Chimps have feelings and thoughts. They should also have rights

Translator: Lucia Lichá Reviewer: Linda Magáthová

I'd like to have you look at this pencil.

Pozrite sa, prosím, na túto ceruzku.

It's a thing. It's a legal thing.

Je to vec – z právneho hľadiska.

And so are books you might have or the cars you own.

Rovnako ako vaše knihy alebo autá.

They're all legal things.

Pre zákon sú to veci.

The great apes that you'll see behind me,

Ľudoopy, ktoré za mnou vidíte,

they too are legal things.

sú v právnom zmysle tiež vecami.

Now, I can do that to a legal thing.

S vecou môžem spraviť toto.

I can do whatever I want to my book or my car.

So svojou knihou či autom si môžem robiť, čo sa mi zachce.

These great apes, you'll see.

Tieto ľudoopy fotil James Mollison,

The photographs are taken by a man named James Mollison

who wrote a book called "James & Other Apes."

ktorý vydal knihu „James a iné opice“.

And he tells in his book how every single one them,

V knihe rozpráva o tom, že takmer všetky tieto opice sú siroty,

almost every one of them, is an orphan

who saw his mother and father die before his eyes.

ktoré videli, ako im umreli rodičia.

They're legal things.

Pre zákon sú to veci.

So for centuries, there's been a great legal wall

Veci a osoby už storočia oddeľuje právny múr.

that separates legal things from legal persons.

On one hand, legal things are invisible to judges.

Na jednej strane sú veci, právne objekty; na tie sudcovia nehľadia.

They don't count in law.

Nemajú žiaden hlas.

They don't have any legal rights.

Nemajú žiadne práva.

They don't have the capacity for legal rights.

Nemajú právnu spôsobilosť.

They are the slaves.

Sú otrokmi.

On the other side of that legal wall are the legal persons.

Na druhej strane právneho múru sú osoby, právne subjekty.

Legal persons are very visible to judges.

Na tie sudcovia hľadia.

They count in law.

Majú hlas.

They may have many rights.

Majú mnohé práva.

They have the capacity for an infinite number of rights.

Majú spôsobilosť na nekonečného množstvo práv.

And they're the masters.

Sú otrokármi.

Right now, all nonhuman animals are legal things.

Dnes sú všetky živočíchy okrem ľudí v právnom zmysle vecami.

All human beings are legal persons.

Všetci ľudia sú v právnom zmysle osobami.

But being human and being a legal person

Byť človekom a byť právnym subjektom

has never been, and is not today, synonymous with a legal person.

však vždy znamenalo dve rozdielne veci. Tak je tomu aj dnes.

Humans and legal persons are not synonymous.

Pojmy „človek“ a „právny subjekt“ nie sú synonymá.

On the one side,

Na jednej strane malo v minulosti mnoho ľudí právny štatút veci.

there have been many human beings over the centuries

who have been legal things.

Slaves were legal things.

Otroci mali právny štatút veci.

Women, children, were sometimes legal things.

Niekedy aj ženy a deti.

Indeed, a great deal of civil rights struggle over the last centuries

Veľká časť boja za občianske práva

has been to punch a hole through that wall and begin to feed

v minulých storočiach spočívala v prerazení tohto právneho múru

these human things through the wall and have them become legal persons.

a pretiahnutí určitých „ľudských vecí“ na druhú stranu, medzi osoby.

But alas, that hole has closed up.

Ale táto diera v múre sa žiaľ zavrela.

Now, on the other side are legal persons,

Na druhej strane, právna definícia osoby

but they've never only been limited to human beings.

sa nikdy neobmedzovala na ľudské tvory.

There are, for example, there are many legal persons who are not even alive.

Mnohé právne subjekty ani nie sú živé.

In the United States,

V Spojených štátoch, ako všetci vieme,

we're aware of the fact that corporations are legal persons.

sú právnymi subjektmi aj rôzne firmy.

In pre-independence India,

Pred rokom 1947 získal v Indii právnu subjektivitu

a court held that a Hindu idol was a legal person,

nielen hinduistický bôžik, ale aj mešita.

that a mosque was a legal person.

