31
and in terms of economic growth. We need to support that.
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ” μΈμž¬κ°€ ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:34
Second, we need new kinds of partnerships
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13:36
between academia and government and the private sector
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ
13:38
and patient organizations, just like the one I've been describing here,
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κ°€μž₯ 재λŠ₯있고 μ΄‰λ§λ°›λŠ” μΈμž¬λ“€μ΄ ν•¨κ»˜ 이 κ³Όμ œμ— 동참해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:41
in terms of the way in which we could go after repurposing new compounds.
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λ‚˜μ΄μ™€ μ†Œμ†μ— μƒκ΄€μ—†μ΄μš”.
μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ§€κΈˆμ΄ λ°”λ‘œ κ·ΈλŸ΄λ§Œν•œ μˆœκ°„μ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:45
And third, and maybe most important, we need talent.
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ 우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ κΈ°λ‹€λ €μ™”λ˜ 21μ„ΈκΈ° 생물학 연ꡬ이고
13:48
We need the best and the brightest
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13:50
from many different disciplines to come and join this effort --
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μ§€κΈˆμ΄ 이런 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해
μ§ˆλ³‘μ„ 정볡할 무언가λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Ό κΈ°νšŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:53
all ages, all different groups --
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그게 제 λͺ©ν‘œμ΄κ³ 
13:56
because this is the time, folks.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λͺ©ν‘œμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμœΌλ©΄ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:58
This is the 21st-century biology that you've been waiting for,
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λ˜ν•œ μš°λ¦¬μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ ν•  λͺ¨λ“  μ‹œμΈλ“€κ³Ό μΈν˜•λ“€κ³Ό
14:01
and we have the chance to take that
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μ„œνΌλ“€κ³Ό 은행가듀과
λ‹€λ₯Έ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ λͺ©ν‘œμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•˜κ² λ„€μš”.
14:04
and turn it into something which will, in fact,
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14:06
knock out disease. That's my goal.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 무엇을 ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
그것이 μ™œ μ€‘μš”ν•œμ§€λ„ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ‹œκΈ° λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:09
I hope that's your goal.
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μ§€κΈˆ, λ°”λ‘œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 직면해 μžˆλŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•œ κ³Όμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:11
I think it'll be the goal of the poets and the muppets
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μ €λ₯Ό 믿지 λͺ»ν•˜μ‹œκ² λ‹€λ©΄, μƒ˜μ—κ²Œ ν•œ 번 λ¬Όμ–΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
14:13
and the surfers and the bankers
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14:15
and all the other people who join this stage
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
(λ°•μˆ˜)
14:18
and think about what we're trying to do here
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14:19
and why it matters.
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14:20
It matters for now. It matters as soon as possible.
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14:23
If you don't believe me, just ask Sam.
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14:26
Thank you all very much.
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14:28
(Applause)
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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