Robert Full: The secrets of nature's grossest creatures, channeled into robots

Translator: Andreja Benčina Reviewer: Matej Divjak

Even nature's most disgusting creatures

Celo najbolj nagnusna bitja narave

have important secrets,

imajo pomembne skrivnosti,

but who would want a swarm of cockroaches

a le kdo bi hotel, da roj ščurkov hiti proti njemu?

coming towards them?

Yet one of the greatest differences between natural and human technologies

A vendar je ena največjih razlik med naravno in človeško tehnologijo

relates to robustness.

povezana z robustnostjo.

Robust systems are stable in complex

Robustni sistemi so stabilni v zapletenih

and new environments.

in novih okoljih.

Remarkably, cockroaches can self-stabilize

Osupljivo, a ščurki se lahko samouravnavajo,

running over rough terrain.

ko tečejo prek neravnega površja.

When we put a jet pack on them,

Ko smo jim dali raketni pogon ali pa povzročili motnjo, kot je potres,

or give them a perturbation like an earthquake,

we discovered that their wonderfully tuned legs

smo odkrili, da jim njihove čudovito uglašene noge

allow them to self-stabilize

omogočijo, da se samouravnavajo

without using any of their brainpower.

brez posredovanja možganov.

They can go over complex terrain like grass,

Lahko gredo čez zapleteno površje, kot je trava,

no problem, and not get destabilized.

brez problema in se ne destabilizirajo.

We discovered a new behavior where,

Odkrili smo novo vrsto vedenja, kjer se zaradi svoje oblike

because of their shape,

they actually roll automatically to their side

pravzaprav avtomatično zavalijo na bok,

to go through this artificial test bit of grass.

da lahko potujejo prek te testne zelenice.

Robust systems can perform multiple tasks

Robustni sistemi lahko izvajajo več nalog z isto strukturo.

with the same structure.

Here's a new behavior we've discovered.

Tu je novo vedenje, ki smo ga odkrili.

The animals rapidly invert and disappear

Živali se zelo hitro obrnejo in izginejo

in less than 150 milliseconds — you never see them —

v manj kot 150 milisekundah - sploh jih ne vidite -

using the same structures that they use to run, their legs.

z uporabo struktur, ki jih imajo za tek, svojih nog.

They can run upside down

Tečejo lahko z glavo navzdol

very rapidly on rods, branches and wires,

zelo hitro po palicah, vejah in žicah,

and if you perturb one of those branches,

in če vznemirite eno teh vej,

they can do this.

lahko naredijo tole.

They can perform gymnastic maneuvers

Izvajajo lahko gimnastične gibe,

like no robot we have yet.

kot jih ne more še noben od robotov, ki jih imamo.

And they have nearly unlimited

In imajo skoraj neomejene možnosti manevriranja s to isto strukturo

maneuverability with that same structure

and unprecedented access to a variety

in neverjeten dostop do različnih vrst območij.

of different areas.

They have wings for flying when they get warm,

Imajo krila, da letijo, ko jim je vroče,

but they use those same wings to flip over

uporabljajo pa jih tudi za to, da se spet obrnejo, če padejo na hrbet.

if they get destabilized.

Very effective.

Zelo učinkovito.

Robust systems are also fault tolerant and fail-safe.

Robustni sistemi so tudi tolerantni do napak in odporni nanje.

This is the foot of a cockroach.

To je ščurkovo stopalo. Ima ščetine, lepljive blazinice in kremplje,

It has spines, gluey pads and claws,

but if you take off those feet,

ampak, če jih odstranite, se še vedno premikajo po grobem terenu

they can still go over rough terrain,

like the bottom video that you see,

kot vidite na spodnjem posnetku, ne da bi se kaj upočasnili. Neverjetno.

without hardly slowing down. Extraordinary.

They can run up mesh without their feet.

Brez stopal lahko plezajo navzgor po mrežah.

Here's an animal using a normal, alternating tripod:

To je žival, ki hodi v izmenjujočem trikoraku:

three legs, three legs, three legs,

tri noge, tri noge, tri noge,

but in nature, the insects often have lost their legs.

a v naravi žuželke noge pogosto izgubijo.

Here's one moving with two middle legs gone.

Tu je ena, ki hodi brez dveh srednjih nog.

It can even lose three legs, in a tripod,

Lahko celo izgubi tri noge iz trikoraka in razvije nov korak, skakajoč korak.

and adopt a new gait, a hopping gait.

