Ed Yong: Suicidal wasps, zombie roaches and other parasite tales

301,920 views ใƒป 2014-03-26

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sungho Yoo ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jeong-Lan Kinser
00:12
A herd of wildebeests, a shoal of fish,
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์˜์–‘ ๋–ผ์™€, ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๋–ผ,
00:15
a flock of birds.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ ๋–ผ๋“ค.
00:16
Many animals gather in large groups
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์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์—์„œ
00:18
that are among the most wonderful spectacles
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ์จ
00:20
in the natural world.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ํฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
But why do these groups form?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
00:25
The common answers include things like
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00:26
seeking safety in numbers or hunting in packs
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์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ์ธ๋‹ค๋˜๊ฐ€, ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ์ธ๋‹ค๋˜๊ฐ€,
00:29
or gathering to mate or breed,
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ํ˜น์€ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ต๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ชจ์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด์ฃ .
00:32
and all of these explanations,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ์žฅ๋“ค์€,
00:34
while often true,
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์ข…์ข… ์˜ณ์„๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
00:35
make a huge assumption about animal behavior,
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜
00:38
that the animals are in control of their own actions,
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๋ชธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
00:41
that they are in charge of their bodies.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
And that is often not the case.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์˜ณ์ง€๋งŒ์€ ์•Š์ง€์š”.
์ด๋Š” ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์•„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๊ธˆ๋ฌผ ์ƒˆ์šฐ์ฃ .
00:47
This is Artemia, a brine shrimp.
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00:50
You probably know it better as a sea monkey.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์‹œ๋ชฝํ‚ค๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋”์šฑ ์ž˜์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,.
00:52
It's small, and it typically lives alone,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ž‘๊ณ , ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํ˜ผ์ž ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€์ฃ .
00:54
but it can gather in these large red swarms
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ,
00:57
that span for meters,
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰์˜
๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ์ž„์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
and these form because of a parasite.
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01:03
These shrimp are infected with a tapeworm.
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์ด ์ƒˆ์šฐ๋“ค์€ ์ดŒ์ถฉ์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ดŒ์ถฉ์€ ํ•œ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ์ชฝ์—๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์ž…์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
01:06
A tapeworm is effectively a long, living gut
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01:08
with genitals at one end and a hooked mouth at the other.
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๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
As a freelance journalist, I sympathize.
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ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋žœ์Šค ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ์จ, ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์„ ๋Š๋ผ์ฃ .
01:13
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:15
The tapeworm drains nutrients from Artemia's body,
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์ดŒ์ถฉ์€ ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์•„์˜ ๋ชธ์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
but it also does other things.
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๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ดŒ์ถฉ์€
01:20
It castrates them,
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์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์„ธ์‹œํ‚ค์ฃ .
01:22
it changes their color from transparent to bright red,
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์ดŒ์ถฉ์€ ์ƒˆ์šฐ์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์„ ๋ฐ์€ ๋นจ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ,
์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
it makes them live longer,
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01:28
and as biologist Nicolas Rode has found,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์Šค ๋กœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด,
01:31
it makes them swim in groups.
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์ดŒ์ถฉ์€ ์ƒˆ์šฐ๋“ค์„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
Why? Because the tapeworm, like many other parasites,
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”? ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ดŒ์ถฉ๋“ค์€
01:37
has a complicated life cycle
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ™์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœํ•˜๋Š”
01:39
involving many different hosts.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
The shrimp are just one step on its journey.
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์ฆ‰, ์ƒˆ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฌํ–‰์˜ ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
01:44
Its ultimate destination is this,
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์ดŒ์ถฉ์˜ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๋Š”
01:46
the greater flamingo.
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ํ”Œ๋ผ๋ฐ๊ณ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
Only in a flamingo can the tapeworm reproduce,
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์ดŒ์ถฉ์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ๋ฐ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฒˆ์‹์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ฃ .
01:51
so to get there, it manipulates its shrimp hosts
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์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ์ƒˆ์šฐ๋Š”
01:54
into forming these conspicuous colored swarms
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ํ”Œ๋ผ๋ฐ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ„์„œ
์žก์•„ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
01:58
that are easier for a flamingo to spot
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02:00
and to devour,
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์ƒˆ์šฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๋Š” ์ƒ‰์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
and that is the secret of the Artemia swarm.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์•„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์ด์ฃ .
