Chimps have feelings and thoughts. They should also have rights

翻译人员: chordy left 校对人员: Han Guo

I'd like to have you look at this pencil.

大家请看这只铅笔

It's a thing. It's a legal thing.

这是个物体 一个合法物体

And so are books you might have or the cars you own.

同样 你拥有的书或者小汽车也是一样

They're all legal things.

它们都是合法的物体

The great apes that you'll see behind me,

你们看到我身后的这些类人猿

they too are legal things.

它们也是合法的

Now, I can do that to a legal thing.

好 那么我对一个合法的物体可以这样

I can do whatever I want to my book or my car.

同样 我对我的书和车也可以想怎样就怎样

These great apes, you'll see.

你们看到的这些类人猿

The photographs are taken by a man named James Mollison

这些照片是一个叫詹姆斯·莫里森的人拍的

who wrote a book called "James & Other Apes."

他写了一本书叫做《詹姆斯和其他类人猿》

And he tells in his book how every single one them,

他的本书里讲了它们每一个的故事

almost every one of them, is an orphan

它们当中 几乎每一个都是孤儿

who saw his mother and father die before his eyes.

它们亲眼目睹了自己的父母在眼前死去

They're legal things.

它们是合法的“物体”

So for centuries, there's been a great legal wall

几个世纪以来 一直存在着很大的一堵“合法墙”

that separates legal things from legal persons.

这道墙把合法的人和合法的东西分开

On one hand, legal things are invisible to judges.

一方面 法官们看不见这些合法的物体

They don't count in law.

法律不把它们算在内

They don't have any legal rights.

它们没有合法权利

They don't have the capacity for legal rights.

它们也没有争取合法权利的能力

They are the slaves.

它们是奴隶

On the other side of that legal wall are the legal persons.

在合法墙的另一边则是合法的人类

Legal persons are very visible to judges.

法官总能看到他们

They count in law.

他们享受法律保护

They may have many rights.

他们有很多权力

They have the capacity for an infinite number of rights.

他们有能争取到无数合法权利的能力

And they're the masters.

而且 它们是主人

Right now, all nonhuman animals are legal things.

而现在 所有非人类的动物都是合法的物品

All human beings are legal persons.

所有人类都是合法的人

But being human and being a legal person

但是作为人类和作为一个合法的人

has never been, and is not today, synonymous with a legal person.

从来就不等同 即便现在也是如此

Humans and legal persons are not synonymous.

“人类”和“合法的人”不是同义词

On the one side,

一方面

there have been many human beings over the centuries

许多世纪以来已经有了很多人类

who have been legal things.

他们是合法的物体

Slaves were legal things.

奴隶是合法的物体

Women, children, were sometimes legal things.

妇女 小孩 有时也会成为合法的物体

Indeed, a great deal of civil rights struggle over the last centuries

诚然 上个世纪发生的很多民权斗争

has been to punch a hole through that wall and begin to feed

来打通这堵墙 穿过这堵墙 来帮助墙外的人

these human things through the wall and have them become legal persons.

使他们成为”合法人“

But alas, that hole has closed up.

但最终 通道重新被堵上

Now, on the other side are legal persons,

现在 墙的另一面是合法人

but they've never only been limited to human beings.

但他们不仅只有人类

There are, for example, there are many legal persons who are not even alive.

比如 有很多合法人甚至不是活人

In the United States,

在美国

we're aware of the fact that corporations are legal persons.

我们都知道公司就是一种合法人

In pre-independence India,

在独立前的印度

a court held that a Hindu idol was a legal person,

供奉印度神灵的场所是合法人

that a mosque was a legal person.

清真寺是一个合法人

In 2000, the Indian Supreme Court

2000年，印度最高法院

held that the holy books of the Sikh religion was a legal person,

判决锡克教的圣书是一个合法人

and in 2012, just recently,

就在最近，2012年

there was a treaty between the indigenous peoples of New Zealand

有一个协定，新西兰本土人民和王室之间达成

and the crown, in which it was agreed that a river was a legal person

同意一条河也是一个合法人

who owned its own riverbed.

