What you need to know about CRISPR | Ellen Jorgensen

880,715 views ใƒป 2016-10-24

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Ju Hye Lim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
So, has everybody heard of CRISPR?
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฐ€์œ„(CRISPR)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ณธ ์  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
00:15
I would be shocked if you hadn't.
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์•ˆ ๋“ค์–ด๋ดค์„ ๋ฆฌ ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ .
00:18
This is a technology -- it's for genome editing --
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CRISPR๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ํŽธ์ง‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
and it's so versatile and so controversial
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๋„ ๋งŽ์•„์„œ
00:24
that it's sparking all sorts of really interesting conversations.
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๊ฐ์ข… ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋…ผ๋ž€๋“ค์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:28
Should we bring back the woolly mammoth?
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ํ„ธ๋ณต์ˆญ์ด ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ด๋ ค๋‚ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
00:31
Should we edit a human embryo?
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ต์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
00:34
And my personal favorite:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
00:36
How can we justify wiping out an entire species
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋กญ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ์ข… ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ
00:40
that we consider harmful to humans
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฉธ์ข…์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ
00:43
off the face of the Earth,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
00:44
using this technology?
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00:47
This type of science is moving much faster
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค
00:50
than the regulatory mechanisms that govern it.
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๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ง„๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
And so, for the past six years,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๋‚œ 6๋…„๊ฐ„
00:55
I've made it my personal mission
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์ €๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
00:57
to make sure that as many people as possible understand
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„
01:00
these types of technologies and their implications.
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์ดํ•ด์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ ์ž„๋ฌด๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
Now, CRISPR has been the subject of a huge media hype,
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CRISPR๋Š” ์–ธ๋ก ์— ๊ณผ๋Œ€ ํฌ์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
and the words that are used most often are "easy" and "cheap."
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์ œ์ผ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์€ "์‰ฝ๋‹ค"์™€ "์ €๋ ด"์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:14
So what I want to do is drill down a little bit deeper
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ
01:17
and look into some of the myths and the realities around CRISPR.
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CRISPR์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜คํ•ด์™€ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
If you're trying to CRISPR a genome,
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์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ CRISPR๋กœ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
01:25
the first thing that you have to do is damage the DNA.
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์ œ์ผ ๋จผ์ € ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ DNA๋ฅผ ์†์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
The damage comes in the form of a double-strand break
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๊ทธ ์†์ƒ์€ ์ด์ค‘ ๋‚˜์„  ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์˜ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์„ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
through the double helix.
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01:33
And then the cellular repair processes kick in,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์„ธํฌ ์žฌ์ƒ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:37
and then we convince those repair processes
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์ด ์žฌ์ƒ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ์ง‘์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก
01:39
to make the edit that we want,
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๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
and not a natural edit.
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์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ํŽธ์ง‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์š”.
01:43
That's how it works.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ ์›๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
It's a two-part system.
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๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:47
You've got a Cas9 protein and something called a guide RNA.
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Cas9 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ RNA๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
I like to think of it as a guided missile.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ์œ ๋„ํƒ„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
So the Cas9 -- I love to anthropomorphize --
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์ €๋Š” ์˜์ธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์š”.
01:56
so the Cas9 is kind of this Pac-Man thing
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Cas9๋Š” DNA๋ฅผ ์”น์–ด๋จน๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š”
01:59
that wants to chew DNA,
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ํŒฉ๋งจ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
02:01
and the guide RNA is the leash that's keeping it out of the genome
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๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ RNA๋Š” Cas9๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๋งž๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€
02:05
until it finds the exact spot where it matches.
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์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋–ผ์–ด๋†“๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ค„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
And the combination of those two is called CRISPR.
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์ด CRISPR์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
It's a system that we stole
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์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜
02:13
from an ancient, ancient bacterial immune system.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
The part that's amazing about it is that the guide RNA,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ์€ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ RNA์˜
02:22
only 20 letters of it,
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20๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์ด
02:23
are what target the system.
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
This is really easy to design,
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์ด๊ฑด ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์‰ฝ๊ณ 
02:28
and it's really cheap to buy.