02:05
They aren't sociable through their own volition,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:07
but because they are being controlled.
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์กฐ์ข…๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
It's not safety in numbers.
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์ด๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ์ด๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹Œ,
๊ทธ์˜ ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ชจ์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:11
It's actually the exact opposite.
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์ดŒ์ถฉ์€ ์ƒˆ์šฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ์™€ ๋ชธ์„ ๋นผ์•—์•„
02:13
The tapeworm hijacks their brains and their bodies,
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02:16
turning them into vehicles
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์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ”Œ๋ผ๋ฐ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ชธ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”
02:17
for getting itself into a flamingo.
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์ž๊ฐ€์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ž, ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณค์ถฉ์€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์„ฑ ์กฐ์ž‘์˜
02:21
And here is another example
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02:22
of a parasitic manipulation.
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๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
This is a suicidal cricket.
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ž์‚ด์„ฑ ๊ณฑ๋“ฑ์ด์ฃ .
์ด ๊ณฑ๋“ฑ์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์‹œ์˜ ์•Œ์„
02:28
This cricket swallowed the larvae of a Gordian worm,
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02:31
or horsehair worm.
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์‚ผํ‚จ ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
The worm grew to adult size within it,
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๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋Š” ๊ณฑ๋“ฑ์ด์˜ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
02:35
but it needs to get into water in order to mate,
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๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
and it does that by releasing proteins
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์—ฐ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋Š” ๊ณฑ๋“ฑ์ด์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
02:41
that addle the cricket's brain,
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฟœ์œผ๋กœ์จ
02:43
causing it to behave erratically.
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๊ณฑ๋“ฑ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:45
When the cricket nears a body of water,
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ž‘๋œ ๊ณฑ๋“ฑ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
02:47
such as this swimming pool,
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๊ณ ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋ฉด,
02:48
it jumps in and drowns,
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ด๋ ค์„œ ์ต์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
and the worm wriggles out
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋Š” ์ž์‚ดํ•œ ๊ณฑ๋“ฑ์ด์˜ ์‹œ์ฒด์—์„œ
02:52
of its suicidal corpse.
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๊ฟˆํ‹€๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ฃ .
๊ณฑ๋“ฑ์ด ์•ˆ์— ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ค„์€ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?.
02:56
Crickets are really roomy. Who knew?
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์ดŒ์ถฉ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
The tapeworm and the Gordian worm are not alone.
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03:03
They are part of an entire cavalcade
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด, ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค, ์• ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณค์ถฉ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„,
03:05
of mind-controlling parasites,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ์˜์‹์„
03:07
of fungi, viruses, and worms and insects and more
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ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ „๋ฌธ์ธ
03:11
that all specialize in subverting and overriding
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๋‡Œ ์กฐ์ž‘ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜
03:13
the wills of their hosts.
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์ผ๋ถ€์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
03:16
Now, I first learned about this way of life
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์ €๋Š” 20๋…„ ์ •๋„ ์ „์— ๋ฐ์ด๋น— ์•„ํ…๋ณด๋กœ์˜ "์‚ถ์˜ ์—ญ๊ฒฝ"์„
03:17
through David Attenborough's "Trials of Life"
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ํ†ต์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„
03:20
about 20 years ago,
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์ฒ˜์Œ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์˜ ์ข‹์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์นด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋จธ์˜ "๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ ๋ ‰์Šค"๋ผ๋Š”
03:22
and then later through a wonderful book called
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03:23
"Parasite Rex" by my friend Carl Zimmer.
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ฑ…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:26
And I've been writing about these creatures ever since.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ €๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์จ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
Few topics in biology enthrall me more.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์—์„œ ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์ €์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋„๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ญ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
It's like the parasites have subverted my own brain.
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์ด๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ €์˜ ๋‡Œ ๋งˆ์ €๋„ ์กฐ์ž‘์‹œํ‚จ ๋“ฏ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šฐ๋ฉฐ
03:35
Because after all, they are always compelling
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03:37
and they are delightfully macabre.
