Ed Yong: Suicidal wasps, zombie roaches and other parasite tales

302,941 views ・ 2014-03-26

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Sungho Yoo κ²€ν† : Jeong-Lan Kinser
00:12
A herd of wildebeests, a shoal of fish,
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μ˜μ–‘ 떼와, λ¬Όκ³ κΈ° λ–Ό,
00:15
a flock of birds.
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그리고 μƒˆ λ–Όλ“€.
00:16
Many animals gather in large groups
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μžμ—°κ³„μ—μ„œ
00:18
that are among the most wonderful spectacles
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κ°€μž₯ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ κ΄‘κ²½ μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œμ¨
00:20
in the natural world.
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λ§Žμ€ 동물듀은 큰 μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ λͺ¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
But why do these groups form?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ™œ 이런 집단듀이 μƒμ„±λ˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
이에 λŒ€ν•œ 곡톡적인 λŒ€λ‹΅μ€ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™μ£ .
00:25
The common answers include things like
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00:26
seeking safety in numbers or hunting in packs
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μ•ˆμ „μ„ μœ„ν•΄ λͺ¨μΈλ‹€λ˜κ°€, 사λƒ₯을 μœ„ν•΄ λͺ¨μΈλ‹€λ˜κ°€,
00:29
or gathering to mate or breed,
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ν˜Ήμ€ 짝짓기 λ˜λŠ” ꡐ배λ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ λͺ¨μΈλ‹€λŠ” λŒ€λ‹΅μ΄μ£ .
00:32
and all of these explanations,
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그리고 이 λͺ¨λ“  μ£Όμž₯듀은,
00:34
while often true,
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μ’…μ’… μ˜³μ„λ•Œλ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
00:35
make a huge assumption about animal behavior,
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동물듀이 μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜
00:38
that the animals are in control of their own actions,
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λͺΈμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ œμ–΄λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ§€λ‹ˆκ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ”
00:41
that they are in charge of their bodies.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 가정에 κΈ°λ°˜μ„ 두고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
And that is often not the case.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŠ” 항상 μ˜³μ§€λ§Œμ€ μ•Šμ§€μš”.
μ΄λŠ” μ•„λ₯΄ν…Œλ―Έμ•„μ˜ μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ†ŒκΈˆλ¬Ό μƒˆμš°μ£ .
00:47
This is Artemia, a brine shrimp.
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00:50
You probably know it better as a sea monkey.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ 이 동물을 μ‹œλͺ½ν‚€λΌλŠ” μ΄λ¦„μœΌλ‘œ λ”μš± μž˜μ•Œκ³  κ³„μ‹€κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€,.
00:52
It's small, and it typically lives alone,
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이듀은 μž‘κ³ , λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ 혼자 μ‚΄μ•„κ°€μ£ .
00:54
but it can gather in these large red swarms
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κΈ°μƒμΆ©μ˜ 영ν–₯으둜,
00:57
that span for meters,
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이 동물듀은 수 λ―Έν„°κΉŒμ§€ 이λ₯΄λŠ” λΆ‰μ€μƒ‰μ˜
κ±°λŒ€ν•œ λͺ¨μž„을 이루기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
and these form because of a parasite.
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01:03
These shrimp are infected with a tapeworm.
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이 μƒˆμš°λ“€μ€ μ΄ŒμΆ©μ— κ°μ—Όλœ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ΄ŒμΆ©μ€ ν•œμͺ½μ—λŠ” 생식기가 있고 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œμͺ½μ—λŠ” 갈고리 μž…μ΄ μžˆλŠ”
01:06
A tapeworm is effectively a long, living gut
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01:08
with genitals at one end and a hooked mouth at the other.
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κΈ°λ‹€λž€ μƒλ¬Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
As a freelance journalist, I sympathize.
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ν”„λ¦¬λžœμŠ€ μ €λ„λ¦¬μŠ€νŠΈλ‘œμ¨, μ €λŠ” μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ 연민을 느끼죠.
01:13
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:15
The tapeworm drains nutrients from Artemia's body,
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μ΄ŒμΆ©μ€ μ•„λ₯΄ν…Œλ―Έμ•„μ˜ λͺΈμ—μ„œ λΆ€ν„° μ˜μ–‘λΆ„μ„ ν‘μˆ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
but it also does other things.
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뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ΄ŒμΆ©μ€
01:20
It castrates them,
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μ•„λ₯΄ν…Œλ―Έμ•„λ₯Ό κ±°μ„Έμ‹œν‚€μ£ .
01:22
it changes their color from transparent to bright red,
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μ΄ŒμΆ©μ€ μƒˆμš°μ˜ 투λͺ…ν•œ 색을 밝은 λΉ¨κ°•μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€κΈ°λ©°,
μ΄λ“€μ˜ 수λͺ…을 μ—°μž₯μ‹œν‚€λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
it makes them live longer,
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01:28
and as biologist Nicolas Rode has found,
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μƒλ¬Όν•™μž λ‹ˆμ½œλΌμŠ€ λ‘œλ“œκ°€ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆλ“―μ΄,
01:31
it makes them swim in groups.
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μ΄ŒμΆ©μ€ μƒˆμš°λ“€μ„ μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ 움직이도둝 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
Why? Because the tapeworm, like many other parasites,
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μ™œλƒκ³ μš”? μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ§Žμ€ κΈ°μƒμΆ©λ“€μ²˜λŸΌ μ΄ŒμΆ©λ“€μ€
01:37
has a complicated life cycle
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μ—¬λŸ¬ μˆ™μ£Όλ₯Ό ν•„μš”λ‘œν•˜λŠ”
01:39
involving many different hosts.
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 수λͺ…μ£ΌκΈ°λ₯Ό 가지고 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
The shrimp are just one step on its journey.
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즉, μƒˆμš°λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ—¬ν–‰μ˜ ν•œ 단계일 뿐이죠.
01:44
Its ultimate destination is this,
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촌좩의 ꢁ극적인 λͺ©μ μ§€λŠ”
01:46
the greater flamingo.
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ν”ŒλΌλ°κ³ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
Only in a flamingo can the tapeworm reproduce,
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μ΄ŒμΆ©μ€ ν”ŒλΌλ°κ³  μ•ˆμ—μ„œλ§Œ λ²ˆμ‹μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ£ .
01:51
so to get there, it manipulates its shrimp hosts
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즉, κ·Έλ“€μ˜ ꢁ극적인 λͺ©μ μ§€μ— 이λ₯΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ, μƒˆμš°λŠ”
01:54
into forming these conspicuous colored swarms
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ν”ŒλΌλ°κ³ κ°€ μ‰½κ²Œ μ•Œμ•„μ±„μ„œ
μž‘μ•„ 먹을 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
01:58
that are easier for a flamingo to spot
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02:00
and to devour,
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μƒˆμš°λ“€μ΄ λˆˆμ— λ„λŠ” μƒ‰μ˜ 집단을 이루도둝 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
and that is the secret of the Artemia swarm.
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그리고 이것이 λ°”λ‘œ μ•„λ₯΄ν…Œλ―Έμ•„ μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ 비밀이죠.
02:05
They aren't sociable through their own volition,
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그듀은 μ˜μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œ 집단을 μ΄λ£¨λŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:07
but because they are being controlled.
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μ‘°μ’…λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
It's not safety in numbers.
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μ΄λŠ” μ•ˆμ „μ„ μœ„ν•΄ λͺ¨μ΄λŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹Œ,
그의 μ •λ°˜λŒ€μ˜ 이유둜 λͺ¨μΈκ±°μ£ .
02:11
It's actually the exact opposite.
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μ΄ŒμΆ©μ€ μƒˆμš°λ“€μ˜ λ‡Œμ™€ λͺΈμ„ λΉΌμ•—μ•„
02:13
The tapeworm hijacks their brains and their bodies,
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02:16
turning them into vehicles
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이λ₯Ό 그듀이 ν”ŒλΌλ°κ³ μ˜ λͺΈμ— 도달할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ”
02:17
for getting itself into a flamingo.
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μžκ°€μš©μœΌλ‘œ μ΄μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
자, 이 μ‚¬μ§„μ˜ μžˆλŠ” 곀좩은 기생성 μ‘°μž‘μ˜
02:21
And here is another example
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02:22
of a parasitic manipulation.
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λ˜λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
This is a suicidal cricket.
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μ΄λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ μžμ‚΄μ„± 곱등이죠.
이 κ³±λ“±μ΄λŠ” μ—°κ°€μ‹œμ˜ μ•Œμ„
02:28
This cricket swallowed the larvae of a Gordian worm,
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02:31
or horsehair worm.
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삼킨 μƒνƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
The worm grew to adult size within it,
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κ·Έ μ—°κ°€μ‹œλŠ” κ³±λ“±μ΄μ˜ λͺΈ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μ™„μ „νžˆ μ„±μˆ™ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
02:35
but it needs to get into water in order to mate,
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λ²ˆμ‹μ„ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 물에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
and it does that by releasing proteins
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μ—°κ°€μ‹œλŠ” κ³±λ“±μ΄μ˜ λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ‘°μž‘μ‹œν‚€λŠ”
02:41
that addle the cricket's brain,
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ‚΄λΏœμœΌλ‘œμ¨
02:43
causing it to behave erratically.