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๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ €๋ ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
So that's the part that is modular in the system;
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์‹์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
everything else stays the same.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:37
This makes it a remarkably easy and powerful system to use.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
The guide RNA and the Cas9 protein complex together
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๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ RNA์™€ Cas9 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š”
02:46
go bouncing along the genome,
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์œ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŠ€์–ด๋‹ค๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
and when they find a spot where the guide RNA matches,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ RNA์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
02:51
then it inserts between the two strands of the double helix,
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์ด์ค‘ ๋‚˜์„ ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋„ฃ์–ด์„œ
02:54
it rips them apart,
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์ด์ค‘ ๋‚˜์„ ์„ ๋œฏ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ 
02:56
that triggers the Cas9 protein to cut,
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Cas9 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ด‰๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
and all of a sudden,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์—
03:01
you've got a cell that's in total panic
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๋ง๊ฐ€์ง„ DNA ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ์„œ
03:03
because now it's got a piece of DNA that's broken.
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์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๊ณตํ™ฉ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋น ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
What does it do?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋ญ˜ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
03:08
It calls its first responders.
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์ตœ์ดˆ ๋Œ€์‘์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
There are two major repair pathways.
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ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณต๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
The first just takes the DNA and shoves the two pieces back together.
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์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‘ DNA ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
This isn't a very efficient system,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
because what happens is sometimes a base drops out
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ ์—ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
03:23
or a base is added.
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03:25
It's an OK way to maybe, like, knock out a gene,
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์œ ์ „์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:28
but it's not the way that we really want to do genome editing.
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์œ ์ „์ฒด ๊ต์ •์—์„œ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
The second repair pathway is a lot more interesting.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ณต๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ๋” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
In this repair pathway,
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์ด ๋ณต๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์• ์„œ๋Š”
03:36
it takes a homologous piece of DNA.
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์ƒ๋™์ธ DNA ์กฐ๊ฐ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
And now mind you, in a diploid organism like people,
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์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฐฐ์ฒด ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์ด
03:42
we've got one copy of our genome from our mom and one from our dad,
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์—„๋งˆ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜, ์•„๋น ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
so if one gets damaged,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…์œผ๋ฉด
03:47
it can use the other chromosome to repair it.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
So that's where this comes from.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
The repair is made,
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๋ณต๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด
03:54
and now the genome is safe again.
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์œ ์ „์ฒด๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
The way that we can hijack this
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์ด๊ฑธ ์Šต๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
03:58
is we can feed it a false piece of DNA,
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๊ฐ€์งœ DNA ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
a piece that has homology on both ends
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์–‘์ชฝ ๋์ด ์ƒ๋™ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:04
but is different in the middle.
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์ค‘๊ฐ„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
04:06
So now, you can put whatever you want in the center
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด์ œ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:08
and the cell gets fooled.
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์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์†์•„๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
So you can change a letter,
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์—ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:12
you can take letters out,
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๋นผ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
but most importantly, you can stuff new DNA in,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒˆ DNA๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
kind of like a Trojan horse.
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ํŠธ๋กœ์ด ๋ชฉ๋งˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
04:19
CRISPR is going to be amazing,
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CRISPR๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์งˆ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
04:21
in terms of the number of different scientific advances
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐœ์ „๋“ค์˜
04:24
that it's going to catalyze.
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์ด‰๋งค๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:26
The thing that's special about it is this modular targeting system.
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CRISPR์—์„œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์‹ ํ‘œ์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
I mean, we've been shoving DNA into organisms for years, right?
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์— DNA๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•ด์™”์ž–์•„์š”?
04:33
But because of the modular targeting system,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์‹ ํ‘œ์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋•๋ถ„์—
04:35
we can actually put it exactly where we want it.
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DNA๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
The thing is that there's a lot of talk about it being cheap
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” CRISPR์ด ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด
04:45
and it being easy.
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๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
04:46
And I run a community lab.