In 2000, the Indian Supreme Court

V roku 2000 priznal Najvyšší súd Indie

held that the holy books of the Sikh religion was a legal person,

právnu subjektivitu svätej knihe sikhov.

and in 2012, just recently,

Len nedávno, v roku 2012,

there was a treaty between the indigenous peoples of New Zealand

uzavreli pôvodní obyvatelia Nového Zélandu s britskou kráľovnou dohodu,

and the crown, in which it was agreed that a river was a legal person

v ktorej sa právna subjektivita priznáva rieke a tá vlastní svoje koryto.

who owned its own riverbed.

Now, I read Peter Singer's book in 1980,

V roku 1980, keď som ešte mal bujnú hnedú hrivu,

when I had a full head of lush, brown hair,

som čítal knihu Petra Singera

and indeed I was moved by it,

a tá ma veľmi oslovila.

because I had become a lawyer because I wanted to speak for the voiceless,

Právnikom som sa totiž stal preto,

aby som dal hlas nemým a chránil bezbranných.

defend the defenseless,

and I'd never realized how voiceless and defenseless the trillions,

Nikdy predtým som si neuvedomil,

aké nemé a bezbranné sú bilióny, miliardy zvierat na svete.

billions of nonhuman animals are.

And I began to work as an animal protection lawyer.

Začal som sa zasadzovať za ochranu zvierat.

And by 1985, I realized that I was trying to accomplish something

Okolo roku 1985 som si uvedomil, že sa snažím o nemožné,

that was literally impossible,

the reason being that all of my clients,

pretože všetci moji klienti,

all the animals whose interests I was trying to defend,

teda zvieratá, ktorých záujmy som hájil,

were legal things; they were invisible.

boli v právnom zmysle vecami; pre súdy boli neviditeľní.

It was not going to work, so I decided

Nemali sme šancu uspieť.

Rozhodol som sa, že jediná cesta k úspechu vedie cez tú dieru v múre.

that the only thing that was going to work was they had, at least some of them,

had to also be moved through a hole that we could open up again in that wall

Musíme ju znovu otvoriť

and begin feeding the appropriate nonhuman animals through that hole

a aspoň niektorých ňou pretiahnuť na druhú stranu medzi právne subjekty.

onto the other side of being legal persons.

Now, at that time, there was very little known about or spoken about

V tom čase sa veľmi nehovorilo o skutočných právach zvierat,

truly animal rights,

about the idea of having legal personhood or legal rights for a nonhuman animal,

o tom, že by aj zvieratá mohli byť osobnosti a mať práva.

and I knew it was going to take a long time.

Vedel som, že pôjde o dlhodobý proces.

And so, in 1985, I figured that it would take about 30 years

V roku 1985 som odhadoval, že prejde asi 30 rokov,

before we'd be able to even begin a strategic litigation,

kým budeme pripravení začať so súdnymi žalobami

long-term campaign, in order to be able to punch another hole through that wall.

a spustíme dlhodobú kampaň s cieľom preraziť ďalšiu dieru v múre.

It turned out that I was pessimistic, that it only took 28.

Ukázalo sa, že som bol pesimista.

Trvalo to len 28 rokov.

So what we had to do in order to begin was not only

Na to, aby sme mohli začať,

to write law review articles and teach classes, write books,

nestačilo spisovať právne pojednania, vyučovať a písať knihy.

but we had to then begin to get down to the nuts and bolts

Museli sme prísť na to, ako vôbec viesť takýto súdny spor.

of how you litigate that kind of case.

So one of the first things we needed to do was figure out what a cause of action was,

Najprv sme si museli ujasniť dôvod žaloby.

a legal cause of action.

And a legal cause of action is a vehicle that lawyers use

Ide o nástroj, na základe ktorého advokáti prednášajú pred súdom svoje argumenty.

to put their arguments in front of courts.

It turns out there's a very interesting case

Ukázalo sa, že pred takmer 250 rokmi

that had occurred almost 250 years ago in London called Somerset vs. Stewart,

sa v Londýne odohral veľmi zaujímavý spor

známy ako Somerset verzus Stewart.

whereby a black slave had used the legal system

Čiernemu otrokovi sa podarilo

and had moved from a legal thing to a legal person.

zmeniť svoj právny štatút z veci na osobu.

