What you need to know about CRISPR | Ellen Jorgensen

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Milenka Okuka

So, has everybody heard of CRISPR?

Da li su svi čuli za CRISPR?

I would be shocked if you hadn't.

Bila bih šokirana da niste.

This is a technology -- it's for genome editing --

Ovo je tehnologija - za izmenjivanje genoma -

and it's so versatile and so controversial

i toliko je raznovrsna i kontroverzna

that it's sparking all sorts of really interesting conversations.

da zbog nje počinju svakakve zanimljive rasprave.

Should we bring back the woolly mammoth?

Da li da vratimo runastog mamuta?

Should we edit a human embryo?

Da li da izmenimo ljudski embrion?

And my personal favorite:

I moje omiljeno:

How can we justify wiping out an entire species

kako možemo da opravdamo brisanje čitave vrste

that we consider harmful to humans

koju smatramo štetnom za ljude

off the face of the Earth,

sa lica planete Zemlje,

using this technology?

koristeći ovu tehnologiju?

This type of science is moving much faster

Ova vrsta nauke napreduje mnogo brže

than the regulatory mechanisms that govern it.

od mehanizama koji regulišu upravljanje njome.

And so, for the past six years,

I tako, proteklih šest godina,

I've made it my personal mission

moja je lična misija

to make sure that as many people as possible understand

da se postaram da što je više moguće ljudi razume

these types of technologies and their implications.

ovu vrstu tehnologije i njene implikacije.

Now, CRISPR has been the subject of a huge media hype,

CRISPR je bio tema velike medijske pomame

and the words that are used most often are "easy" and "cheap."

i najčešće se koriste reči "lako" i "jeftino".

So what I want to do is drill down a little bit deeper

Želim da malo produbim temu

and look into some of the myths and the realities around CRISPR.

i pogledam neke od mitova i realnosti koji se tiču CRISPR-a.

If you're trying to CRISPR a genome,

Ukoliko želite da izmenite genom CRISPR-om,

the first thing that you have to do is damage the DNA.

prvo morate da oštetite DNK.

The damage comes in the form of a double-strand break

Šteta nastaje tako što prelomite dupli niz

through the double helix.

kroz duplu spiralu.

And then the cellular repair processes kick in,

Onda kreću procesi popravke ćelije

and then we convince those repair processes

i onda te procese ubedimo

to make the edit that we want,

da naprave izmenu koju želimo

and not a natural edit.

a ne prirodnu izmenu.

That's how it works.

Tako funkcioniše.

It's a two-part system.

To je sistem od dva dela.

You've got a Cas9 protein and something called a guide RNA.

Imate protein Cas9 i nešto što se zove RNK vodič.

I like to think of it as a guided missile.

Volim da ga posmatram kao raketu na navođenje.

So the Cas9 -- I love to anthropomorphize --

Cas9 onda - volim da stvarima dajem ljudske karakteristike -

so the Cas9 is kind of this Pac-Man thing

Cas9 liči na nekog Pekmena

that wants to chew DNA,

koji želi da žvaće DNK,

and the guide RNA is the leash that's keeping it out of the genome

a RNK vodič je povodac koji ga drži van genoma

until it finds the exact spot where it matches.

dok ne pronađe tačno mesto gde se uklapa.

And the combination of those two is called CRISPR.

Kombinacija ove dve stvari naziva se CRISPR.

It's a system that we stole

To je sistem koji smo ukrali

from an ancient, ancient bacterial immune system.

od drevnog bakterijskog imunog sistema.

The part that's amazing about it is that the guide RNA,

Ono što je neverovatno kod svega je da RNK vodič,

only 20 letters of it,

samo 20 slova,

are what target the system.

je ono što napada sistem.

This is really easy to design,

Ovo je lako za osmisliti

and it's really cheap to buy.

i veoma je jeftino.

So that's the part that is modular in the system;

Ovo je deo koji je modularan u sistemu,

everything else stays the same.

sve ostalo ostaje isto.

This makes it a remarkably easy and powerful system to use.

Ovo ga čini neverovatno moćnim i lakim sistemom za korišćenje.