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋ฌด์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
When you write about parasites,
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๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธ€์„ ์“ธ๋•Œ๋ฉด,
03:40
your lexicon swells with phrases like
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์€ "์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ฑ„๋กœ ์‚ผ์ผœ์ง„๋‹ค"
03:42
"devoured alive" and "bursts out of its body."
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"๋ชธ์— ์ฐข๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค" ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:46
But there's more to it than that.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋” ๊นŠ์€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
I'm a writer, and fellow writers in the audience
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์ €๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ณ , ๊ด€์ค‘์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:50
will know that we love stories.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ป”ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ํ˜น์„
03:53
Parasites invite us to resist the allure
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03:55
of obvious stories.
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๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
03:57
Their world is one of plot twists
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ๋ฐ˜์ „๊ณผ
03:59
and unexpected explanations.
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์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์™œ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”? ์ž, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด,
04:03
Why, for example,
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04:04
does this caterpillar
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ด ์• ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋Š”
04:06
start violently thrashing about
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์ € ๊ณ ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
04:08
when another insect gets close to it
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณค์ถฉ์ด
04:10
and those white cocoons that it seems
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๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๋ฉด
04:12
to be standing guard over?
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๋ชธ์„ ๋งน๋ ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ”๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
04:14
Is it maybe protecting its siblings?
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
No.
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04:18
This caterpillar was attacked
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์ด ์• ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ง๋ฒŒ์—๊ฒŒ
04:20
by a parasitic wasp which laid eggs inside it.
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๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋‹นํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ชธ์†์— ๋ง๋ฒŒ์ด ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ์€ ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
The eggs hatched and the young wasps
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๊ทธ ์•Œ๋“ค์„ ๊นŒ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜จ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋ง๋ฒŒ์€
04:24
devoured the caterpillar alive
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์• ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ๋ชธ์„ ์ฐข๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „์—
04:26
before bursting out of its body.
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์‚ฐ์ฑ„๋กœ ์• ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
See what I mean?
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์ด์ œ ์ œ๋ง์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
์ž, ์• ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
Now, the caterpillar didn't die.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ๋ง๋ฒŒ์€ ๋‚จ์•„์„œ
04:33
Some of the wasps seemed to stay behind
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04:35
and controlled it into defending their siblings
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์•  ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
04:38
which are metamorphosing
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๊ณ ์น˜์†์—์„œ ์„ฑ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณ€ํƒœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
04:40
into adults within those cocoons.
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ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:42
This caterpillar is a head-banging zombie bodyguard
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์ด ์• ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ฃฝ์ธ ์ž์˜
04:46
defending the offspring
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์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
04:47
of the creature that killed it.
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ํ—ค๋“œ๋ฑ…์ž‰ ์ข€๋น„ ๋ณด๋‹ค๊ฐ€๋“œ์ธ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
04:49
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
04:53
We have a lot to get through. I only have 13 minutes. (Laughter)
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ 13๋ถ„๋™์•ˆ ์•„์ง ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ๋  ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.(์›ƒ์Œ)
์ž ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ
04:57
Now, some of you are probably just
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04:59
desperately clawing for some solace
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ž์—ฐ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ดด์งœ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋Š”
05:01
in the idea that these things are oddities
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์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:04
of the natural world, that they are outliers,
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ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
and that point of view is understandable,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ด€์ ์€ ์ดํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
because by their nature, parasites are quite small
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์ž‘๊ณ 
05:10
and they spend a lot of their time
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ๋ชธ์†์—์„œ
05:11
inside the bodies of other things.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ๋งค์šฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
They're easy to overlook,
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05:16
but that doesn't mean that they aren't important.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
A few years back, a man called Kevin Lafferty
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๋ช‡๋…„ ์ „์—, ์ผ€๋นˆ ๋ ˆํผํ‹ฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€
05:21
took a group of scientists into three Californian estuaries
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๊ณผํ•™์ž์˜ ๋ชจ์ž„์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  3๊ฐœ์˜ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ฐ•์–ด๊ท€์— ๋“ค๋ ธ์ฃ .