I was so interested in it that I eventually wrote an entire book about it.

To ma tak zaujalo, že som o tom nakoniec napísal celú knihu.

James Somerset was an eight-year-old boy when he was kidnapped from West Africa.

James Somerset mal 8 rokov, keď ho v Západnej Afrike uniesli.

He survived the Middle Passage,

Prežil cestu otrokárskou loďou,

and he was sold to a Scottish businessman named Charles Stewart in Virginia.

aby ho v americkej Virgínii kúpil škótsky obchodník Charles Steward.

Now, 20 years later, Stewart brought James Somerset to London,

O 20 rokov neskôr vzal Jamesa do Londýna,

and after he got there, James decided he was going to escape.

kde sa James rozhodol, že ujde.

And so one of the first things he did was to get himself baptized,

Ako prvé sa nechal pokrstiť.

because he wanted to get a set of godparents,

Chcel mať krstných rodičov,

because to an 18th-century slave,

pretože jednou z hlavných povinností krstného otca v 18. storočí bolo,

they knew that one of the major responsibilities of godfathers

aby pomohol krstňaťu – otrokovi utiecť.

was to help you escape.

And so in the fall of 1771,

Na jeseň roku 1771 sa James Somerset Stewardovi vzoprel.

James Somerset had a confrontation with Charles Stewart.

We don't know exactly what happened, but then James dropped out of sight.

Nevieme presne, čo sa stalo. Isté je len to, že James sa potom vyparil.

An enraged Charles Stewart then hired slave catchers

Rozzúrený Charles Steward najal lovcov otrokov,

to canvass the city of London,

aby prehľadali celý Londýn.

find him, bring him not back to Charles Stewart,

Keď Jamesa našli, na Stewardov príkaz ho naložili na loď Ann and Mary,

but to a ship, the Ann and Mary, that was floating in London Harbour,

ktorá kotvila v londýnskom prístave,

and he was chained to the deck,

a priviazali ho reťazami o palubu.

and the ship was to set sail for Jamaica

Loď mala čochvíľa vyplávať na Jamajku,

where James was to be sold in the slave markets

kde Jamesa čakal trh s otrokmi

and be doomed to the three to five years of life that a slave had

a potom 3 až 5 rokov biedneho života,

harvesting sugar cane in Jamaica.

ktoré otrokovi zbierajúcemu cukrovú trstinu zostávali.

Well now James' godparents swung into action.

Vtedy sa do veci zamiešali Jamesovi krstní rodičia.

They approached the most powerful judge,

Oslovili najvplyvnejšieho sudcu,

Lord Mansfield, who was chief judge of the court of King's Bench,

Lorda Mansfielda, ktorý predsedal kráľovskému súdu,

and they demanded that he issue a common law writ of habeus corpus

aby v prospech Jamesa Somerseta vydal súdny príkaz „habeas corpus“.

on behalf of James Somerset.

Now, the common law is the kind of law that English-speaking judges can make

V angloamerickom právnom systéme má veľkú silu tzv. sudcovské právo.

when they're not cabined in by statutes or constitutions,

Ak na určitý prípad neexistuje právna norma, záväzný je precedens.

and a writ of habeus corpus is called the Great Writ,

Habeas corpus je súdny príkaz známy tiež ako Great Writ,

capital G, capital W,

čiže „Veľký príkaz“.

and it's meant to protect any of us who are detained against our will.

Chráni tých, ktorí boli zadržaní proti vlastnej vôli.

A writ of habeus corpus is issued.

Keď sudca tento príkaz vydá,

The detainer is required to bring the detainee in

nariadi tým väzniteľovi priviesť väzneného

and give a legally sufficient reason for depriving him of his bodily liberty.

a pred súdom obhájiť dôvod, prečo mu upiera telesnú slobodu.

Well, Lord Mansfield had to make a decision right off the bat,

Lord Mansfield konal na vlastnú päsť.

because if James Somerset was a legal thing,

Ak bol totiž James Somerset len vecou,

he was not eligible for a writ of habeus corpus,

nemal na habeas corpus právo.

only if he could be a legal person.