And I point out that all of these videos

In naj povem, da so vsi ti posnetki upočasnjeni za dvajsetkrat,

are slowed down 20 times,

so they're actually really fast, when you see this.

in so v resnici zelo hitri, ko gledate.

Robust systems are also damage resistant.

Robustni sistemi so tudi odporni na poškodbe.

Here's an animal climbing up a wall.

Tu žival pleza po zidu.

It looks like a rapid, smooth, vertical climb,

Videti je kot hiter, gladek, navpični vzpon,

but when you slow it down,

you see something very different.

a ko to upočasnite, vidite nekaj zelo drugačnega.

Here's what they do.

Kaj pravzaprav naredijo.

They intentionally have a head-on collision with the wall

Namerno se zaletijo naravnost v steno,

so they don't slow down and can transition up it

da ne izgubijo hitrosti in lahko splezajo na zid v 75 milisekundah.

in 75 milliseconds.

And they can do this in part because they have

extraordinary exoskeletons.

In to lahko naredijo deloma tudi zato, ker imajo neverjetno zunanje okostje.

And they're really just made up of compliant joints

Pravzaprav so narejeni iz kopice prilegajočih se sklepov,

that are tubes and plates

ki so cevi in plošče, ki so povezani med sabo.

connected to one another.

Here's a dissection of an abdomen of a cockroach.

Tu je prerez ščurkovega trupa.

You see these plates, and you see the compliant membrane.

Vidite te plošče in gibljivo membrano.

My engineering colleague at Berkeley

Moji inženirski kolega z Univerze Berkeley

designed with his students

a novel manufacturing technique

je s svojimi študenti oblikoval novo izdelovalno tehniko,

where you essentially origami the exoskeleton,

kjer pravzaprav zložite zunanji skelet kot origami.

you laser cut it, laminate it,

ga lasersko izrežete, razdelite v plasti, in nato skupaj zložite robota.

and you fold it up into a robot.

And you can do that now in less than 15 minutes.

In to lahko zdaj naredite v manj kot 15 minutah.

These robots, called DASH,

Ti roboti se imenujejo DAZH, Dinamični Avtonomni Zloženi Heksapod,

for Dynamic Autonomous Sprawled Hexapod,

are highly compliant robots,

in so zelo gibljivi roboti

and they're remarkably robust as a result

in posledično zelo robustni.

of these features.

They're certainly incredibly damage resistant.

Prav gotovo so neverjetno odporni na poškodbe.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

They even have some of the behaviors of the cockroaches.

Imajo celo nekaj vedenjskih lastnosti ščurkov.

So they can use their smart, compliant body

Lahko uporabijo svoje pametno, gibljivo telo,

to transition up a wall

da preidejo na steno na zelo preprost način.

in a very simple way.

They even have some of the beginnings

of the rapid inversion behavior

Imajo tudi zametke hitrega obračanja, s katerim izginejo.

where they disappear.

Now we want to know why they can go anywhere.

Radi bi vedeli, zakaj lahko gredo kamorkoli.

We discovered that they can go through

Odkrili smo, da lahko zlezejo skozi tri milimetrske špranje,

three-millimeter gaps,

the height of two pennies, two stacked pennies,

to je višina dveh penijev, drugega na drugem,

and when they do this,

they can actually run through those confined spaces

in ko to naredijo, lahko pravzaprav tečejo skozi te ozke prostore

at high speeds,

although you never see it.

pri visokih hitrostih,

čeprav tega ne morete nikoli videti.

To understand it better,

we did a CT scan of the exoskeleton

Za boljše razumevanje smo naredili CT sliko zunanjega okostja,

and showed that they can compress their body

ki kaže, da lahko svoje telo stisnejo za več kot 40 odstotkov.

by over 40 percent.

We put them in a materials testing machine

Dali smo jih v napravo za testiranje materialov,

to look at the stress strain analysis

da bi si ogledali analizo stresnih testov

and showed that they can withstand forces

in ugotovili, da lahko prenesejo sile,

800 times their body weight,

and after this they can fly and run

ki so osemstokrat večje od njihove teže,

absolutely normally.

in po tem lahko letijo in tečejo povsem normalno.

So you never know where

Tako nikoli ne veste,

curiosity-based research will lead,

kam vas vodi raziskava, ki temelji na radovednosti,

and someday you may want a swarm

in nekega dne boste mogoče želeli,

of cockroach-inspired robots

da roj robotov, ki se zgledujejo po ščurkih, hiti proti vam.

to come at you.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplavz)