Chimps have feelings and thoughts. They should also have rights

112,632 views ใƒป 2015-05-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
I'd like to have you look at this pencil.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
00:15
It's a thing. It's a legal thing.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.
00:18
And so are books you might have or the cars you own.
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
00:22
They're all legal things.
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
00:24
The great apes that you'll see behind me,
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ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืชืจืื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™,
00:27
they too are legal things.
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ื’ื ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
00:31
Now, I can do that to a legal thing.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.
00:35
I can do whatever I want to my book or my car.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืื• ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
00:38
These great apes, you'll see.
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ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืืœื”, ืืชื ืชืจืื•.
00:41
The photographs are taken by a man named James Mollison
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ืœืงื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื™ืžืก ืžื•ืœื™ืกื•ืŸ
00:45
who wrote a book called "James & Other Apes."
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ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ืฉื ืงืจื "ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื."
00:48
And he tells in his book how every single one them,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื,
00:51
almost every one of them, is an orphan
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื
00:53
who saw his mother and father die before his eyes.
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ืฉืจืื” ืืช ืื™ืžื• ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืชื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•.
00:58
They're legal things.
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ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
00:59
So for centuries, there's been a great legal wall
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ืื– ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
01:02
that separates legal things from legal persons.
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ืฉื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช.
01:05
On one hand, legal things are invisible to judges.
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื.
01:09
They don't count in law.
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ื”ื ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง.
01:11
They don't have any legal rights.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช.
01:13
They don't have the capacity for legal rights.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช.
01:15
They are the slaves.
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ื”ื ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื.
01:17
On the other side of that legal wall are the legal persons.
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ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช.
01:20
Legal persons are very visible to judges.
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ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืจืื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื.
01:23
They count in law.
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ื”ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง.
01:25
They may have many rights.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:27
They have the capacity for an infinite number of rights.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:30
And they're the masters.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื™ื.
01:33
Right now, all nonhuman animals are legal things.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:37
All human beings are legal persons.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช.
01:40
But being human and being a legal person
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช
01:43
has never been, and is not today, synonymous with a legal person.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื”, ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืื“ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.
01:49
Humans and legal persons are not synonymous.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืœื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช.
01:52
On the one side,
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“,
01:55
there have been many human beings over the centuries
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื•ืช
01:59
who have been legal things.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:01
Slaves were legal things.
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ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:02
Women, children, were sometimes legal things.
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ื ืฉื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:07
Indeed, a great deal of civil rights struggle over the last centuries
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ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื‘ืงื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
02:11
has been to punch a hole through that wall and begin to feed
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื—ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ
02:15
these human things through the wall and have them become legal persons.
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ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืจ ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:20
But alas, that hole has closed up.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื ืกื’ืจ.
02:24
Now, on the other side are legal persons,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื,
02:26
but they've never only been limited to human beings.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ.
02:30
There are, for example, there are many legal persons who are not even alive.
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ื™ืฉ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
02:34
In the United States,
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
02:36
we're aware of the fact that corporations are legal persons.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช.
02:40
In pre-independence India,
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช,
02:42
a court held that a Hindu idol was a legal person,
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ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืืœ ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช,
02:45
that a mosque was a legal person.
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ืฉืžืกื’ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.
02:47
In 2000, the Indian Supreme Court
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ื‘ 2,000, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™
02:49
held that the holy books of the Sikh religion was a legal person,
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ืงื‘ืข ืฉื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื”ืกื™ืงื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช,
02:53
and in 2012, just recently,
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ื•ื‘ 2012, ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
02:55
there was a treaty between the indigenous peoples of New Zealand
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืืžื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“
02:59
and the crown, in which it was agreed that a river was a legal person
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ื•ื”ื›ืชืจ, ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืกื›ื ืฉื ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช
03:02
who owned its own riverbed.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ืฉืœื•.
03:05
Now, I read Peter Singer's book in 1980,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืกื™ื ื’ืจ ื‘ 1980,
03:08
when I had a full head of lush, brown hair,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืจืืฉ ืžืœื ืฉื™ืขืจ ื—ื•ื ื•ืฉื•ืคืข,
03:12
and indeed I was moved by it,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ื ื’ืข ื‘ื™,
03:15
because I had become a lawyer because I wanted to speak for the voiceless,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ,
03:18
defend the defenseless,
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ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”,
03:19
and I'd never realized how voiceless and defenseless the trillions,
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ืกืจื™ ืงื•ืœ ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™,
03:24
billions of nonhuman animals are.