Na to musel byť v právnom zmysle osobou.

So Lord Mansfield decided that he would assume,

Lord Mansfield sa proste rozhodol,

without deciding, that James Somerset was indeed a legal person,

že bude Jamesa považovať za osobu.

and he issued the writ of habeus corpus, and James's body was brought in

Vydal habeas corpus a kapitán lode sa musel aj s Jamesom dostaviť pred súd.

by the captain of the ship.

There were a series of hearings over the next six months.

Proces sa tiahol vyše 6 mesiacov.

On June 22, 1772, Lord Mansfield said that slavery was so odious,

22. júna 1772 Lord Mansfeld prehlásil, že otroctvo je také ohavné –

and he used the word "odious,"

použil výraz „ohavné“ –

that the common law would not support it, and he ordered James free.

že ho svojím rozsudkom odmieta podporovať

a Jamesa oslobodil.

At that moment, James Somerset underwent a legal transubstantiation.

V tej chvíli podstúpil James Somerset právne prevtelenie.

The free man who walked out of the courtroom

Slobodný občan, ktorý vyšiel zo súdnej siene,

looked exactly like the slave who had walked in,

vyzeral presne ako otrok, ktorý tam predtým vošiel,

but as far as the law was concerned, they had nothing whatsoever in common.

ale čo sa zákonov týka, nemali vôbec nič spoločné.

The next thing we did is that the Nonhuman Rights Project,

Ďalšou úlohou Nonhuman Rights Project (Združenia za mimoľudské práva)

which I founded, then began to look at what kind of values and principles

bolo vyjasniť si,

akými hodnotami a princípmi chceme našu vec pred súdom zaštítiť.

do we want to put before the judges?

What values and principles did they imbibe with their mother's milk,

Na akých hodnotách boli títo sudcovia odchovaní,

aké princípy im vtĺkali na právnických fakultách,

were they taught in law school, do they use every day,

čomu veria celým srdcom?

do they believe with all their hearts -- and we chose liberty and equality.

Rozhodli sme sa pre slobodu a rovnosť.

Now, liberty right is the kind of right to which you're entitled

Právo na slobodu získava človek jednoducho tým, že je.

because of how you're put together,

Je to jedno zo základných práv a chráni základný záujem.

and a fundamental liberty right protects a fundamental interest.

And the supreme interest in the common law

Jeden z najvyšších záujmov v angloamerickom právnom systéme

are the rights to autonomy and self-determination.

je právo na autonómiu a sebaurčenie.

So they are so powerful that in a common law country,

Tieto princípy sú také silné,

že ak v krajine s angloamerickým právom odmietnete v nemocnici liečbu,

if you go to a hospital and you refuse life-saving medical treatment,

nikto vám ju nemôže nanútiť, ani keby vás to malo stáť život.

a judge will not order it forced upon you,

because they will respect your self-determination and your autonomy.

Prednosť má vaše sebaurčenie a autonómia.

Now, an equality right is the kind of right to which you're entitled

Právo na rovnosť získavate zase tým

because you resemble someone else in a relevant way,

že sa relevantným spôsobom podobáte na niekoho iného.

and there's the rub, relevant way.

V tom je ten háčik: relevantným spôsobom.

So if you are that, then because they have the right, you're like them,

Ak sa niekomu prizná určité právo a vy ste ako on,

you're entitled to the right.

máte na to právo tiež nárok.

Now, courts and legislatures draw lines all the time.

Súdy a zákonodarcovia stále vytyčujú nejaké hranice.

Some are included, some are excluded.

Niektorých zahrnú, niektorých nie.

But you have to, at the bare minimum you must --

Tá hranica však musí byť odôvodnená nejakým legitímnym cieľom.

that line has to be a reasonable means to a legitimate end.

The Nonhuman Rights Project argues that drawing a line

Naše združenie tvrdí,

in order to enslave an autonomous and self-determining being

že ak je cieľom právnej hranice zotročenie autonómnych bytostí,

like you're seeing behind me,

ktoré vidíte za mnou,

that that's a violation of equality.

ide o porušenie princípu rovnosti.