The guide RNA and the Cas9 protein complex together

RNK vodič i kompleks Cas9 proteina zajedno

go bouncing along the genome,

kruže po genomu

and when they find a spot where the guide RNA matches,

i kada naiđu na mesto gde se vodič RNK podudara,

then it inserts between the two strands of the double helix,

onda se ubacuju između dva niza duple spirale,

it rips them apart,

kidaju ih,

that triggers the Cas9 protein to cut,

to natera protein Cas9 da seče

and all of a sudden,

i odjednom

you've got a cell that's in total panic

imate ćeliju u panici

because now it's got a piece of DNA that's broken.

jer sada ima polomljen komad DNK.

What does it do?

Šta onda radi?

It calls its first responders.

Zove hitnu pomoć.

There are two major repair pathways.

Postoje dva glavna načina popravke.

The first just takes the DNA and shoves the two pieces back together.

U prvom se samo uzima DNK i dva komada se ponovo prilepe.

This isn't a very efficient system,

Ovo nije veoma efikasan sistem

because what happens is sometimes a base drops out

jer se dešava da ponekad ispadne baza

or a base is added.

ili se doda.

It's an OK way to maybe, like, knock out a gene,

To je dobar sistem da se možda izbaci neki gen,

but it's not the way that we really want to do genome editing.

ali nije način na koji zaista želimo da menjamo genom.

The second repair pathway is a lot more interesting.

Drugi način popravke mnogo je zanimljiviji.

In this repair pathway,

Kod ovog načina popravke,

it takes a homologous piece of DNA.

uzima se odgovarajući komad DNK.

And now mind you, in a diploid organism like people,

I sada, kod diploidnog organizma poput ljudi,

we've got one copy of our genome from our mom and one from our dad,

imamo jedan primerak genoma od majke i jedan od oca,

so if one gets damaged,

pa ako se jedan ošteti,

it can use the other chromosome to repair it.

drugi hromozom se može iskoristiti za popravku.

So that's where this comes from.

Odatle potiče ovo.

The repair is made,

Vrši se popravka

and now the genome is safe again.

i genom je opet bezbedan.

The way that we can hijack this

Način na koji možemo ovo prisvojiti

is we can feed it a false piece of DNA,

je taj da mu damo komad lažne DNK,

a piece that has homology on both ends

komad koji je homologan na oba kraja,

but is different in the middle.

ali je drugačiji na sredini.

So now, you can put whatever you want in the center

Sada možete staviti šta god želite u sredinu

and the cell gets fooled.

i namagarčićete ćeliju.

So you can change a letter,

Možete izmeniti slovo,

you can take letters out,

možete vaditi slova,

but most importantly, you can stuff new DNA in,

ali što je najbitnije, možete ubaciti novu DNK,

kind of like a Trojan horse.

poput trojanskog konja.

CRISPR is going to be amazing,

CRISPR će biti neverovatan,

in terms of the number of different scientific advances

što se tiče broja raznih naučnih otkrića

that it's going to catalyze.

koje će katalisati.

The thing that's special about it is this modular targeting system.

Ono što je kod njega posebno je ovaj modularni sistem za ciljanje.

I mean, we've been shoving DNA into organisms for years, right?

Mislim, već godinama trpamo DNK u različite organizme, zar ne?

But because of the modular targeting system,

Ali zbog modularnog sistema za ciljanje,

we can actually put it exactly where we want it.

zapravo možemo da je stavimo tačno tamo gde želimo.

The thing is that there's a lot of talk about it being cheap

Stvar je u tome da se mnogo priča o tome da je CRISPR jeftin

and it being easy.

i da je jednostavan.

And I run a community lab.

Ja vodim otvorenu laboratoriju.

I'm starting to get emails from people that say stuff like,

Počinjem da dobijam mejlove od ljudi ovakvog sadržaja:

"Hey, can I come to your open night

"Hej, mogu li da dođem na otvoreno veče

and, like, maybe use CRISPR and engineer my genome?"

i da kao, možda koristim CRISPR i izmenim svoj genom?"

(Laugher)

(Smeh)

Like, seriously.

Kao, zaista.

I'm, "No, you can't."

Kažem: "Ne, ne možeš."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

"But I've heard it's cheap. I've heard it's easy."