它拥有它自己的河岸

Now, I read Peter Singer's book in 1980,

我在1980年读了Peter Singer的书

when I had a full head of lush, brown hair,

当时我有一头浓密的棕色头发

and indeed I was moved by it,

事实上 我曾为此感动

because I had become a lawyer because I wanted to speak for the voiceless,

因为我是一名律师 我要替那些沉寂的人发声

defend the defenseless,

我要保护那些手无寸铁的人

and I'd never realized how voiceless and defenseless the trillions,

我从没意识到千千万万的不属于人类的动物们

billions of nonhuman animals are.

它们是多么的无声和无助

And I began to work as an animal protection lawyer.

于是我成为了一名动物保护的律师

And by 1985, I realized that I was trying to accomplish something

知道1985年 我才意识到 我所努力实现的

that was literally impossible,

简直是不可能

the reason being that all of my clients,

因为我所有的客户

all the animals whose interests I was trying to defend,

那些我致力于保护的动物

were legal things; they were invisible.

只是一种合法物品；它们被视而不见

It was not going to work, so I decided

我的工作根本不会有用 所以我决定

that the only thing that was going to work was they had, at least some of them,

我能做的只是把那些动物 至少它们中的一些

had to also be moved through a hole that we could open up again in that wall

把那堵墙重新打通 必须把它们运到另一测

and begin feeding the appropriate nonhuman animals through that hole

通过墙洞给那非人类的动物应得的帮助

onto the other side of being legal persons.

进入合法人所在的一侧

Now, at that time, there was very little known about or spoken about

那时候 人们几乎不知道也很少谈及

truly animal rights,

动物的真正权利

about the idea of having legal personhood or legal rights for a nonhuman animal,

也很少关心让动物拥有合法人格，或合法权利的观点

and I knew it was going to take a long time.

所以我知道这将是一条漫长的路

And so, in 1985, I figured that it would take about 30 years

所以在1985年，我估计需要花费将近30年

before we'd be able to even begin a strategic litigation,

才仅仅能够着手一场战略性的诉讼

long-term campaign, in order to be able to punch another hole through that wall.

打这样一场持久战来在隔离墙上砸出一个洞

It turned out that I was pessimistic, that it only took 28.

结果表明我是悲观的，仅用了28年就实现了这些。

So what we had to do in order to begin was not only

所以开始行动我们要做的

to write law review articles and teach classes, write books,

不仅仅是写法律文件 开班教学 著书立说

but we had to then begin to get down to the nuts and bolts

我们还要深入到具体细节

of how you litigate that kind of case.

来确定如何打赢这场官司

So one of the first things we needed to do was figure out what a cause of action was,

所以我们需要做的第一件事就是找出

a legal cause of action.

一个合法的行动动机

And a legal cause of action is a vehicle that lawyers use

合法动机是律师的一个工具

to put their arguments in front of courts.

以此开展法庭的论辩

It turns out there's a very interesting case

事实上有一个非常有趣的案例

that had occurred almost 250 years ago in London called Somerset vs. Stewart,

就是发生在250年前的伦敦的萨默赛特与斯图尔特案

whereby a black slave had used the legal system

一个黑人奴隶通过运用法律体系

and had moved from a legal thing to a legal person.

从一个合法物体变成一个合法人

I was so interested in it that I eventually wrote an entire book about it.

我被这一案例深深吸引，最终写了一本关于它的书

James Somerset was an eight-year-old boy when he was kidnapped from West Africa.

詹姆斯·萨默赛特在西非被绑架时才8岁

He survived the Middle Passage,

他从“中途航道”存活

and he was sold to a Scottish businessman named Charles Stewart in Virginia.

然后被卖给弗吉尼亚州一个叫查理·斯图尔特的苏格兰商人

Now, 20 years later, Stewart brought James Somerset to London,

20年后，斯图尔特带着詹姆斯·萨默赛特来到伦敦

and after he got there, James decided he was going to escape.

到了伦敦詹姆斯决定逃跑

And so one of the first things he did was to get himself baptized,

所以他做的第一件事就是受洗

because he wanted to get a set of godparents,

因为他想有教父和教母

because to an 18th-century slave,

因为对于一个18世纪的奴隶

they knew that one of the major responsibilities of godfathers

教父的一个主要责任

was to help you escape.

就是帮你逃脱

And so in the fall of 1771,

1771年秋天

James Somerset had a confrontation with Charles Stewart.

詹姆斯·萨默赛特和查理·斯图尔特发生了一些冲突

We don't know exactly what happened, but then James dropped out of sight.