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ.
03:27
And I began to work as an animal protection lawyer.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
03:30
And by 1985, I realized that I was trying to accomplish something
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ื•ื‘ 1985, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื”ื•
03:35
that was literally impossible,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช,
03:37
the reason being that all of my clients,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
03:40
all the animals whose interests I was trying to defend,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ,
03:43
were legal things; they were invisible.
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ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื.
03:46
It was not going to work, so I decided
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™
03:48
that the only thing that was going to work was they had, at least some of them,
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ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื,
03:52
had to also be moved through a hole that we could open up again in that wall
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”
03:55
and begin feeding the appropriate nonhuman animals through that hole
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
03:59
onto the other side of being legal persons.
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ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช.
04:02
Now, at that time, there was very little known about or spoken about
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ, ืื• ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
04:08
truly animal rights,
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ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช,
04:10
about the idea of having legal personhood or legal rights for a nonhuman animal,
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
04:15
and I knew it was going to take a long time.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
04:18
And so, in 1985, I figured that it would take about 30 years
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ 1985, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš 30 ืฉื ื”
04:21
before we'd be able to even begin a strategic litigation,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช,
04:24
long-term campaign, in order to be able to punch another hole through that wall.
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ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ ื—ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืจ.
04:30
It turned out that I was pessimistic, that it only took 28.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคืกื™ืžื™, ืฉื–ื” ืœืงื— ืจืง 28 ืฉื ื”.
04:38
So what we had to do in order to begin was not only
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืจืง
04:45
to write law review articles and teach classes, write books,
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ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ื•ืง ื•ืœืœืžื“ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช, ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจื™ื,
04:49
but we had to then begin to get down to the nuts and bolts
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื
04:52
of how you litigate that kind of case.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื”.
04:54
So one of the first things we needed to do was figure out what a cause of action was,
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ืื– ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื”,
04:58
a legal cause of action.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.
05:00
And a legal cause of action is a vehicle that lawyers use
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ื•ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื” ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
05:03
to put their arguments in front of courts.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
05:08
It turns out there's a very interesting case
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
05:11
that had occurred almost 250 years ago in London called Somerset vs. Stewart,
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ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ 250 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื ืงืจื ืกื•ืžืจืกื˜ ื ื’ื“ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜,
05:16
whereby a black slave had used the legal system
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ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื“ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช
05:19
and had moved from a legal thing to a legal person.
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ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.
05:22
I was so interested in it that I eventually wrote an entire book about it.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
05:26
James Somerset was an eight-year-old boy when he was kidnapped from West Africa.
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ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืกื•ืžืจืกื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ื˜ืฃ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
05:31
He survived the Middle Passage,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื“ ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
05:34
and he was sold to a Scottish businessman named Charles Stewart in Virginia.
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ื•ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืกื˜ื•ื™ืืจื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”.
05:39
Now, 20 years later, Stewart brought James Somerset to London,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, 20 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืกื˜ื•ืืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืื™ืชื• ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
05:44
and after he got there, James decided he was going to escape.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื, ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
05:47
And so one of the first things he did was to get himself baptized,
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ืื– ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
05:51
because he wanted to get a set of godparents,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืกื ื“ืงื™ื,
05:53
because to an 18th-century slave,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืื” ื” 18,
05:55
they knew that one of the major responsibilities of godfathers
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ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื ื“ืงื™ื
05:58
was to help you escape.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
06:00
And so in the fall of 1771,
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ืื– ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1771,
06:04
James Somerset had a confrontation with Charles Stewart.
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ืœื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืกื•ืžืจืกื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืกื˜ื•ืืจื˜.
06:07
We don't know exactly what happened, but then James dropped out of sight.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืงืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื ืขืœื.