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곱등이가 λΉ„μ •μƒμ μœΌλ‘œ ν–‰λ™ν•˜λ„λ‘ μœ λ„ν•˜μ£ .
02:45
When the cricket nears a body of water,
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λ‡Œκ°€ μ‘°μž‘λœ 곱등이가 수영μž₯κ³Ό 같은
02:47
such as this swimming pool,
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κ³ μ—¬μžˆλŠ” 물에 κ°€κΉŒμ›Œμ§€λ©΄,
02:48
it jumps in and drowns,
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μ΄λŠ” λ¬Όμ†μœΌλ‘œ λ›°μ–΄λ‚΄λ €μ„œ μ΅μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
and the worm wriggles out
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그리고 μ—°κ°€μ‹œλŠ” μžμ‚΄ν•œ κ³±λ“±μ΄μ˜ μ‹œμ²΄μ—μ„œ
02:52
of its suicidal corpse.
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κΏˆν‹€κ±°λ¦¬λ©° λ‚˜μ˜€μ£ .
곱등이 μ•ˆμ— μ΄λ ‡κ²Œλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ 곡간이 μžˆμ„ 쀄은 λˆ„κ°€ μ•Œμ•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?.
02:56
Crickets are really roomy. Who knew?
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촌좩과 μ—°κ°€μ‹œλŠ” 이런 λ₯˜μ˜ λ™λ¬Όμ˜ μœ μΌν•œ μ˜ˆκ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
The tapeworm and the Gordian worm are not alone.
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03:03
They are part of an entire cavalcade
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이듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ 곰팑이, λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€, μ• λ²Œλ ˆ, 그리고 κ³€μΆ© λ“±μœΌλ‘œ 이루어진,
03:05
of mind-controlling parasites,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μˆ™μ£Όμ˜ μ˜μ‹μ„
03:07
of fungi, viruses, and worms and insects and more
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νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜κ³  λ°”κΎΈλŠ”λ° 전문인
03:11
that all specialize in subverting and overriding
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λ‡Œ μ‘°μž‘ κΈ°μƒλ¬Όμ˜ μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜
03:13
the wills of their hosts.
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일뢀일 뿐이죠.
03:16
Now, I first learned about this way of life
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μ €λŠ” 20λ…„ 정도 전에 데이빗 μ•„ν…λ³΄λ‘œμ˜ "μ‚Άμ˜ μ—­κ²½"을
03:17
through David Attenborough's "Trials of Life"
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톡에 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‚Άμ˜ 방식을
03:20
about 20 years ago,
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처음 μ ‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
그리고 μ €μ˜ 쒋은 친ꡬ의 μΉ΄λ₯Ό μ§€λ¨Έμ˜ "기생좩 λ ‰μŠ€"λΌλŠ”
03:22
and then later through a wonderful book called
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03:23
"Parasite Rex" by my friend Carl Zimmer.
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ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ 책을 톡해 같은 μ£Όμ œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ‹€μ‹œ ν•œλ²ˆ μ ‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
03:26
And I've been writing about these creatures ever since.
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그리고 κ·Έλ•ŒλΆ€ν„° μ €λŠ” κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ 이 생물듀에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ¨μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
Few topics in biology enthrall me more.
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μƒλ¬Όν•™μ—μ„œ 이보닀 μ €μ˜ 관심을 λ„λŠ” μ£Όμ œλŠ” λ“œλ­…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
It's like the parasites have subverted my own brain.
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μ΄λŠ” 마치 이 기생물듀이 μ €μ˜ λ‡Œ λ§ˆμ €λ„ μ‘°μž‘μ‹œν‚¨ λ“― ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
사싀, 이듀은 항상 μ‹ λΉ„λ‘œμš°λ©°
03:35
Because after all, they are always compelling
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03:37
and they are delightfully macabre.
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λ†€λžκ²Œλ„ λ¬΄μ‹œλ¬΄μ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
When you write about parasites,
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기생물에 λŒ€ν•΄ 글을 μ“Έλ•Œλ©΄,
03:40
your lexicon swells with phrases like
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λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ 사전은 "μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ±„λ‘œ μ‚ΌμΌœμ§„λ‹€"
03:42
"devoured alive" and "bursts out of its body."