我们无法确切得知发声了什么，但詹姆斯从此不见了。

An enraged Charles Stewart then hired slave catchers

愤怒的斯图尔特雇了一个奴隶捕手

to canvass the city of London,

去搜遍伦敦

find him, bring him not back to Charles Stewart,

找到萨默赛特，把他带回来，不是带给斯图尔特

but to a ship, the Ann and Mary, that was floating in London Harbour,

而是带到漂浮在一艘伦敦港的船，安和玛丽号

and he was chained to the deck,

他被栓在甲板上

and the ship was to set sail for Jamaica

这艘船将驶向牙买加

where James was to be sold in the slave markets

到了那里詹姆斯将在奴隶市场被卖掉

and be doomed to the three to five years of life that a slave had

注定了用一个奴隶三到五年的时间

harvesting sugar cane in Jamaica.

在牙买加收获甘蔗

Well now James' godparents swung into action.

这时詹姆斯的教父母突然行动

They approached the most powerful judge,

他们求助有权利的法官

Lord Mansfield, who was chief judge of the court of King's Bench,

曼斯菲尔德法官，当时的王座法院的大法官

and they demanded that he issue a common law writ of habeus corpus

然后他们请求法官发一道人身保护令

on behalf of James Somerset.

给詹姆斯·萨默赛特

Now, the common law is the kind of law that English-speaking judges can make

普通法系是英美法官所制定的法系

when they're not cabined in by statutes or constitutions,

他们并不被限制于法规和宪法

and a writ of habeus corpus is called the Great Writ,

有一条叫做the Great Writ 的人身保护令

capital G, capital W,

大写G，大写W

and it's meant to protect any of us who are detained against our will.

它可以用来保护我们中的每一个被非法拘留的人

A writ of habeus corpus is issued.

有这样一个人身保护令被签署

The detainer is required to bring the detainee in

要求拘留者请来被拘留者

and give a legally sufficient reason for depriving him of his bodily liberty.

并对于剥夺他们人身自由给出充分的理由

Well, Lord Mansfield had to make a decision right off the bat,

曼斯菲尔德法官立刻作出了英明决定

because if James Somerset was a legal thing,

因为如果詹姆斯·萨默赛特是一个合法物品

he was not eligible for a writ of habeus corpus,

那么人身保护令将不适用于他

only if he could be a legal person.

只有当他是一个合法人才可以

So Lord Mansfield decided that he would assume,

所以曼斯菲尔德法官毫不迟疑的认为

without deciding, that James Somerset was indeed a legal person,

詹姆斯·萨默赛特是一个合法人

and he issued the writ of habeus corpus, and James's body was brought in

他签署了人身保护令

by the captain of the ship.

詹姆斯被船长带进来

There were a series of hearings over the next six months.

随后的六个月举行了一系列的听证会

On June 22, 1772, Lord Mansfield said that slavery was so odious,

1772年6月22日，曼斯菲尔德法官宣布奴隶制令人作呕

and he used the word "odious,"

他用了”令人作呕“

that the common law would not support it, and he ordered James free.

这一本不能被普通法系支持的词，给予詹姆斯自由

At that moment, James Somerset underwent a legal transubstantiation.

这一刻，詹姆斯经历着法律上的转变

The free man who walked out of the courtroom

从法庭走出的是一个自由人

looked exactly like the slave who had walked in,

虽然长相和走进法庭时的那个奴隶完全一样

but as far as the law was concerned, they had nothing whatsoever in common.

但从法律的视角看，他们没有任何相同之处

The next thing we did is that the Nonhuman Rights Project,

我们做的另外一件事就是非人权项目

which I founded, then began to look at what kind of values and principles

我建立这个项目，然后开始检查有哪些价值观和准则

do we want to put before the judges?

需要我们呈现给法官

What values and principles did they imbibe with their mother's milk,

有哪些价值观和准则是与生俱来的

were they taught in law school, do they use every day,

哪些是法律学校教授的，哪些是每天使用的

do they believe with all their hearts -- and we chose liberty and equality.

哪些是发自内心相信的——然后我们选择了自由和平等

Now, liberty right is the kind of right to which you're entitled

现在，自由权是你们所拥有的权利

because of how you're put together,

因为你们的身体组成而被赋予

and a fundamental liberty right protects a fundamental interest.