06:12
An enraged Charles Stewart then hired slave catchers
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ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ื”ื–ื•ืขื ืฉื›ืจ ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื
06:15
to canvass the city of London,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
06:17
find him, bring him not back to Charles Stewart,
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื•, ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืœื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฆ'ืืจืœืก ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜,
06:20
but to a ship, the Ann and Mary, that was floating in London Harbour,
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ืืœื ืœืกืคื™ื ื”, ื”ืื ื” ืžืจื™, ืฉืฆืคื” ื‘ื ืžืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
06:26
and he was chained to the deck,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื‘ืœ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืŸ,
06:27
and the ship was to set sail for Jamaica
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ื•ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืœื’'ืžื™ื™ืงื”
06:29
where James was to be sold in the slave markets
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ืฉื ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื
06:32
and be doomed to the three to five years of life that a slave had
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื“
06:36
harvesting sugar cane in Jamaica.
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ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืงื ื™ ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื’'ืžื™ื™ืงื”.
06:39
Well now James' godparents swung into action.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืกื ื“ืงื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
06:42
They approached the most powerful judge,
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ื”ื ื ื’ืฉื• ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:44
Lord Mansfield, who was chief judge of the court of King's Bench,
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ืœื•ืจื“ ืžื ืกืคื™ืœื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš,
06:48
and they demanded that he issue a common law writ of habeus corpus
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ื•ื”ื ืชื‘ืขื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก
06:52
on behalf of James Somerset.
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ืžื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ืžืก ืกื•ืžืจืกื˜.
06:53
Now, the common law is the kind of law that English-speaking judges can make
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
06:57
when they're not cabined in by statutes or constitutions,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืœื ื›ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืขื™ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื”,
07:02
and a writ of habeus corpus is called the Great Writ,
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ื•ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ื ืงืจื ื”ืฆื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
07:04
capital G, capital W,
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ื‘ื”' ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”,
07:06
and it's meant to protect any of us who are detained against our will.
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ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืจืฆื•ื ื ื•.
07:11
A writ of habeus corpus is issued.
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ืฆื• ื”ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ื”ื•ืฆื.
07:13
The detainer is required to bring the detainee in
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ื”ืขื•ืฆืจ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืจ
07:15
and give a legally sufficient reason for depriving him of his bodily liberty.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื—ืจื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช.
07:21
Well, Lord Mansfield had to make a decision right off the bat,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื•ืจื“ ืžื ืกืคื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื,
07:26
because if James Somerset was a legal thing,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืกื•ืžืจืกื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืงื™,
07:29
he was not eligible for a writ of habeus corpus,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืฆื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก,
07:32
only if he could be a legal person.
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ืจืง ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™.
07:34
So Lord Mansfield decided that he would assume,
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ืื– ืœื•ืจื“ ืžื ืกืคื™ืœื“ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื—,
07:37
without deciding, that James Somerset was indeed a legal person,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืกื•ืžืจืกื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช,
07:41
and he issued the writ of habeus corpus, and James's body was brought in
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก, ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ื•ื‘ื
07:44
by the captain of the ship.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืคื˜ืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”.
07:46
There were a series of hearings over the next six months.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
07:49
On June 22, 1772, Lord Mansfield said that slavery was so odious,
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ื‘ 22 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, 1772, ืœื•ืจื“ ืžื ืกืคื™ืœื“ ืืžืจ ืฉืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ื•ื—ื”,
07:55
and he used the word "odious,"
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ื“ื•ื—ื”,"
07:56
that the common law would not support it, and he ordered James free.
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
08:00
At that moment, James Somerset underwent a legal transubstantiation.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข, ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืกื•ืžืจืกื˜ ืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืคืš ื—ื•ืงื™.
08:04
The free man who walked out of the courtroom
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜
08:06
looked exactly like the slave who had walked in,
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ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื”,
08:09
but as far as the law was concerned, they had nothing whatsoever in common.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื•ืง, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
08:14
The next thing we did is that the Nonhuman Rights Project,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
08:17
which I founded, then began to look at what kind of values and principles
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ืฉื™ื•ืกื“, ื•ืื– ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช
08:21
do we want to put before the judges?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜?
08:24
What values and principles did they imbibe with their mother's milk,
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ืื™ื–ื” ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืกืคื’ื• ืขื ื—ืœื‘ ืื™ืžื,
08:28
were they taught in law school, do they use every day,
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ื”ืื ืœืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
08:31
do they believe with all their hearts -- and we chose liberty and equality.
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ื‘ื -- ื•ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ื‘ื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
08:34
Now, liberty right is the kind of right to which you're entitled
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื” ืืชื ื–ื›ืื™ื
08:37
because of how you're put together,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ืชื,
08:40
and a fundamental liberty right protects a fundamental interest.