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"λͺΈμ— μ°’κ³  λ‚˜μ˜¨λ‹€" λ“±κ³Ό 같은 ꡬ둜 κ°€λ“μ°¨κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
03:46
But there's more to it than that.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 더 κΉŠμ€ μ΄μœ κ°€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
I'm a writer, and fellow writers in the audience
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μ €λŠ” μž‘κ°€κ³ , κ΄€μ€‘μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ 쀑 μž‘κ°€λΆ„μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
03:50
will know that we love stories.
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우리 μž‘κ°€λ“€μ€ 이야기λ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 잘 μ•Œκ³  계싀 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
기생좩듀은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ»”ν•œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜ μœ ν˜Ήμ„
03:53
Parasites invite us to resist the allure
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03:55
of obvious stories.
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뿌리칠 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ£Όμ£ .
03:57
Their world is one of plot twists
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그듀은 세상은 λ°˜μ „κ³Ό
03:59
and unexpected explanations.
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μ˜ˆμƒμΉ˜ λͺ»ν•œ μ„€λͺ…λ“€λ‘œ κ°€λ“ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ™œλƒκ³ μš”? 자, 예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄,
04:03
Why, for example,
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04:04
does this caterpillar
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κ³Όμ—° 이 μ• λ²Œλ ˆλŠ”
04:06
start violently thrashing about
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μ € 고치λ₯Ό λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
04:08
when another insect gets close to it
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 곀좩이
04:10
and those white cocoons that it seems
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λ‹€κ°€κ°€λ©΄
04:12
to be standing guard over?
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λͺΈμ„ λ§Ήλ ¬ν•˜κ²Œ 흔듀기 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
04:14
Is it maybe protecting its siblings?
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ μžμ‹ μ˜ ν˜•μ œλ“€μ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜λ €λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
No.
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04:18
This caterpillar was attacked
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이 μ• λ²Œλ ˆλŠ” 기생적인 λ§λ²Œμ—κ²Œ
04:20
by a parasitic wasp which laid eggs inside it.
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κ³΅κ²©λ‹Ήν–ˆκ³ , λͺΈμ†μ— 말벌이 μ•Œμ„ 낳은 μƒνƒœμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
The eggs hatched and the young wasps
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κ·Έ μ•Œλ“€μ„ 까고 λ‚˜μ˜¨ μ–΄λ¦° λ§λ²Œμ€
04:24
devoured the caterpillar alive
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μ• λ²Œλ ˆ λͺΈμ„ μ°’κ³  λ‚˜μ˜€κΈ° 전에
04:26
before bursting out of its body.
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μ‚°μ±„λ‘œ μ• λ²Œλ ˆλ₯Ό λ¨ΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
See what I mean?
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이제 제말이 무슨 λœ»μΈμ§€ μ•Œκ² μ£ ?
자, μ• λ²Œλ ˆλŠ” 아직 죽지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
Now, the caterpillar didn't die.
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λͺ‡λͺ‡μ˜ λ§λ²Œμ€ λ‚¨μ•„μ„œ
04:33
Some of the wasps seemed to stay behind
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04:35
and controlled it into defending their siblings
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μ•  벌레λ₯Ό μ‘°μ’…ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
04:38
which are metamorphosing
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κ³ μΉ˜μ†μ—μ„œ μ„±μ²΄λ‘œ λ³€νƒœν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”
04:40
into adults within those cocoons.
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ν˜•μ œλ“€μ„ λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κ³  있죠.
04:42
This caterpillar is a head-banging zombie bodyguard
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이 μ• λ²Œλ ˆλŠ” μžμ‹ μ„ 죽인 자의
04:46
defending the offspring
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아이듀을 지킀고 μžˆλŠ”
04:47
of the creature that killed it.
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ν—€λ“œλ±…μž‰ μ’€λΉ„ λ³΄λ‹€κ°€λ“œμΈ μ…ˆμ΄μ£ .
04:49
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
04:53
We have a lot to get through. I only have 13 minutes. (Laughter)
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μ €μ—κ²Œ 주어진 13λΆ„λ™μ•ˆ 아직 μ–˜κΈ°ν•΄μ•Ό 될 λ‚΄μš©μ΄ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.(μ›ƒμŒ)
자 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€‘ λͺ‡λͺ‡μ€ λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ
04:57
Now, some of you are probably just
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04:59
desperately clawing for some solace
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이 동물듀은 μžμ—°μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄λ©° κ΄΄μ§œλ“€μ΄λΌλŠ”
05:01
in the idea that these things are oddities
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μƒκ°μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 평화λ₯Ό μ°ΎκΈ° μœ„ν•΄
05:04
of the natural world, that they are outliers,
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ν•„μ‚¬μ μœΌλ‘œ λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜κ³  계싀 κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” 생각이 λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:06
and that point of view is understandable,
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그리고 κ·Έ 관점은 이해 κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
because by their nature, parasites are quite small
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그듀은 λ³ΈλŠ₯적으둜, κ½€λ‚˜ μž‘κ³ 
05:10
and they spend a lot of their time
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 생λͺ…μ²΄μ˜ λͺΈμ†μ—μ„œ
05:11
inside the bodies of other things.