05:24
and they pretty much weighed and dissected
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์†์— ๋‹ฟ๋Š”
05:26
and recorded everything they could find,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์žฌ๊ณ , ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฐพ์•„ ๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
05:28
and what they found
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05:29
were parasites in extreme abundance.
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์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์— ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ๋“ค์€ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
Especially common were trematodes,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ˆ™์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์„ธ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์ „๋ฌธ์ธ
05:34
tiny worms that specialize in castrating their hosts
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์ž‘์€ ํก์ถฉ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์—๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:37
like this unfortunate snail.
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์ด ๋ถˆ์Œํ•œ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋„ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
Now, a single trematode is tiny, microscopic,
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์ž, ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํก์ธต๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
but collectively they weighed as much
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ์Ÿ€์„ ๋•Œ,
05:44
as all the fish in the estuaries
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ•์–ด๊ท€์— ์‚ด๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์™€ ๋™์ผํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
05:46
and three to nine times more than all the birds.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์˜ ์„ธ๋ฐฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋„ค๋ฐฐ์™€ ๋™์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
And remember the Gordian worm that I showed you,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๊นŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์‹œ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
05:52
the cricket thing?
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05:53
One Japanese scientist called Takuya Sato
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๊ทธ ๊ณฑ๋“ฑ์ด ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
ํƒ€์ฟ ์•ผ ์‚ฌํ† ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋Š”
ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹œ๋‚ด์—
05:56
found that in one stream,
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณฑ๋“ฑ์ด์™€
05:58
these things drive so many crickets
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06:00
and grasshoppers into the water
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๋ฉ”๋šœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์†์— ๋„ฃ์–ด๋†จ์œผ๋ฉด
06:01
that the drowned insects
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์ต์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์ด
06:02
make up some 60 percent of the diet of local trout.
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๋‚ด์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ˆญ์–ด ๋จน์ด์˜ 60ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
Manipulation is not an oddity.
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์กฐ์ž‘์€ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ดด์งœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
It is a critical and common part
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜
06:12
of the world around us,
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์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ฃ .
06:13
and scientists have now found
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๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
06:15
hundreds of examples of such manipulators,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ๋“ค์˜ ๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์ง€์š”.
06:17
and more excitingly, they're starting to understand
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋”์šฑ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„, ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
06:20
exactly how these creatures control their hosts.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ™์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
And this is one of my favorite examples.
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06:26
This is Ampulex compressa,
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์ด ๊ณค์ถฉ์€ ๋ณด์„๋ง๋ฒŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
the emerald cockroach wasp,
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์—๋ฉ”๋ž„๋“œ ์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ๋ง๋ฒŒ์ด์ฃ .
06:31
and it is a truth universally acknowledged
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฒ”์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด,
06:33
that an emerald cockroach wasp in possession
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์•Œ์„ ํ’ˆ์€
06:35
of some fertilized eggs
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๋ณด์„ ๋ง๋ฒŒ์€
06:37
must be in want of a cockroach.
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๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
When she finds one,
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์ด ๊ณค์ถฉ์ด ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
06:41
she stabs it with a stinger
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๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์นจ์œผ๋กœ
06:43
that is also a sense organ.
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์ฐŒ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
This discovery came out three weeks ago.
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์‚ผ์ฃผ์ „์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด,
06:47
She stabs it with a stinger that is a sense organ
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๋ง๋ฒŒ์€ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ง›๊ณผ ์งˆ๊ฐ์„
06:49
equipped with small sensory bumps
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๋Š๋‚„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๋ด‰์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์ธ
06:51
that allow her to feel the distinctive texture
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์นจ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ
06:54
of a roach's brain.
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์ฐŒ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
So like a person blindly rooting about in a bag,
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์ฆ‰, ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์†์„ ์žฅ๋‹˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋”๋“ฌ์–ด๋Œ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
๋ง๋ฒŒ์€ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ , ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์†์œผ๋กœ
06:59
she finds the brain, and she injects it with venom
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07:01
into two very specific clusters of neurons.
