Robert Full: The secrets of nature's grossest creatures, channeled into robots

81,270 views ใƒป 2014-06-06

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
Even nature's most disgusting creatures
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
00:15
have important secrets,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
00:18
but who would want a swarm of cockroaches
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ื ื—ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืงืงื™ื
00:19
coming towards them?
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื?
00:21
Yet one of the greatest differences between natural and human technologies
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
00:24
relates to robustness.
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ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
00:26
Robust systems are stable in complex
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช
00:29
and new environments.
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ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช ื•ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
00:31
Remarkably, cockroaches can self-stabilize
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ืœืžืจื‘ื ื”ืคืœื, ืžืงืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื
00:32
running over rough terrain.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืงืฉื™ื.
00:34
When we put a jet pack on them,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ื—ืœื™ืคืช ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
00:35
or give them a perturbation like an earthquake,
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ืื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ืคืจืขื” ื›ืžื• ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”,
00:37
we discovered that their wonderfully tuned legs
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
00:40
allow them to self-stabilize
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ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื
00:42
without using any of their brainpower.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื.
00:45
They can go over complex terrain like grass,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืฉื,
00:49
no problem, and not get destabilized.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื•ืœื ืœืื‘ื“ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช.
00:51
We discovered a new behavior where,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื”,
00:52
because of their shape,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื,
00:53
they actually roll automatically to their side
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“
00:55
to go through this artificial test bit of grass.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ืฉื ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™.
00:59
Robust systems can perform multiple tasks
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
01:02
with the same structure.
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ืขื ืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ื ื”.
01:04
Here's a new behavior we've discovered.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•.
01:06
The animals rapidly invert and disappear
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืขืœืžื•ืช
01:08
in less than 150 milliseconds โ€” you never see them โ€”
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ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 150 ืžื™ืœื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืช -- ืืชื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ --
01:10
using the same structures that they use to run, their legs.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืจื™ืฆื”, ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:12
They can run upside down
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื•ืฅ ื”ืคื•ืš
01:14
very rapidly on rods, branches and wires,
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ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืขื ืคื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื,
01:17
and if you perturb one of those branches,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
01:19
they can do this.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
01:20
They can perform gymnastic maneuvers
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชืžืจื•ื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
01:22
like no robot we have yet.
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ื›ืžื• ืืฃ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
01:24
And they have nearly unlimited
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืชืžืจื•ืŸ
01:26
maneuverability with that same structure
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืขื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื‘ื ื”
01:29
and unprecedented access to a variety
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ื•ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืœื ืชืงื“ื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ
01:33
of different areas.
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ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:37
They have wings for flying when they get warm,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืœืชืขื•ืคื” ื›ืฉื—ื ืœื”ื,
01:40
but they use those same wings to flip over
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืชืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื”ืคืš
01:42
if they get destabilized.
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ืื ื”ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช.
01:46
Very effective.
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ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ.
01:47
Robust systems are also fault tolerant and fail-safe.
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืฉืœื™ื.
01:51
This is the foot of a cockroach.
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ื–ื• ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืงืง.
01:52
It has spines, gluey pads and claws,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉื“ืจื”, ืคื“ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื˜ืคืจื™ื,
01:55
but if you take off those feet,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
01:57
they can still go over rough terrain,
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืงืฉื”,
01:58
like the bottom video that you see,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,
02:00
without hardly slowing down. Extraordinary.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื”ืื˜. ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
02:04
They can run up mesh without their feet.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืจืฉืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
02:07
Here's an animal using a normal, alternating tripod:
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ื”ื ื” ื—ื™ื” ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืœืช ืจื’ืœ ืžืชื—ืœืฃ ืจื’ื™ืœ:
02:09
three legs, three legs, three legs,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื,
02:11
but in nature, the insects often have lost their legs.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
02:14
Here's one moving with two middle legs gone.
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ื”ื ื” ืื—ื“ ื ืข ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืชื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ื•ืช.
02:18
It can even lose three legs, in a tripod,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื‘ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื,
02:21
and adopt a new gait, a hopping gait.
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ื•ืœืืžืฅ ืฆืขื“ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฆืขื“ ืงื™ืคื•ืฅ.