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λ§Žμ€ μ‹œκ°„μ„ 보내기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
그듀을 λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜κΈ°μ—” 맀우 μ‰½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:14
They're easy to overlook,
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05:16
but that doesn't mean that they aren't important.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŠ” 이듀이 μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” 뜻이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
A few years back, a man called Kevin Lafferty
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λͺ‡λ…„ 전에, μΌ€λΉˆ λ ˆνΌν‹°λΌλŠ” λ‚¨μžκ°€
05:21
took a group of scientists into three Californian estuaries
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κ³Όν•™μžμ˜ λͺ¨μž„을 데리고 3개의 μΊ˜λ¦¬ν¬λ‹ˆμ•„ 강어귀에 λ“€λ Έμ£ .
05:24
and they pretty much weighed and dissected
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그리고 그듀은 μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 손에 λ‹ΏλŠ”
05:26
and recorded everything they could find,
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λͺ¨λ“  것듀은 재고, ν•΄λΆ€ν•˜κ³ , κΈ°λ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
결과적으둜, 그듀이 μ°Ύμ•„ λ‚Έ 사싀은
05:28
and what they found
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05:29
were parasites in extreme abundance.
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μžμ—°κ³„μ— 기생좩듀은 ν’λΆ€ν•˜κ²Œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:32
Especially common were trematodes,
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특히 μžμ‹ μ˜ μˆ™μ£Όλ₯Ό κ±°μ„Έμ‹œν‚€λŠ”λ° 전문인
05:34
tiny worms that specialize in castrating their hosts
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μž‘μ€ 흑좩λ₯˜μ˜ μ—λ²Œλ ˆλ“€μ΄ ν’λΆ€ν–ˆμ£ .
05:37
like this unfortunate snail.
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이 λΆˆμŒν•œ λ‹¬νŒ½μ΄λ„ 그의 ν”Όν•΄μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
Now, a single trematode is tiny, microscopic,
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자, ν•œ 마리의 흑측λ₯˜λŠ” 맀우 μž‘μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:42
but collectively they weighed as much
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이듀을 λͺ¨λ‘ λͺ¨μ•„μ„œ μŸ€μ„ λ•Œ,
05:44
as all the fish in the estuaries
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κ·Έ 강어귀에 μ‚΄λ˜ λͺ¨λ“  물고기의 λ¬΄κ²Œμ™€ λ™μΌν–ˆμœΌλ©°,
05:46
and three to nine times more than all the birds.
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λͺ¨λ“  μƒˆλ“€μ˜ 무게의 μ„Έλ°° λ˜λŠ” 넀배와 λ™μΌν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:50
And remember the Gordian worm that I showed you,
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그리고 μ œκ°€ μ•„κΉŒ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦° μ—°κ°€μ‹œ κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
05:52
the cricket thing?
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05:53
One Japanese scientist called Takuya Sato
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κ·Έ 곱등이 μ•ˆμ— 있던 κ±° λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
타쿠야 μ‚¬ν† λΌλŠ” μ΄λ¦„μ˜ ν•œ 일본 κ³Όν•™μžλŠ”
ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ‹œλ‚΄μ—
05:56
found that in one stream,
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이 μ—°κ°€μ‹œλ“€μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ 수의 곱등이와
05:58
these things drive so many crickets
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06:00
and grasshoppers into the water
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λ©”λšœκΈ°λ₯Ό 물속에 λ„£μ–΄λ†¨μœΌλ©΄
06:01
that the drowned insects
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μ΅μ‚¬ν•œ 곀좩듀이
06:02
make up some 60 percent of the diet of local trout.
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κ·Έ μ‹œλ‚΄μ— μ‚¬λŠ” μˆ­μ–΄ 먹이의 60νΌμ„ΌνŠΈ 정도λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
Manipulation is not an oddity.
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μ‘°μž‘μ€ μžμ—°κ³„μ˜ κ΄΄μ§œκ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:09
It is a critical and common part
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μ΄λŠ” 우리 μ£Όλ³€ μ„Έμƒμ˜
06:12
of the world around us,
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μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ³  기본적인 뢀뢄이죠.