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๋…์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ธ ํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ๋ฆญ ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์‚ฌํŠธ์™€ ๋žŒ ๊ฐˆ์€
07:05
Israeli scientists Frederic Libersat and Ram Gal
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07:08
found that the venom is a very specific chemical weapon.
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๊ทธ ๋…์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
It doesn't kill the roach, nor does it sedate it.
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์ด ๋…์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ทจ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
The roach could walk away
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋Š” ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
07:17
or fly or run if it chose to,
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๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋›ฐ์–ด์„œ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
but it doesn't choose to,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:22
because the venom nixes its motivation to walk,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋…์€ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์˜ ๊ฑท๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:25
and only that.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ๊ทธ ๋…์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์—ญํ™œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
The wasp basically un-checks the escape-from-danger box
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๊ทธ ๋ง๋ฒŒ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์—์„œ ๋„๋ง์น˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์˜ ์˜์‹์„
07:30
in the roach's operating system,
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์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
allowing her to lead her helpless victim
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์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ง๋ฒŒ์ด ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ฑ…์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
07:35
back to her lair by its antennae
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋”๋“ฌ์ด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ
07:37
like a person walking a dog.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ตด๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
07:40
And once there, she lays an egg on it,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ตด์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ์•ˆ์— ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ๊ณ ,
07:41
egg hatches, devoured alive, bursts out of body,
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๊ทธ ์•Œ์„ ๊นจ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ง๋ฒŒ์€ ์‚ฐ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ๋จน์€ ํ›„์—, ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐข๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜จํ›„,
๋“ฑ ๋“ฑ ๋“ฑ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ ๊ณ„์‹  ๊ทธ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์ฃ .
07:44
yadda yadda yadda, you know the drill.
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07:46
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(์›ƒ์Œ) (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ž, ๊ทธ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ์นจ์„ ๋งž์€ ์ด์ƒ, ์ด๋Š”
07:49
Now I would argue that, once stung,
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07:52
the cockroach isn't a roach anymore.
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๋”์ด์ƒ ๊ทธ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ฐํžˆ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
It's more of an extension of the wasp,
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์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ง๋ฒŒ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ€๊น์ฃ .
07:56
just like the cricket was an extension of the Gordian worm.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ทธ ๊ณฑ๋“ฑ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์‹œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:59
These hosts won't get to survive or reproduce.
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๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์ˆ™์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ๋”์ด์ƒ ์ƒ์กด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒˆ์‹์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
They have as much control over their own fates
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ œ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์šด๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ
08:04
as my car.
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์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ์ด ์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ๋ชธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ,
08:06
Once the parasites get in,
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08:07
the hosts don't get a say.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋”์ด์ƒ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค๋„ ์ •์‹ ์กฐ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ
08:10
Now humans, of course,
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08:11
are no stranger to manipulation.
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๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
We take drugs to shift the chemistries of our brains
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
08:15
and to change our moods,
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์•ฝ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜์ฃ .
08:17
and what are arguments or advertising or big ideas
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜, ๊ด‘๊ณ , ๋˜๋Š” ์•ผ์‹ฌ์ฐฌ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ
08:21
if not an attempt to influence someone else's mind?
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„ ์—†์ฃ .
08:24
But our attempts at doing this
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€
08:26
are crude and blundering compared
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๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ์ •ํ™•๋„์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด
08:28
to the fine-grained specificity of the parasites.
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์กฐ์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•ํ•  ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
Don Draper only wishes he was as elegant
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๋ˆ ๋“œ๋ ˆ์ดํผ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ณด์„ ๋ง๋ฒŒ ์ •๋„๋งŒ
08:33
and precise as the emerald cockroach wasp.
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์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ’ˆ์œ„์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž„ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
์ž, ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„
08:38
Now, I think this is part of what makes parasites
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08:42
so sinister and so compelling.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์‚ฌ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์˜์ง€์™€
08:45
We place such a premium on our free will
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08:47
and our independence
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๋…๋ฆฝ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋‘๊ธฐ์—
08:48
that the prospect of losing those qualities
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๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด
08:50
to forces unseen
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋•์„ ์žƒ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€
08:51
informs many of our deepest societal fears.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ค์ฃ .