基本的自由权保护基本的利益

And the supreme interest in the common law

普通法系中的最高权利

are the rights to autonomy and self-determination.

是自治和自主决定的权利

So they are so powerful that in a common law country,

它们是如此的有力，所以在一个执行普通法律的国家

if you go to a hospital and you refuse life-saving medical treatment,

如果你去医院却拒绝拯救生命的疗法

a judge will not order it forced upon you,

法官不会命令它强加于你

because they will respect your self-determination and your autonomy.

因为他们尊重你的自主决定和自治权

Now, an equality right is the kind of right to which you're entitled

现在平等权是你们所拥有的权利

because you resemble someone else in a relevant way,

因为你以某种相关道德方式和另一个人相似

and there's the rub, relevant way.

并且存在这种方式

So if you are that, then because they have the right, you're like them,

这样的话，因为他们拥有权利，你与他们相似

you're entitled to the right.

所以你也拥有

Now, courts and legislatures draw lines all the time.

现在法院和立法机构在不停的划分界限

Some are included, some are excluded.

一些被包括进来，另一些被排除

But you have to, at the bare minimum you must --

但你不得不，至少你必须要

that line has to be a reasonable means to a legitimate end.

使这个界限以合理的方式成为法律

The Nonhuman Rights Project argues that drawing a line

非人权项目坚决主张划分界限

in order to enslave an autonomous and self-determining being

是为了奴役自治的、自主决定的个体

like you're seeing behind me,

就像我身后的这个

that that's a violation of equality.

这是对平等权利的侵犯

We then searched through 80 jurisdictions,

然后我们搜寻了80种司法权

it took us seven years, to find the jurisdiction

用了7年的时间才找到我们需要的一项权利

where we wanted to begin filing our first suit.

来提出我们的第一份诉讼

We chose the state of New York.

我们选择了纽约州

Then we decided upon who our plaintiffs are going to be.

然后我们决定谁来做我们的原告

We decided upon chimpanzees,

我们决定是黑猩猩

not just because Jane Goodall was on our board of directors,

不仅因为简·古道尔是我们的负责人之一

but because they, Jane and others,

而且因为简和其他人一起

have studied chimpanzees intensively for decades.

对黑猩猩进行了十年的深入研究

We know the extraordinary cognitive capabilities that they have,

我们了解它们拥有的非凡认知能力

and they also resemble the kind that human beings have.

在这一点上他们和人类很相似

And so we chose chimpanzees, and we began to then canvass the world

所以我们选择黑猩猩，然后我们在全世界寻找

to find the experts in chimpanzee cognition.

黑猩猩认知方面的专家

We found them in Japan, Sweden, Germany, Scotland, England and the United States,

我们在日本、瑞典、德国、苏格兰、英格兰、美国找到这些专家

and amongst them, they wrote 100 pages of affidavits

他们写了100多页的证词

in which they set out more than 40 ways

证词中用40多种方式出发

in which their complex cognitive capability,

表明了他们的复杂认知能力

either individually or together,

或是个体的或是集体的认知能力

all added up to autonomy and self-determination.

集合成自治与自主决定

Now, these included, for example, that they were conscious.

比如这些能力包括它们是有意识的

But they're also conscious that they're conscious.

它们能够意识到它们自己有意识

They know they have a mind. They know that others have minds.

他们知道自己有意识，他们知道其他个体也有意识

They know they're individuals, and that they can live.

它们知道它们是个体，并且知道它们活着

They understand that they lived yesterday and they will live tomorrow.

他们理解自己昨天活着，明天也将活着

They engage in mental time travel. They remember what happened yesterday.

它们参与思想的时间旅行，它们记得昨天发生了什么

They can anticipate tomorrow,

它们可以预测明天

which is why it's so terrible to imprison a chimpanzee, especially alone.

这就是监禁黑猩猩非常糟糕的原因，尤其是单独关押

It's the thing that we do to our worst criminals,

这是我们对最恶劣的罪犯所做的事情

and we do that to chimpanzees without even thinking about it.

却这样对待黑猩猩，甚至丝毫不考虑这种做法

They have some kind of moral capacity.

它们拥有一些方面的道德

When they play economic games with human beings,

当它们和人类玩经济游戏的时候

they'll spontaneously make fair offers, even when they're not required to do so.

它们会自发的提供合理的开价，即便当它们未被要求如此的时候

They are numerate. They understand numbers.