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ื•ื–ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
08:45
And the supreme interest in the common law
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ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ
08:48
are the rights to autonomy and self-determination.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
08:54
So they are so powerful that in a common law country,
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ืื– ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ,
08:57
if you go to a hospital and you refuse life-saving medical treatment,
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ืื ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืกืจื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื,
09:02
a judge will not order it forced upon you,
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ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืœื ื™ื•ืจื” ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืขืœื™ื›ื,
09:04
because they will respect your self-determination and your autonomy.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
09:09
Now, an equality right is the kind of right to which you're entitled
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื•ืง ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›ื
09:12
because you resemble someone else in a relevant way,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช,
09:15
and there's the rub, relevant way.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืจืš ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช.
09:17
So if you are that, then because they have the right, you're like them,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ื›ืืœื”, ืื– ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืชื ื›ืžื•ื”ื,
09:21
you're entitled to the right.
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ืœื›ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช.
09:23
Now, courts and legislatures draw lines all the time.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
09:26
Some are included, some are excluded.
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ื›ืžื” ื ื›ืœืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื” ืœื ื ื›ืœืœื™ื.
09:29
But you have to, at the bare minimum you must --
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืชื ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื --
09:35
that line has to be a reasonable means to a legitimate end.
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ืฉื”ืงื• ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช.
09:39
The Nonhuman Rights Project argues that drawing a line
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืžืชื™ื—ืช ืงื•
09:42
in order to enslave an autonomous and self-determining being
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ื“ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช
09:45
like you're seeing behind me,
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™,
09:47
that that's a violation of equality.
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
09:51
We then searched through 80 jurisdictions,
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ืื– ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ื‘ 80 ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜,
09:53
it took us seven years, to find the jurisdiction
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜
09:56
where we wanted to begin filing our first suit.
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ื‘ื• ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
09:58
We chose the state of New York.
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ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
09:59
Then we decided upon who our plaintiffs are going to be.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื.
10:02
We decided upon chimpanzees,
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช,
10:04
not just because Jane Goodall was on our board of directors,
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
10:07
but because they, Jane and others,
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื, ื’'ื™ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื,
10:10
have studied chimpanzees intensively for decades.
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ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
10:13
We know the extraordinary cognitive capabilities that they have,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ,
10:17
and they also resemble the kind that human beings have.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
10:20
And so we chose chimpanzees, and we began to then canvass the world
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืื– ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
10:25
to find the experts in chimpanzee cognition.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช.
10:28
We found them in Japan, Sweden, Germany, Scotland, England and the United States,
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืคืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“, ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
10:32
and amongst them, they wrote 100 pages of affidavits
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื, ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื• 100 ื“ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื
10:35
in which they set out more than 40 ways
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ 40 ื“ืจื›ื™ื
10:38
in which their complex cognitive capability,
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
10:41
either individually or together,
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ืื• ื™ื—ื“ ืื• ืœื—ื•ื“,
10:43
all added up to autonomy and self-determination.
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ืชื•ื•ืกืคื• ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
10:47
Now, these included, for example, that they were conscious.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœื” ื›ืœืœื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
10:50
But they're also conscious that they're conscious.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื.
10:53
They know they have a mind. They know that others have minds.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื™ื™ื ื“. ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื™ื ื“.
10:56
They know they're individuals, and that they can live.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื, ื•ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
10:58
They understand that they lived yesterday and they will live tomorrow.
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื• ืืชืžื•ืœ ื•ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื™ื• ืžื—ืจ.
11:01
They engage in mental time travel. They remember what happened yesterday.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืข ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžื” ืงืจื” ืืชืžื•ืœ.
11:05
They can anticipate tomorrow,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ืžื—ืจ,
11:06
which is why it's so terrible to imprison a chimpanzee, especially alone.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื•ืจืื™ ืœื›ืœื•ื ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื‘ื“.
11:11
It's the thing that we do to our worst criminals,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
11:14
and we do that to chimpanzees without even thinking about it.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
11:19
They have some kind of moral capacity.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื•ืจืœื™ืช.
11:22
When they play economic games with human beings,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื,
11:25
they'll spontaneously make fair offers, even when they're not required to do so.