06:13
and scientists have now found
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뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€
06:15
hundreds of examples of such manipulators,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κΈ°μƒμΆ©λ“€μ˜ λͺ‡λ°±κ°œμ˜ 예λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λƒˆμ§€μš”.
06:17
and more excitingly, they're starting to understand
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그리고 λ”μš± ν₯λ―Έλ‘­κ²Œλ„, κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이듀이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ
06:20
exactly how these creatures control their hosts.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μˆ™μ£Όλ₯Ό μ‘°μ’…ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ„ μ •ν™•νžˆ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그리고 λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” μ œκ°€ 제일 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” 예 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:24
And this is one of my favorite examples.
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06:26
This is Ampulex compressa,
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이 곀좩은 λ³΄μ„λ§λ²Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:29
the emerald cockroach wasp,
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μ—λ©”λž„λ“œ μƒ‰μ˜ λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆ 말벌이죠.
06:31
and it is a truth universally acknowledged
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그리고 λ²”μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ§„ 사싀에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄,
06:33
that an emerald cockroach wasp in possession
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μ•Œμ„ ν’ˆμ€
06:35
of some fertilized eggs
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보석 λ§λ²Œμ€
06:37
must be in want of a cockroach.
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λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆλ₯Ό 찾고자 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:39
When she finds one,
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이 곀좩이 λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆ ν•œλ§ˆλ¦¬λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Έλ‹€λ©΄,
06:41
she stabs it with a stinger
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λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆλ₯Ό 신경기관이기도 ν•œ 그의 침으둜
06:43
that is also a sense organ.
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μ°Œλ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:44
This discovery came out three weeks ago.
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삼주전에 λ°œν‘œλœ 결과에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄,
06:47
She stabs it with a stinger that is a sense organ
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λ§λ²Œμ€ λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆ λ‡Œμ˜ 맛과 μ§ˆκ°μ„
06:49
equipped with small sensory bumps
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λŠλ‚„μˆ˜ μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ” μž‘μ€ μ‹ κ²½ λ΄‰μš°λ¦¬λ‘œ λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹ΈμΈ
06:51
that allow her to feel the distinctive texture
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침으둜 λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆμ˜ λ‡Œλ₯Ό
06:54
of a roach's brain.
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μ°Œλ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:56
So like a person blindly rooting about in a bag,
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즉, 가방속을 μž₯λ‹˜μ²˜λŸΌ λ”λ“¬μ–΄λŒ€λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ²˜λŸΌ,
λ§λ²Œμ€ λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ°Ύκ³ , λ‘κ°œμ˜ νŠΉμ •ν•œ λ‰΄λŸ° μ§‘ν•©μ†μœΌλ‘œ
06:59
she finds the brain, and she injects it with venom
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07:01
into two very specific clusters of neurons.
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독을 μ£Όμž…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ΄μŠ€λΌμ—˜μ˜ κ³Όν•™μžμΈ ν”„λ ˆλ“œλ¦­ λ¦¬λ²„μ‚¬νŠΈμ™€ 람 κ°ˆμ€
07:05
Israeli scientists Frederic Libersat and Ram Gal
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07:08
found that the venom is a very specific chemical weapon.
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κ·Έ 독이 맀우 νŠΉλ³„ν•œ ν™”ν•™ λ¬΄κΈ°λž€ 사싀을 λ°ν˜€λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:12
It doesn't kill the roach, nor does it sedate it.
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이 독은 κ·Έ λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆλ₯Ό μ£½μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ λ§ˆμ·¨μ‹œν‚€μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:15
The roach could walk away
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κ·Έ λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆλŠ” μ›ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ λ‹¬μ•„λ‚˜κ±°λ‚˜,
07:17
or fly or run if it chose to,
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λ‚ μ•„κ°€κ±°λ‚˜, λ›°μ–΄μ„œ λ‹¬μ•„λ‚ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:20
but it doesn't choose to,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έκ±Έ μ›ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
07:22
because the venom nixes its motivation to walk,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έ 독은 λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆμ˜ κ±·κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 동기λ₯Ό μ—†μ• κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
07:25
and only that.