"Ali čuo sam da je jeftino. Čuo sam da je jednostavno."

We're going to explore that a little bit.

Malo ćemo da istražimo to.

So, how cheap is it?

Koliko je jeftino?

Yeah, it is cheap in comparison.

Jeftino je u poređenju sa drugim stvarima, da.

It's going to take the cost of the average materials for an experiment

Trošak materijala za eksperimente koštaće

from thousands of dollars to hundreds of dollars,

od na hiljade dolara do na stotine dolara

and it cuts the time a lot, too.

i uštedeće dosta vremena.

It can cut it from weeks to days.

Skratiće vreme s nedelja na dane.

That's great.

To je sjajno.

You still need a professional lab to do the work in;

Još uvek vam je potrebna profesionalna laboratorija za rad,

you're not going to do anything meaningful outside of a professional lab.

nećete uraditi ništa smisleno van profesionalne laboratorije.

I mean, don't listen to anyone who says

Mislim, ne slušajte bilo koga ko kaže

you can do this sort of stuff on your kitchen table.

da nešto ovako može da se uradi na vašem kuhinjskom stolu.

It's really not easy to do this kind of work.

Zaista nije lako baviti se ovakvim poslom.

Not to mention, there's a patent battle going on,

Da ne spominjem to da se trenutno vodi bitka oko patenta,

so even if you do invent something,

pa i da izmislite nešto,

the Broad Institute and UC Berkeley are in this incredible patent battle.

Institut Brod i Univerzitet Berkli su u neverovatnoj bici oko patenta.

It's really fascinating to watch it happen,

Zaista je fascinantno gledati kako se to dešava

because they're accusing each other of fraudulent claims

jer optužuju jedni druge za prevaru

and then they've got people saying,

i onda ljudi govore stvari poput:

"Oh, well, I signed my notebook here or there."

"O, pa ja sam potpisao svesku tu i tamo."

This isn't going to be settled for years.

Ovo se neće rešiti godinama.

And when it is,

A kada se reši,

you can bet you're going to pay someone a really hefty licensing fee

možete da se kladite da ćete nekome plaćati ogromnu svotu za licenciranje

in order to use this stuff.

da biste koristili ove stvari.

So, is it really cheap?

Da li je onda zaista jeftino?

Well, it's cheap if you're doing basic research and you've got a lab.

Pa jeftino je ako radite osnovno istraživanje i imate laboratoriju.

How about easy? Let's look at that claim.

A lako? Hajde da istražimo to.

The devil is always in the details.

Uvek se neki vrag ispreči.

We don't really know that much about cells.

Zapravo ne znamo toliko toga o ćelijama.

They're still kind of black boxes.

Još su nešto poput crnih kutija.

For example, we don't know why some guide RNAs work really well

Na primer, ne znamo zašto neki RNK vodiči funkcionišu veoma dobro,

and some guide RNAs don't.

a neki RNK vodiči ne funkcionišu.

We don't know why some cells want to do one repair pathway

Ne znamo zašto neke ćelije žele da poprave niz na jedan način,

and some cells would rather do the other.

a neke ćelije na drugi.

And besides that,

Pored toga,

there's the whole problem of getting the system into the cell

tu je i ceo problem da uopšte ubacite

in the first place.

sistem u ćeliju.

In a petri dish, that's not that hard,

U petrijevoj posudi, to nije tako teško,

but if you're trying to do it on a whole organism,

ali ako to želite da uradite na celom organizmu,

it gets really tricky.

postaje prilično komplikovano.

It's OK if you use something like blood or bone marrow --

U redu je ako koristite nešto poput krvi ili koštane srži -

those are the targets of a lot of research now.

to su mete raznih istraživanja trenutno.

There was a great story of some little girl

Bila je sjajna priča o nekoj devojčici

who they saved from leukemia

koju su spasili od leukemije

by taking the blood out, editing it, and putting it back

tako što su izvadili krv, izmenili je i vratili je

with a precursor of CRISPR.

uz prethodnika CRISPR-a.

And this is a line of research that people are going to do.

Ovo je vrsta istraživanja kakve će ljudi raditi.