We then searched through 80 jurisdictions,

Prehľadali sme 80 jurisdikcií

it took us seven years, to find the jurisdiction

a trvalo nám 7 rokov, kým sme našli súd,

where we wanted to begin filing our first suit.

na ktorý podať našu prvú žalobu.

We chose the state of New York.

Vybrali sme štát New York.

Then we decided upon who our plaintiffs are going to be.

Potom sme sa rozhodovali, kto bude žalobcom.

We decided upon chimpanzees,

Rozhodnutie padlo na šimpanzy,

not just because Jane Goodall was on our board of directors,

nielen preto, že Jane Goodall sedí v našom predstavenstve,

but because they, Jane and others,

ale aj preto, že Jane a ďalší intenzívne skúmali šimpanzy

have studied chimpanzees intensively for decades.

po celé desaťročia.

We know the extraordinary cognitive capabilities that they have,

Poznáme ich výnimočné duševné schopnosti,

and they also resemble the kind that human beings have.

podobné našim ľudským.

And so we chose chimpanzees, and we began to then canvass the world

Zvolili sme teda šimpanzy

a začali sme po svete hľadať odborníkov na ich psychológiu.

to find the experts in chimpanzee cognition.

We found them in Japan, Sweden, Germany, Scotland, England and the United States,

Našli sme ich v Japonsku, Švédsku, Nemecku, Anglicku a USA.

and amongst them, they wrote 100 pages of affidavits

Napísali dokopy 100 strán odborných stanovísk,

in which they set out more than 40 ways

v ktorých uviedli vyše 40 argumentov za to,

in which their complex cognitive capability,

že komplexné duševné schopnosti šimpanzov,

either individually or together,

či už individuálne alebo spoločne,

all added up to autonomy and self-determination.

svedčia o ich autonómii a sebaurčení.

Now, these included, for example, that they were conscious.

Medzi nimi bola napríklad skutočnosť, že šimpanzy majú vedomie.

But they're also conscious that they're conscious.

Sú si toho, že majú vedomie, aj vedomé.

They know they have a mind. They know that others have minds.

Vedia, že majú myseľ. Vedia, že ju majú aj druhí.

They know they're individuals, and that they can live.

Uvedomujú si svoju individualitu a aj to, že sú živé.

They understand that they lived yesterday and they will live tomorrow.

Vedia, že žili včera a budú žiť aj zajtra.

They engage in mental time travel. They remember what happened yesterday.

Dokážu v duchu cestovať v čase. Pamätajú si, čo sa stalo včera.

They can anticipate tomorrow,

Očakávajú zajtrajšie udalosti.

which is why it's so terrible to imprison a chimpanzee, especially alone.

Preto je také strašné uväzniť šimpanza, hlavne osamote.

It's the thing that we do to our worst criminals,

Tak zaobchádzame s najhoršími zločincami.

and we do that to chimpanzees without even thinking about it.

A šimpanzom to spravíme bez mihnutia oka.

They have some kind of moral capacity.

Poznajú aj morálku.

When they play economic games with human beings,

Keď s ľuďmi hrajú ekonomické hry,

they'll spontaneously make fair offers, even when they're not required to do so.

samé od seba sa chovajú férovo, a to aj keď nemusia.

They are numerate. They understand numbers.

Vedia počítať. Rozumejú číslam.

They can do some simple math.

Zvládnu jednoduchú matematiku.

They can engage in language -- or to stay out of the language wars,

Majú svoj jazyk... aby sme sa vyhli sporu o jazyk,

they're involved in intentional and referential communication

radšej to nazvime vedomou zmysluplnou komunikáciou,

in which they pay attention to the attitudes of those

pri ktorej vnímajú názory druhých.

with whom they are speaking.

They have culture.

Majú kultúru.

They have a material culture, a social culture.

Materiálnu aj sociálnu.

They have a symbolic culture.

Dokonca aj symbolickú.