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:50
I'm starting to get emails from people that say stuff like,
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์š”์ฆ˜ ๋“ค์–ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“คํ•œํ…Œ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:53
"Hey, can I come to your open night
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"๊ณต๊ฐœ์ผ์— ์ฐพ์•„์™€์„œ
04:56
and, like, maybe use CRISPR and engineer my genome?"
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CRISPR๋กœ ์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ด๋„ ๋˜๋‚˜์š”?"
04:59
(Laugher)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:01
Like, seriously.
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์ •๋ง ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ์š”.
05:03
I'm, "No, you can't."
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์ €๋Š”, "์•„๋‹ˆ์š”. ์•ˆ๋ผ์š”."
05:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:06
"But I've heard it's cheap. I've heard it's easy."
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"๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๋˜๋ฐ์š”."
05:08
We're going to explore that a little bit.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž ๊น ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์ฃ .
05:10
So, how cheap is it?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ €๋ ดํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
05:12
Yeah, it is cheap in comparison.
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์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ €๋ ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
It's going to take the cost of the average materials for an experiment
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„
05:19
from thousands of dollars to hundreds of dollars,
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ค„์—ฌ์ค„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
and it cuts the time a lot, too.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ ˆ์•ฝ๋˜์š”.
05:23
It can cut it from weeks to days.
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๋ช‡ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ฉฐ์น ๋กœ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
That's great.
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
05:27
You still need a professional lab to do the work in;
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:30
you're not going to do anything meaningful outside of a professional lab.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
I mean, don't listen to anyone who says
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ ์‹ํƒ์—์„œ
05:36
you can do this sort of stuff on your kitchen table.
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ง์€ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
05:39
It's really not easy to do this kind of work.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
Not to mention, there's a patent battle going on,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์ „์Ÿ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
05:46
so even if you do invent something,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
05:48
the Broad Institute and UC Berkeley are in this incredible patent battle.
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๋ธŒ๋กœ๋“œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์™€ UC๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํŠนํ—ˆ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
It's really fascinating to watch it happen,
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๊ตฌ๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
because they're accusing each other of fraudulent claims
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์„œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์นœ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
06:00
and then they've got people saying,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:02
"Oh, well, I signed my notebook here or there."
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"๋‚ด ๊ณต์ฑ… ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ €๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ธํ–ˆ์–ด."
06:05
This isn't going to be settled for years.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ช‡ ๋…„์€ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
And when it is,
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ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฉด
06:08
you can bet you're going to pay someone a really hefty licensing fee
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋จผ ์Šน์†Œํ•œ ์ชฝ์—๊ฒŒ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ
06:11
in order to use this stuff.
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๋‘๋‘‘ํžˆ ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:13
So, is it really cheap?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ •๋ง ์ €๋ ดํ•œ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?
06:15
Well, it's cheap if you're doing basic research and you've got a lab.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ €๋ ดํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:21
How about easy? Let's look at that claim.
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์‰ฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€์š”? ์ด ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ฃ .
06:24
The devil is always in the details.
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์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ํ•จ์ •์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:27
We don't really know that much about cells.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
06:31
They're still kind of black boxes.
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์•„์ง๋„ ๋ฒ ์ผ์— ์‹ธ์—ฌ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:32
For example, we don't know why some guide RNAs work really well
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์ผ๋ก€๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ RNA๋Š” ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
06:37
and some guide RNAs don't.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
We don't know why some cells want to do one repair pathway
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์™œ ์–ด๋–ค ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ด์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ •ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:43
and some cells would rather do the other.
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์–ด๋–ค ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ •ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
06:46
And besides that,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—๋„
06:47
there's the whole problem of getting the system into the cell
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์• ์ดˆ์— ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋กœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋„
06:50
in the first place.
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๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
In a petri dish, that's not that hard,
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ํŽ˜ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์ ‘์‹œ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
06:53
but if you're trying to do it on a whole organism,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜จ์ „ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:56
it gets really tricky.
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๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กœ์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
It's OK if you use something like blood or bone marrow --
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ํ”ผ๋‚˜ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„์š”.
07:01
those are the targets of a lot of research now.