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그리고 κ·Έκ²ƒλ§Œμ΄ κ·Έ 독이 ν•˜λŠ” μœ μΌν•œ μ—­ν™œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
The wasp basically un-checks the escape-from-danger box
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κ·Έ λ§λ²Œμ€ μœ„ν—˜μ—μ„œ λ„λ§μΉ˜λΌλŠ” λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆμ˜ μ˜μ‹μ„
07:30
in the roach's operating system,
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μ—†μ• λ²„λ¦¬λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:32
allowing her to lead her helpless victim
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μ΄λŠ” κ·Έ 말벌이 마치 강아지λ₯Ό μ‚°μ±…μ‹œν‚€λŠ”
07:35
back to her lair by its antennae
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μ‚¬λžŒμ²˜λŸΌ 더듬이을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆλ₯Ό
07:37
like a person walking a dog.
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μžμ‹ μ˜ ꡴둜 데리고 올 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ£Όμ£ .
07:40
And once there, she lays an egg on it,
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그리고 μžμ‹ μ˜ ꡴에 λ„μ°©ν•œ μˆœκ°„, κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆ μ•ˆμ— μ•Œμ„ λ‚³κ³ ,
07:41
egg hatches, devoured alive, bursts out of body,
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κ·Έ μ•Œμ„ κΉ¨κ³  λ‚˜μ˜¨ λ§λ²Œμ€ μ‚°μ±„λ‘œ λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆλ₯Ό 먹은 후에, μ‹œμ²΄λ₯Ό μ°’κ³  λ‚˜μ˜¨ν›„,
λ“± λ“± λ“±, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ 이미 μ•Œκ³ κ³„μ‹  κ·Έ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 과정을 λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜μ£ .
07:44
yadda yadda yadda, you know the drill.
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07:46
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(μ›ƒμŒ) (λ°•μˆ˜)
자, κ·Έ λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆκ°€ 침을 λ§žμ€ 이상, μ΄λŠ”
07:49
Now I would argue that, once stung,
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07:52
the cockroach isn't a roach anymore.
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더이상 κ·Έ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  μ €λŠ” 감히 말할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
It's more of an extension of the wasp,
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μ΄λŠ” κ·Έ 말벌의 일뢀에 λ”μš± 가깝죠.
07:56
just like the cricket was an extension of the Gordian worm.
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마치 κ·Έ 곱등이가 μ—°κ°€μ‹œμ˜ 일뢀가 λ˜μ—ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ 말이죠.
07:59
These hosts won't get to survive or reproduce.
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κ°μ—Όλœ μˆ™μ£Όλ“€μ€ 더이상 생쑴 λ˜λŠ” λ²ˆμ‹μ΄ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:02
They have as much control over their own fates
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이듀은 마치 제 μžλ™μ°¨μ²˜λŸΌ μžμ‹ μ˜ 운λͺ…에 λŒ€ν•œ μ•„λ¬΄λŸ°
08:04
as my car.
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영ν–₯λ ₯이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
기생좩이 μˆ™μ£Όμ˜ λͺΈμ— λ“€μ–΄κ°„ 이상,
08:06
Once the parasites get in,
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08:07
the hosts don't get a say.
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이듀은 더이상 μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° ꢌ리 μ‘°μ°¨ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
자, 우리 인간듀도 μ •μ‹ μ‘°μž‘κ³Ό 멀리
08:10
Now humans, of course,
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08:11
are no stranger to manipulation.
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λ–¨μ–΄μ Έ μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒλ§Œμ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:13
We take drugs to shift the chemistries of our brains
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‡Œμ˜ μž‘μš©μ„ λ³€κ²½ν•˜μ—¬ 기뢄을 μ „ν™˜μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
08:15
and to change our moods,
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약을 μ„­μ·¨ν•˜μ£ .
08:17
and what are arguments or advertising or big ideas
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그리고 μ£Όμž₯μ΄λ‚˜, κ΄‘κ³ , λ˜λŠ” 야심찬 생각듀 λ˜ν•œ
08:21
if not an attempt to influence someone else's mind?
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사싀상 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 생각을 λ°”κΎΈλ €λŠ” 것과 닀름 μ—†μ£ .
08:24
But our attempts at doing this
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 우리 μΈκ°„λ“€μ˜ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ…Έλ ₯은
08:26
are crude and blundering compared
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κΈ°μƒλ¬Όλ“€μ˜ λ‚ μΉ΄λ‘œμš΄ 정확도에 λΉ„ν•˜λ©΄
08:28
to the fine-grained specificity of the parasites.
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μ‘°μž‘ν•˜κ³  λΆ€μ •ν™•ν•  λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:31
Don Draper only wishes he was as elegant
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돈 λ“œλ ˆμ΄νΌλŠ” μžμ‹ μ΄ 보석 말벌 μ •λ„λ§Œ
08:33
and precise as the emerald cockroach wasp.
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μ •ν™•ν•˜κ³  ν’ˆμœ„μžˆκΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λž„ 뿐이죠.
