Robert Full: The secrets of nature's grossest creatures, channeled into robots

81,227 views ・ 2014-06-06

TED


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譯者: Tiger Xie 審譯者: Anny Chung
00:12
Even nature's most disgusting creatures
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即使自然界的最令人厭惡的生物
00:15
have important secrets,
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也擁有重要的秘密。
00:18
but who would want a swarm of cockroaches
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但是誰會想要一群向牠們
00:19
coming towards them?
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走來的蟑螂呢?
00:21
Yet one of the greatest differences between natural and human technologies
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而自然和人類科技的一最大不同點
00:24
relates to robustness.
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在於其穩健性。
00:26
Robust systems are stable in complex
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穩健的系統於複雜或是新環境中,
00:29
and new environments.
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都能穩定地運作。
00:31
Remarkably, cockroaches can self-stabilize
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令人矚目的是,蟑螂能夠自我穩定地
00:32
running over rough terrain.
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越過高低不平的地形。
00:34
When we put a jet pack on them,
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當我們在牠們上面放噴射背包,
00:35
or give them a perturbation like an earthquake,
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或者以類似地震的事件擾亂牠時,
00:37
we discovered that their wonderfully tuned legs
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我們發現,牠們極為調諧的腿
00:40
allow them to self-stabilize
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可讓牠們自行穩定地行動,
00:42
without using any of their brainpower.
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而絲毫不費任何腦力。
00:45
They can go over complex terrain like grass,
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牠們能夠通過複雜地形,比如草地,
00:49
no problem, and not get destabilized.
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而不會變得不穩定。
00:51
We discovered a new behavior where,
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我們發現了一種新的行為,
00:52
because of their shape,
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由於牠們的體型,
00:53
they actually roll automatically to their side
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牠們可自動地滚到身體另一側,
00:55
to go through this artificial test bit of grass.
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來通過實驗中的人工草。
00:59
Robust systems can perform multiple tasks
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穩健性系統能夠以這樣相同的結構,
01:02
with the same structure.
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來履行多種任務。
01:04
Here's a new behavior we've discovered.
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這是我們發現的一種新的行為。
01:06
The animals rapidly invert and disappear
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這些動物們用來跑行的同樣的結構
01:08
in less than 150 milliseconds — you never see them —
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在150毫秒迅速地翻轉和消失,
01:10
using the same structures that they use to run, their legs.
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一下子就無影無蹤--
01:12
They can run upside down
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牠們上下顛倒地、非常迅速地
01:14
very rapidly on rods, branches and wires,
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在棍子,樹枝和電線上跑過,
01:17
and if you perturb one of those branches,
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而如果你擾亂其中一個樹枝的話,
01:19
they can do this.
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牠們(依然)能夠如此越過。
01:20
They can perform gymnastic maneuvers
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牠們能夠履行的體操動作
01:22
like no robot we have yet.
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是我們至今現有機器人所無法實現的
01:24
And they have nearly unlimited
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牠們以一同種結構,
01:26
maneuverability with that same structure
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擁有近乎無限的機動性,
01:29
and unprecedented access to a variety
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能夠史無前例地進入
01:33
of different areas.
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多樣地不同的區域。
01:37
They have wings for flying when they get warm,
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當牠們熱身後,牠們可用翅膀飛行,
01:40
but they use those same wings to flip over
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如果牠們遭到不穩定(的干擾),
01:42
if they get destabilized.
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而牠們也用同樣的翅膀,
來非常有效地翻滾過來。
01:46
Very effective.
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01:47
Robust systems are also fault tolerant and fail-safe.
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穩健系統也有故障容錯和自我防故障機制。
01:51
This is the foot of a cockroach.
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這是一隻蟑螂的腳掌。
01:52
It has spines, gluey pads and claws,
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牠有脊柱,胶垫和爪子
01:55
but if you take off those feet,
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但是如果你拿掉牠的腳掌,
01:57
they can still go over rough terrain,
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牠們仍然能夠越過高低不平的地形,
01:58
like the bottom video that you see,
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就像在下面錄像裡,你看到的一樣。
02:00
without hardly slowing down. Extraordinary.
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絲毫不減速地(越過)。非同凡響。
02:04
They can run up mesh without their feet.
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牠們沒有腳掌仍可越上鐵絲網。
02:07
Here's an animal using a normal, alternating tripod:
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這個動物使用正常的、替換性三軸架結構。
02:09
three legs, three legs, three legs,
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三只腿,三只腿,三只腿
02:11
but in nature, the insects often have lost their legs.
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但在自然中,這些昆蟲常失去牠們的腿。
02:14
Here's one moving with two middle legs gone.
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這一隻正移動的昆蟲,牠没中間2條腿。
02:18
It can even lose three legs, in a tripod,
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牠甚至失去三條腿,一個三軸架結構中,
02:21
and adopt a new gait, a hopping gait.
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牠用一種新步法,一種跳躍式的步法。
02:25
And I point out that all of these videos
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需要說明的是,所有這些影片
02:27
are slowed down 20 times,
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都放慢20倍來播放
02:29
so they're actually really fast, when you see this.
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所以牠們實際上真的很快。