08:54
Orwellian dystopias and shadowy cabals
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์˜ค์›ฐ์  ๋””์Šคํ† ํŒŒ์•„๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž ์Œ๋ชจ,
08:57
and mind-controlling supervillains --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์•…๋‹น๋“ค์ด
08:59
these are tropes that fill our darkest fiction,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฑฑ์ •๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
but in nature, they happen all the time.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋ป”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
09:07
Which leads me to an obvious
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09:09
and disquieting question:
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๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
09:11
Are there dark, sinister parasites
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
09:13
that are influencing our behavior
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”
09:15
without us knowing about it,
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์–ด๋‘ก๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๊ธธํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์กด์žฌํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
09:17
besides the NSA?
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๋ฌผ๋ก , NSA๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ •๋ง ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:20
If there are any โ€”
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09:21
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ œ ์ด๋งˆ์— ๋ถ‰์€ ์ ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
09:25
I've got a red dot on my forehead now, don't I?
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09:27
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:30
If there are any, this is a good candidate for them.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
This is Toxoplasma gondii, or Toxo, for short,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ†ก์†Œํฌ์ž์ถฉ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์งง๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํ†ก์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ง€์š”.
09:36
because the terrifying creature
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09:37
always deserves a cute nickname.
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๋ฌด์„œ์šด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ
๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ๋ณ„๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
ํ†ก์†Œ๋Š” ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์— ์นจํˆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
Toxo infects mammals,
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09:42
a wide variety of mammals,
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์— ์นจํˆฌํ•˜์ฃ .
09:43
but it can only sexually reproduce in a cat.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค์ง ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฒˆ์‹์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
And scientists like Joanne Webster have shown that
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์กฐ์•ˆ ์›น์Šคํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ†ก์†Œ๊ฐ€
09:49
if Toxo gets into a rat or a mouse,
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์ฅ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์ฅ์˜ ๋ชธ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ์„ค์น˜๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ
09:52
it turns the rodent into a cat-seeking missile.
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๊ณ ์–‘์ด ํƒ์ƒ‰ ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พผ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
09:55
If the infected rat smells the delightful odor
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ์˜ค์คŒ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ํ–ฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
09:58
of cat piss,
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๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
09:59
it runs towards the source of the smell
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์ข€๋” ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋„๋ง๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”,
10:02
rather than the more sensible direction of away.
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๊ทธ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ์ฅ๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ , ํ†ก์†Œ๋Š” ์„น์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋˜์ฃ .
10:06
The cat eats the rat. Toxo gets to have sex.
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10:08
It's a classic tale of Eat, Prey, Love.
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๋จน๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์ž๋น„๋กญ๊ณ  ๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด์„ธ์š”.
10:19
You're very charitable, generous people.
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์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค ์•ˆ๋…•, ๋„ˆ ๊ฐ•์˜ ์ž˜๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด.
10:22
Hi, Elizabeth, I loved your talk.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ˆ™์ฃผ๋ฅผ
10:25
How does the parasite control its host
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10:28
in this way?
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์กฐ์ข…ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
10:29
We don't really know.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
We know that Toxo releases an enzyme
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ํ†ก์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ƒ๊ณผ
10:32
that makes dopamine, a substance involved
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๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ธ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”
10:34
in reward and motivation.
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์—”์ž์ž„์„ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
We know it targets certain parts of a rodent's brain,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ํŠนํžˆ ์„ฑ์š•๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„ค์น˜๋ฅ˜ ๋‡Œ์˜
ํŠน์ •๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋˜ํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:39
including those involved in sexual arousal.
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10:41
But how those puzzle pieces fit together
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํผ์ฆ์กฐ๊ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
10:43
is not immediately clear.
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์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์•„์ง ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
What is clear is that this thing
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ ์€
10:47
is a single cell.
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋‹จ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
This has no nervous system.
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์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ,
10:50
It has no consciousness.
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์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์˜์‹๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žŠ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
It doesn't even have a body.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
But it's manipulating a mammal?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒŒ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”?
10:55
We are mammals.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ฅ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•˜์ฃ .