But right now, if you want to get into the whole body,

Ali trenutno, ako želite da pristupite celom telu,

you're probably going to have to use a virus.

verovatno ćete morati da korstite virus.

So you take the virus, you put the CRISPR into it,

Uzmete virus, u njega ubacite CRISPR,

you let the virus infect the cell.

date virusu da zarazi ćeliju.

But now you've got this virus in there,

Ali sada tu imate virus,

and we don't know what the long-term effects of that are.

i ne znamo šta su dugotrajne posledice ovoga.

Plus, CRISPR has some off-target effects,

Pored toga, CRISPR ima neke nuspojave,

a very small percentage, but they're still there.

veoma mali broj njih, ali ipak su tu.

What's going to happen over time with that?

Šta će se tokom vremena desiti s time?

These are not trivial questions,

Ovo nisu trivijalna pitanja

and there are scientists that are trying to solve them,

i postoje naučnici koji pokušavaju na njih da odgovore,

and they will eventually, hopefully, be solved.

i to će se desiti pre ili kasnije.

But it ain't plug-and-play, not by a long shot.

Ali nije prosto kao pritiskanje dugmeta, ni blizu toga.

So: Is it really easy?

Da li je onda zaista lako?

Well, if you spend a few years working it out in your particular system,

Pa, ako provedete nekoliko godina radeći na tome u svom posebnom sistemu,

yes, it is.

da, onda jeste.

Now the other thing is,

Druga stvar je,

we don't really know that much about how to make a particular thing happen

zaista ne znamo mnogo o tome kako da nateramo da se desi jedna stvar

by changing particular spots in the genome.

tako što ćemo izmeniti određena mesta u genomu.

We're a long way away from figuring out

Još nam dosta treba da otkrijemo

how to give a pig wings, for example.

kako da svinji damo krila, na primer.

Or even an extra leg -- I'd settle for an extra leg.

Ili čak nogu viška - zadovoljila bih se time.

That would be kind of cool, right?

To bi bilo kul, zar ne?

But what is happening

Ali dešava se to

is that CRISPR is being used by thousands and thousands of scientists

da CRISPR koriste hiljade i hiljade naučnika

to do really, really important work,

da bi obavljali zaista bitan posao

like making better models of diseases in animals, for example,

poput toga da prave bolje modele bolesti kod životinja, na primer

or for taking pathways that produce valuable chemicals

ili stvaranja načina za proizvođenje dragocenih hemikalija

and getting them into industrial production in fermentation vats,

i njihovo dovođenje u bačve u industrijskoj proizvodnji i fermentaciji

or even doing really basic research on what genes do.

ili samo jednostavnog istraživanja o tome šta rade geni.

This is the story of CRISPR we should be telling,

Ovo je priča o CRISPR-u koju bi trebalo da pričamo

and I don't like it that the flashier aspects of it

i ne dopada mi se što blještavije strane svega ovoga

are drowning all of this out.

ne daju da izađe na videlo ostalo.

Lots of scientists did a lot of work to make CRISPR happen,

Mnogo naučnika radilo je na tome da se desi CRISPR

and what's interesting to me

i meni je zanimljivo to

is that these scientists are being supported by our society.

da ove naučnike podržava naše društvo.

Think about it.

Razmislite o tome.

We've got an infrastructure that allows a certain percentage of people

Imamo infrastrukturu koja dozvoljava određenom broju ljudi

to spend all their time doing research.

da provode vreme baveći se istraživanjem.

That makes us all the inventors of CRISPR,

To sve nas čini izumiteljima CRISPR-a,

and I would say that makes us all the shepherds of CRISPR.

i rekla bih da to sve nas čini pastirima CRISPR-a.

We all have a responsibility.

Svi imamo odgovornost.

So I would urge you to really learn about these types of technologies,

Pozvala bih vas sve da zaista naučite više o ovakvim tehnologijama

because, really, only in that way

jer zaista, jedino na taj način

are we going to be able to guide the development of these technologies,

možemo zaista da vodimo razvoj ovih tehnologija,

the use of these technologies

upotrebu ovih tehnologija

and make sure that, in the end, it's a positive outcome --

i da se postaramo da sve ima srećan kraj -

for both the planet and for us.

i za planetu i za nas.

Thanks.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)