它们有计算能力，它们也认识数字

They can do some simple math.

它们可以做简单的数学计算

They can engage in language -- or to stay out of the language wars,

它们可以使用语言--或者避免语言争论

they're involved in intentional and referential communication

它们参与有目的的和有关的交流

in which they pay attention to the attitudes of those

在交流中他们会注意

with whom they are speaking.

谈话对象的态度

They have culture.

它们有文明

They have a material culture, a social culture.

有物质文明，有社会文明

They have a symbolic culture.

它们有象征性的文明

Scientists in the Taï Forests in the Ivory Coast

科学家在象牙海岸的塔伊森林发现

found chimpanzees who were using these rocks to smash open

黑猩猩可以用石块来砸开

the incredibly hard hulls of nuts.

非常坚硬的坚果外壳

It takes a long time to learn how to do that,

它们用很长的时间学会这项技能

and they excavated the area and they found

科学家挖掘这片区域时发现

that this material culture, this way of doing it,

这种物质文明，这种做事情的方式，

these rocks, had passed down for at least 4,300 years

这些石块，已经传承了至少4300年

through 225 chimpanzee generations.

通过225代的黑猩猩

So now we needed to find our chimpanzee.

所以现在我们需要找到我们的黑猩猩

Our chimpanzee,

我们的黑猩猩

first we found two of them in the state of New York.

我们先在纽约发现了两只

Both of them would die before we could even get our suits filed.

他们很可能在我们诉讼成文前死去

Then we found Tommy.

然后我们找到了汤米

Tommy is a chimpanzee. You see him behind me.

汤米是一只黑猩猩，就是我身后的这只

Tommy was a chimpanzee. We found him in that cage.

汤米是一只黑猩猩，我们在这个笼子里发现他

We found him in a small room that was filled with cages

我们在一个装满笼子的小屋里发现他

in a larger warehouse structure on a used trailer lot in central New York.

在纽约中央的一个仓库中的拖车上

We found Kiko, who is partially deaf.

我们发现了有些耳聋的Kiko

Kiko was in the back of a cement storefront in western Massachusetts.

Kiko在西马萨诸塞州的水泥商店后面

And we found Hercules and Leo.

然后我们发现了Hercules和Leo

They're two young male chimpanzees

两只年轻的雄性黑猩猩

who are being used for biomedical, anatomical research at Stony Brook.

被打了生物药，在石溪做解剖学研究

We found them.

我们找到了他们

And so on the last week of December 2013,

所以在2013年12月的最后一个星期

the Nonhuman Rights Project filed three suits all across the state of New York

非人权项目在整个纽约州提出了三个诉讼

using the same common law writ of habeus corpus argument

使用相同的普通法系中的人身保护令辩护

that had been used with James Somerset,

也是以前用在詹姆斯身上的

and we demanded that the judges issue these common law writs of habeus corpus.

我们请求法官签署普通法系中的人身保护令

We wanted the chimpanzees out,

我们想要把黑猩猩拉出围墙

and we wanted them brought to Save the Chimps,

我们希望他们促使”拯救黑猩猩“

a tremendous chimpanzee sanctuary in South Florida

一个南弗洛里达州的大型黑猩猩庇护所

which involves an artificial lake with 12 or 13 islands --

拥有一个12或13个小岛的人工湖

there are two or three acres where two dozen chimpanzees live

20多只黑猩猩生活在这二三十英亩

on each of them.

的每一寸土地上

And these chimpanzees would then live the life of a chimpanzee,

然后这些黑猩猩就可以过上它们应有的生活

with other chimpanzees in an environment that was as close to Africa as possible.

和其他的黑猩猩一起 在一个和非洲尽可能接近的环境中

Now, all these cases are still going on.

现在 所有的这些案件还在审理之中

We have not yet run into our Lord Mansfield.

我们还没有遇到我们的曼斯菲尔德法官

We shall. We shall.

我们会遇到的 我们会的

This is a long-term strategic litigation campaign. We shall.

这是一项漫长的战略性的战役 我们会赢的

And to quote Winston Churchill,

借用Winston Churchill话，

the way we view our cases is that they're not the end,

我们看待当下状况的方式，就是一切还未结束

they're not even the beginning of the end,

甚至通往结局的道路还没有开始

but they are perhaps the end of the beginning.

但它们很有可能 是开端的结束。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）