02:25
And I point out that all of these videos
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:27
are slowed down 20 times,
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ืžื•ืื˜ื™ื ืคื™ 20,
02:29
so they're actually really fast, when you see this.
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ืื– ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื, ื›ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
02:31
Robust systems are also damage resistant.
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื ื–ืงื™ื.
02:34
Here's an animal climbing up a wall.
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ื”ื ื” ื—ื™ื” ืฉืžื˜ืคืกืช ืขืœ ืงื™ืจ.
02:36
It looks like a rapid, smooth, vertical climb,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืื ื›ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื—ืœืง,
02:39
but when you slow it down,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
02:40
you see something very different.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื”.
02:42
Here's what they do.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
02:44
They intentionally have a head-on collision with the wall
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ื”ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืงื™ืจ
02:47
so they don't slow down and can transition up it
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”
02:49
in 75 milliseconds.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš 75 ืžื™ืœื™ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
02:52
And they can do this in part because they have
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื
02:53
extraordinary exoskeletons.
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ืฉืœื“ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
02:55
And they're really just made up of compliant joints
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžืคืจืงื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื
02:59
that are tubes and plates
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ืฉื”ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช
03:01
connected to one another.
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
03:03
Here's a dissection of an abdomen of a cockroach.
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ื”ื ื” ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืงืง.
03:05
You see these plates, and you see the compliant membrane.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช.
03:09
My engineering colleague at Berkeley
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ื”ืขืžื™ืช ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืงืœื™
03:12
designed with his students
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ืชื™ื›ื ืŸ ืขื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•
03:13
a novel manufacturing technique
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช
03:15
where you essentially origami the exoskeleton,
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ืฉื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืจื™ื’ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
03:18
you laser cut it, laminate it,
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช,
03:20
and you fold it up into a robot.
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ื•ืžืงืคืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜.
03:22
And you can do that now in less than 15 minutes.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 15 ื“ืงื•ืช.
03:28
These robots, called DASH,
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื DASH,
03:30
for Dynamic Autonomous Sprawled Hexapod,
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ื”ืงืกืคื•ื“ื™ื ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื,
03:33
are highly compliant robots,
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ื”ื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืชื•ืืžื™ื,
03:36
and they're remarkably robust as a result
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ื•ื”ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”
03:39
of these features.
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ืžื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
03:41
They're certainly incredibly damage resistant.
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ื”ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ื–ืง.
03:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:51
They even have some of the behaviors of the cockroaches.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืงื™ื.
03:53
So they can use their smart, compliant body
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื›ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืชืื ืฉืœื”ื
03:55
to transition up a wall
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ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช
03:58
in a very simple way.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
04:01
They even have some of the beginnings
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืœื”
04:02
of the rapid inversion behavior
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื”
04:04
where they disappear.
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ื‘ื” ื”ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื.
04:07
Now we want to know why they can go anywhere.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืœืžื” ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
04:08
We discovered that they can go through
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš
04:10
three-millimeter gaps,
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ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ,
04:11
the height of two pennies, two stacked pennies,
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ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืžื”,
04:14
and when they do this,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
04:15
they can actually run through those confined spaces
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืจื•ืฅ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:17
at high speeds,
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
04:19
although you never see it.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
04:22
To understand it better,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:23
we did a CT scan of the exoskeleton
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืกืจื™ืงืช CT ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื
04:25
and showed that they can compress their body
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ื•ื”ืจืื ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื
04:27
by over 40 percent.
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ื‘ 40 ืื—ื•ื–.
04:30
We put them in a materials testing machine
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
04:31
to look at the stress strain analysis
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืœื™ื–ืช ืขื•ืžืก ื—ื•ืžืจ
04:33
and showed that they can withstand forces
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ื•ื”ืจืื ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช
04:36
800 times their body weight,
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืคื™ 800 ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื’ื•ืคื,
04:37
and after this they can fly and run
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืฃ ื•ืœืจื•ืฅ
04:39
absolutely normally.
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ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
04:41
So you never know where
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ืื– ืืชื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืืŸ
04:43
curiosity-based research will lead,
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ,
04:46
and someday you may want a swarm
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืฆื• ื ื—ื™ืœ
04:48
of cockroach-inspired robots
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ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืžืงืงื™ื
04:50
to come at you.
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ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ื›ื.
04:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:59
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
05:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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