02:31
Robust systems are also damage resistant.
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穩健性系統也有防破壞機制。
02:34
Here's an animal climbing up a wall.
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這一隻正在向上爬牆。
02:36
It looks like a rapid, smooth, vertical climb,
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看上去是迅速平穩地垂直爬行,
02:39
but when you slow it down,
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但是當影像放慢的時候,
02:40
you see something very different.
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你會看到一些非常不同的事情。
02:42
Here's what they do.
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牠們其實這麼做 :
02:44
They intentionally have a head-on collision with the wall
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牠們故意地讓頭衝撞這面牆,
02:47
so they don't slow down and can transition up it
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所以牠們不用減速,能在75毫秒
02:49
in 75 milliseconds.
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轉變向上爬。
02:52
And they can do this in part because they have
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牠們能這樣做,部份原因是,
02:53
extraordinary exoskeletons.
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牠們有特別的外骨骼。
02:55
And they're really just made up of compliant joints
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牠們由兼容的關節組成
02:59
that are tubes and plates
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而這些關節就由管子和墊子
03:01
connected to one another.
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互相連接在一起。
03:03
Here's a dissection of an abdomen of a cockroach.
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這是一隻蟑螂的腹部的解剖面。
03:05
You see these plates, and you see the compliant membrane.
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你能看到這些墊子,這些兼容的隔膜。
03:09
My engineering colleague at Berkeley
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我在柏克萊的工程設計同事
03:12
designed with his students
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和他的學生們設計出了
03:13
a novel manufacturing technique
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一種新穎的製造技術。
03:15
where you essentially origami the exoskeleton,
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像折紙一樣打開外骨骼,
03:18
you laser cut it, laminate it,
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將之雷射切割,分成薄片,
03:20
and you fold it up into a robot.
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然後折疊成一個機器人。
03:22
And you can do that now in less than 15 minutes.
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現在能在15分鐘內完成。
03:28
These robots, called DASH,
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這些機械人,叫做DASH,
03:30
for Dynamic Autonomous Sprawled Hexapod,
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動態自發爬行昆蟲,
03:33
are highly compliant robots,
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是有高度兼容的機器人,
03:36
and they're remarkably robust as a result
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它們具有令人矚目的
03:39
of these features.
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穩定性。
03:41
They're certainly incredibly damage resistant.
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它們有非凡地抗破壞性。
03:47
(Laughter)
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(觀眾在笑)
03:51
They even have some of the behaviors of the cockroaches.
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它們甚至擁有蟑螂的一些行為特徵。
03:53
So they can use their smart, compliant body
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所以它們能使用智慧兼容的身體
03:55
to transition up a wall
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以非常簡單方式,
03:58
in a very simple way.
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來轉變爬上一面牆
04:01
They even have some of the beginnings
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它們甚至有像蟑螂消失一般的
04:02
of the rapid inversion behavior
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迅速地倒置轉換行為
04:04
where they disappear.
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的一些開端。
我們想知到牠們爲什麽能去任何地方。
04:07
Now we want to know why they can go anywhere.
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04:08
We discovered that they can go through
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我們發現,牠們能夠越過
04:10
three-millimeter gaps,
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04:11
the height of two pennies, two stacked pennies,
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三毫米的空隙,
兩個堆起來的便士(硬幣)的高度,
04:14
and when they do this,
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04:15
they can actually run through those confined spaces
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而當牠們做這件事情時,
牠們能夠高速地
04:17
at high speeds,
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跑過這些密閉的空間,
04:19
although you never see it.
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你只是從來沒看見牠。
04:22
To understand it better,
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爲了更理解牠,
04:23
we did a CT scan of the exoskeleton
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我們以電腦斷層掃描外骨骼
04:25
and showed that they can compress their body
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其顯示,牠們能夠壓縮身體超過40%。
04:27
by over 40 percent.
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04:30
We put them in a materials testing machine
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我們牠們放在一個材料檢驗設備中,
04:31
to look at the stress strain analysis
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來作應力應變分析,
04:33
and showed that they can withstand forces
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發現牠們能夠承受八倍於
04:36
800 times their body weight,
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牠們身體重量的力量,
04:37
and after this they can fly and run
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而壓力後夠正常地飛和跑。
04:39
absolutely normally.
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04:41
So you never know where
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所以你無法預料
04:43
curiosity-based research will lead,
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基於好奇的研究會導向哪裡,
04:46
and someday you may want a swarm
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(或許)某天你可能想要
04:48
of cockroach-inspired robots
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一群受蟑螂啓發研究的機器人
04:50
to come at you.
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向你走來。
04:52
(Laughter)
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(觀眾的笑聲)
04:59
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
05:01
(Applause)
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(觀眾鼓掌)。
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