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ื”ื ื™ืชื ื• ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
11:29
They are numerate. They understand numbers.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืช. ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
11:31
They can do some simple math.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
11:32
They can engage in language -- or to stay out of the language wars,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืฉืคื” -- ืื• ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื”,
11:36
they're involved in intentional and referential communication
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ื”ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ืช
11:40
in which they pay attention to the attitudes of those
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ื‘ื” ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื”
11:42
with whom they are speaking.
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ืืชื ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื.
11:44
They have culture.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
11:45
They have a material culture, a social culture.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
11:48
They have a symbolic culture.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช.
11:50
Scientists in the Taรฏ Forests in the Ivory Coast
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืชืื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘
11:54
found chimpanzees who were using these rocks to smash open
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืกืœืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื ื™ืคื•ืฅ
11:58
the incredibly hard hulls of nuts.
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ืืช ื”ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื.
12:01
It takes a long time to learn how to do that,
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
12:03
and they excavated the area and they found
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื’ื™ืœื•
12:05
that this material culture, this way of doing it,
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ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
12:08
these rocks, had passed down for at least 4,300 years
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ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช 4,300 ืฉื ื”
12:11
through 225 chimpanzee generations.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 225 ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื.
12:16
So now we needed to find our chimpanzee.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
12:19
Our chimpanzee,
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ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
12:22
first we found two of them in the state of New York.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
12:25
Both of them would die before we could even get our suits filed.
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ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืกืคืงื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•.
12:28
Then we found Tommy.
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ืื– ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื˜ื•ืžื™.
12:30
Tommy is a chimpanzee. You see him behind me.
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ื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”. ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™.
12:33
Tommy was a chimpanzee. We found him in that cage.
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ื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”. ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
12:35
We found him in a small room that was filled with cages
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™ื
12:39
in a larger warehouse structure on a used trailer lot in central New York.
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ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื—ืกืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื—ื ื™ื” ืœื˜ืจื™ื™ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
12:44
We found Kiko, who is partially deaf.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ืงื™ืงื•, ืฉื—ืจืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ืช.
12:46
Kiko was in the back of a cement storefront in western Massachusetts.
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ืงื™ืงื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก.
12:52
And we found Hercules and Leo.
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืงื•ืœืก ื•ืœื™ืื•.
12:54
They're two young male chimpanzees
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ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
12:55
who are being used for biomedical, anatomical research at Stony Brook.
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ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื• ืจืคื•ืื™, ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืง.
12:59
We found them.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื.
13:00
And so on the last week of December 2013,
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2013,
13:03
the Nonhuman Rights Project filed three suits all across the state of New York
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
13:07
using the same common law writ of habeus corpus argument
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฆื• ื—ื•ืง ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก
13:10
that had been used with James Somerset,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืกืืžืจืกื˜,
13:13
and we demanded that the judges issue these common law writs of habeus corpus.
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ื•ืชื‘ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก.
13:18
We wanted the chimpanzees out,
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
13:20
and we wanted them brought to Save the Chimps,
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ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ืื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช,
13:23
a tremendous chimpanzee sanctuary in South Florida
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ืžืงืœื˜ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช ื ืคืœื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”
13:27
which involves an artificial lake with 12 or 13 islands --
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืื’ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉื 12 ืื• 13 ืื™ื™ื --
13:32
there are two or three acres where two dozen chimpanzees live
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื“ื•ื ื ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื
13:35
on each of them.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
13:36
And these chimpanzees would then live the life of a chimpanzee,
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื—ื™ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื,
13:39
with other chimpanzees in an environment that was as close to Africa as possible.
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ืขื ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื–ื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
13:43
Now, all these cases are still going on.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื.
13:48
We have not yet run into our Lord Mansfield.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ืœื•ืจื“ ืžืื ืกืคื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื ื•.
13:52
We shall. We shall.
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ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”, ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.
13:54
This is a long-term strategic litigation campaign. We shall.
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ื–ื” ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™. ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.
13:58
And to quote Winston Churchill,
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ื•ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืจืฆื™ืœ,
14:00
the way we view our cases is that they're not the end,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ืกื•ืฃ,
14:04
they're not even the beginning of the end,
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืฃ,
14:06
but they are perhaps the end of the beginning.
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ืืœื ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
14:10
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:12
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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