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์š”์ฆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:03
There was a great story of some little girl
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CRISPR์˜ ์ „์กฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
07:05
who they saved from leukemia
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๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์–ด๋–ค ํ•œ ์†Œ๋…€์˜
07:07
by taking the blood out, editing it, and putting it back
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ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘์•„์„œ ๊ต์ •ํ•œ ๋’ค์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋„ฃ์–ด ์†Œ๋…€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
07:10
with a precursor of CRISPR.
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๊ฐ๋™์ ์ธ ์ผํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
And this is a line of research that people are going to do.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
But right now, if you want to get into the whole body,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ชธ ์ „์ฒด์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ๋ฉด
07:18
you're probably going to have to use a virus.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
So you take the virus, you put the CRISPR into it,
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋‚ด์— CRISPR๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ 
07:22
you let the virus infect the cell.
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๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:24
But now you've got this virus in there,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์— ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:26
and we don't know what the long-term effects of that are.
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
Plus, CRISPR has some off-target effects,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ CRISPR๋Š” ํ‘œ์ ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
a very small percentage, but they're still there.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
What's going to happen over time with that?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ๊นŒ์š”?
07:38
These are not trivial questions,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
and there are scientists that are trying to solve them,
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์ด๊ฑธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
07:42
and they will eventually, hopefully, be solved.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž˜์š”.
07:45
But it ain't plug-and-play, not by a long shot.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
So: Is it really easy?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ •๋ง ์‰ฌ์šด๊ฐ€์š”?
07:51
Well, if you spend a few years working it out in your particular system,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๋™์•ˆ ํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ฉด
07:55
yes, it is.
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๋„ค, ๋งž์•„์š”. ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
Now the other thing is,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
07:59
we don't really know that much about how to make a particular thing happen
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ํŠน์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ
08:05
by changing particular spots in the genome.
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๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
We're a long way away from figuring out
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ผ์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ
08:11
how to give a pig wings, for example.
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๋‹ฌ์•„์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์•„์ง ๋ฉ€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
Or even an extra leg -- I'd settle for an extra leg.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ๋ถ™์ธ๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€์š”. ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ๋กœ๋ผ๋„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:17
That would be kind of cool, right?
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๋ฉ‹์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
08:18
But what is happening
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š”
08:20
is that CRISPR is being used by thousands and thousands of scientists
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—
08:24
to do really, really important work,
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CRISPR๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
like making better models of diseases in animals, for example,
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๋™๋ฌผ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
08:32
or for taking pathways that produce valuable chemicals
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๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ
08:37
and getting them into industrial production in fermentation vats,
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๊ณต์—… ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐœํšจ ๋ฐฐํŠธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
08:42
or even doing really basic research on what genes do.
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์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๊นŒ์ง€๋„์š”.
08:46
This is the story of CRISPR we should be telling,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ CRISPR์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
and I don't like it that the flashier aspects of it
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CRISPR์˜ ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ๋ฌป์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
08:52
are drowning all of this out.
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์ €๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
08:54
Lots of scientists did a lot of work to make CRISPR happen,
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด CRISPR๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
08:58
and what's interesting to me
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์ œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:00
is that these scientists are being supported by our society.
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์ด ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
Think about it.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
09:06
We've got an infrastructure that allows a certain percentage of people
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ํŠน์ • ๋น„์œจ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํ• ์• ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”
09:10
to spend all their time doing research.
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์ธํ”„๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
That makes us all the inventors of CRISPR,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ CRISPR์˜
09:18
and I would say that makes us all the shepherds of CRISPR.
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๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ฐ€์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ๋‚ด์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
We all have a responsibility.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:25
So I would urge you to really learn about these types of technologies,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์„ธ์š”.
09:30
because, really, only in that way
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ๋งŒ ์ •๋ง๋กœ
09:32
are we going to be able to guide the development of these technologies,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ
09:36
the use of these technologies
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์ด๋Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
09:38
and make sure that, in the end, it's a positive outcome --
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์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
09:43
for both the planet and for us.
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๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
09:46
Thanks.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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