Scientists in the Taï Forests in the Ivory Coast

Vedci z Taï Forests na Pobreží Slonoviny

found chimpanzees who were using these rocks to smash open

našli šimpanzy používajúce kamene

na otváranie veľmi tvrdých orechov.

the incredibly hard hulls of nuts.

It takes a long time to learn how to do that,

Naučiť sa to zaberie kus času.

and they excavated the area and they found

Pri vykopávkach na tom území sa zistilo,

that this material culture, this way of doing it,

že táto materiálna kultúra, toto otváranie orechov kameňmi,

these rocks, had passed down for at least 4,300 years

siaha 4300 rokov do minulosti.

through 225 chimpanzee generations.

To je 225 generácií šimpanzov.

So now we needed to find our chimpanzee.

Potom sme potrebovali v štáte New York nájsť nášho šimpanza.

Our chimpanzee,

Našli sme hneď dvoch.

first we found two of them in the state of New York.

Both of them would die before we could even get our suits filed.

Obaja však zomreli skôr, než proces začal.

Then we found Tommy.

Potom sme našli Tommyho.

Tommy is a chimpanzee. You see him behind me.

Tommy je šimpanz, ktorého vidíte za mnou.

Tommy was a chimpanzee. We found him in that cage.

Našli sme ho v klietke,

We found him in a small room that was filled with cages

v malej miestnosti plnej klietok

in a larger warehouse structure on a used trailer lot in central New York.

vo veľkom sklade na bývalom parkovisku prívesov v centrálnom New Yorku.

We found Kiko, who is partially deaf.

Našli sme Kika, čiastočne hluchého.

Kiko was in the back of a cement storefront in western Massachusetts.

Kika držali v presklenej klietke na západe Massachusets.

And we found Hercules and Leo.

Našli sme Herkula a Lea.

They're two young male chimpanzees

Týchto dvoch mladých šimpanzov

who are being used for biomedical, anatomical research at Stony Brook.

používali na biomedicínsky anatomický výskum v Stony Brook.

We found them.

Vypátrali sme ich.

And so on the last week of December 2013,

A v posledný decembrový týždeň roku 2013

the Nonhuman Rights Project filed three suits all across the state of New York

začalo naše združenie tri súdne spory na rôznych súdoch štátu New York.

using the same common law writ of habeus corpus argument

Dovolávali sme sa príkazu habeas corpus,

that had been used with James Somerset,

ktorý oslobodil Jamesa Somerseta.

and we demanded that the judges issue these common law writs of habeus corpus.

Žiadali sme sudcov, aby tento príkaz vydali.

We wanted the chimpanzees out,

Žiadali sme o prepustenie našich šimpanzov

and we wanted them brought to Save the Chimps,

a o ich umiestnenie v Save the Chimps,

a tremendous chimpanzee sanctuary in South Florida

obrovskej záchrannej stanici na Južnej Floride,

which involves an artificial lake with 12 or 13 islands --

kde pre šimpanzy vytvorili umelé jazero s 12 alebo 13 ostrovmi.

there are two or three acres where two dozen chimpanzees live

Každý ostrov má rozlohu asi hektár a žijú na ňom dva tucty šimpanzov.

on each of them.

And these chimpanzees would then live the life of a chimpanzee,

Tam by naše šimpanzy mohli žiť život šimpanza

with other chimpanzees in an environment that was as close to Africa as possible.

v spoločnosti iných šimpanzov v prostredí podobnom Afrike.

Now, all these cases are still going on.

Žiaden z týchto súdnych sporov ešte nie je uzavrený.

We have not yet run into our Lord Mansfield.

Ešte sme nenarazili na nášho Lorda Mansfielda.

We shall. We shall.

Ale on raz príde.

This is a long-term strategic litigation campaign. We shall.

Toto je dlhodobý strategický boj. On raz príde.

And to quote Winston Churchill,

Spolu s Winstonom Churchillom hovoríme,

the way we view our cases is that they're not the end,

že tieto súdne spory nie sú koncom,

they're not even the beginning of the end,

nie sú ani začiatkom konca,

but they are perhaps the end of the beginning.

ale možno sú koncom začiatku.

Thank you.

Ďakujem.

(Applause)

(potlesk)