10:57
We are more intelligent than a mere rat, to be sure,
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10:59
but our brains have the same basic structure,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๊ณ ,
11:02
the same types of cells,
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
11:03
the same chemicals running through them,
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๊ฐ™์€ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ํ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
and the same parasites.
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๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:07
Estimates vary a lot, but some figures suggest
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๊ฒฌ์ ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ธฐ์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
11:09
that one in three people around the world
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ธ๋ช…์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ช…์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€
ํ†ก์†Œ์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
have Toxo in their brains.
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11:13
Now typically, this doesn't lead to any overt illness.
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ํ†ก์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ฃ .
11:17
The parasite holds up in a dormant state
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ
11:19
for a long period of time.
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์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํœด์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ด ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์ž๋“ค์€
11:21
But there's some evidence that those people
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11:23
who are carriers score slightly differently
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์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋น„๊ฐ์—ผ์ž์™€
์‚ด์ง ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
on personality questionnaires than other people,
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11:29
that they have a slightly higher risk of car accidents,
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๊ฐ์—ผ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ข€๋” ๋†’์€ ์ฐจ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
11:31
and there's some evidence that people with schizophrenia
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์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋  ํ•™๋ฅ ์ด ๋”์šฑ
11:34
are more likely to be infected.
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๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:36
Now, I think this evidence is still inconclusive,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ง๋„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
and even among Toxo researchers,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ†ก์†Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„,
11:40
opinion is divided as to whether the parasite
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์—
11:43
is truly influencing our behavior.
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”์ง€๋กœ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๊ฐˆ๋ ค์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:45
But given the widespread nature of such manipulations,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์ด ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ณด์•„,
11:48
it would be completely implausible
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์ธ๊ฐ„๋งŒ์ด ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์กฐ์ž‘์˜ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„
11:50
for humans to be the only species
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๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ข…์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ •์ง“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:51
that weren't similarly affected.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋น„๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์„
11:54
And I think that this capacity to constantly
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11:59
subvert our way of thinking about the world
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ํŒŒ๊ดด์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜
12:02
makes parasites amazing.
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๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ž๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
They're constantly inviting us to look at the natural world sideways,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ค„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
12:06
and to ask if the behaviors we're seeing,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ 
12:09
whether they're simple and obvious
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๋ป”ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ˜น์€ ๋‹นํ˜น์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ 
12:10
or baffling and puzzling,
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์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ์ง€์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด, ๊ฐ์ž์˜
12:12
are not the results of individuals
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์˜์ง€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
12:14
acting through their own accord
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž์˜ ์กฐ์ข…์— ์˜ํ•ด
12:15
but because they are being bent
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๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์ด ํœ˜์–ด์ ธ์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
12:17
to the control of something else.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
์„ค๋ น ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„,
12:20
And while that idea may be disquieting,
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12:22
and while parasites' habits may be very grisly,
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์„ค๋ น ๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์†Œ๋ฆ„๋ผ์นœ๋‹คํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„,
12:25
I think that ability to surprise us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด
12:27
makes them as wonderful and as charismatic
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํŒฌ๋”๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋น„๋‚˜ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด
12:30
as any panda or butterfly or dolphin.
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๋”์šฑ ๋†€๋ž๊ณ  ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
At the end of "On the Origin of Species,"
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์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์€ "์ข…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›"์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ง์—
12:35
Charles Darwin writes about the grandeur of life,
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์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์›…์žฅํ•จ๊ณผ ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ 
12:38
and of endless forms most beautiful
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋“ค์˜ ๋์—†๋Š” ํƒ„์ƒ์—
12:41
and most wonderful,
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๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
and I like to think he could easily have been talking
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ตฌ์ ˆ ์†์—์„œ, ์ˆ˜๋ช…์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํ˜ผ์ž ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒˆ์šฐ๋ฅผ
12:45
about a tapeworm that makes shrimp sociable
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์‚ฌ๊ต์„ฑ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ดŒ์ถฉ๊ณผ, ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ
12:48
or a wasp that takes cockroaches for walks.
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์‚ฐ์ฑ…์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ง๋ฒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด, ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€์š”.
12:52
But perhaps, that's just a parasite talking.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
Thank you.
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12:56
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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