자, μ €λŠ” 이 점이 λ°”λ‘œ 기생물듀을
08:38
Now, I think this is part of what makes parasites
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08:42
so sinister and so compelling.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜λ„ μ‚¬μ•…ν•˜κ³  ν₯미둜운 쑴재둜 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 우리의 자유둜운 μ˜μ§€μ™€
08:45
We place such a premium on our free will
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08:47
and our independence
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독립에 λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜λ„ μ»€λ‹€λž€ μ€‘μš”μ„±μ„ 두기에
08:48
that the prospect of losing those qualities
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보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” 무λ ₯에 μ˜ν•΄
08:50
to forces unseen
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 미덕을 μžƒλŠ” λ‹€λŠ” 점은
08:51
informs many of our deepest societal fears.
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μ‚¬νšŒμ  두렀움을 λΆˆλŸ¬μΌμœΌν‚€μ£ .
08:54
Orwellian dystopias and shadowy cabals
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μ˜€μ›°μ  λ””μŠ€ν† νŒŒμ•„λ‚˜ 그림자 음λͺ¨,
08:57
and mind-controlling supervillains --
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그리고 정신을 μ§€λ°°ν•˜λŠ” 악당듀이
08:59
these are tropes that fill our darkest fiction,
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우리의 κ°€μž₯ 큰 κ±±μ •κ³Ό μš°λ €μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, μžμ—°κ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 것듀이 항상 μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:02
but in nature, they happen all the time.
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이 사싀은 μ €μ—κ²Œ λ»”ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
09:07
Which leads me to an obvious
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09:09
and disquieting question:
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λΆˆνŽΈν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•˜λ‚˜ ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
09:11
Are there dark, sinister parasites
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œμ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
09:13
that are influencing our behavior
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우리의 행동에 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ”
09:15
without us knowing about it,
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μ–΄λ‘‘κ³  λΆˆκΈΈν•œ 기생물이 κ³Όμ—° μ‘΄μž¬ν• κΉŒμš”?
09:17
besides the NSA?
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λ¬Όλ‘ , NSAλ₯Ό μ œμ™Έν•˜κ³  λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
정말 이런 기생물이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
09:20
If there are any β€”
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09:21
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)(λ°•μˆ˜)
제 μ΄λ§ˆμ— 뢉은 점이 ν•˜λ‚˜ μžˆμ§€ μ•Šλ‚˜μš”?
09:25
I've got a red dot on my forehead now, don't I?
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09:27
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
09:30
If there are any, this is a good candidate for them.
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λ§Œμ•½μ΄ 이런 기생물이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λ©΄, 이것이 λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ 생물일 κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ†’μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:33
This is Toxoplasma gondii, or Toxo, for short,
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이것은 ν†‘μ†Œν¬μžμΆ©μ˜ μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ§§κ²ŒλŠ” ν†‘μ†ŒλΌκ³ λ„ λΆ€λ₯΄μ§€μš”.
09:36
because the terrifying creature
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09:37
always deserves a cute nickname.
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λ¬΄μ„œμš΄ 동물듀은 항상
κ·€μ—¬μš΄ 별λͺ…을 받을 자격이 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
ν†‘μ†ŒλŠ” 포유λ₯˜μ— μΉ¨νˆ¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:40
Toxo infects mammals,
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09:42
a wide variety of mammals,
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이 기생물은 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 포유λ₯˜μ— μΉ¨νˆ¬ν•˜μ£ .
09:43
but it can only sexually reproduce in a cat.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 였직 고양이 μ•ˆμ—μ„œλ§Œ λ²ˆμ‹μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:47
And scientists like Joanne Webster have shown that
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μ‘°μ•ˆ μ›ΉμŠ€ν„°μ™€ 같은 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ§Œμ•½ ν†‘μ†Œκ°€
09:49
if Toxo gets into a rat or a mouse,
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μ₯λ‚˜ 생μ₯μ˜ λͺΈμ— λ“€μ–΄κ°€λ©΄, κ·Έ μ„€μΉ˜λ₯˜λ₯Ό
09:52
it turns the rodent into a cat-seeking missile.
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고양이 탐색 λ―Έμ‚¬μΌλ‘œ λ°”κΎΌλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 λ°ν˜€λƒˆμ£ .
09:55
If the infected rat smells the delightful odor
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λ§Œμ•½ κ°μ—Όλœ μ₯κ°€ 고양이 였쀌의 즐거운 ν–₯κΈ°λ₯Ό
09:58
of cat piss,
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맑게 되면,
09:59
it runs towards the source of the smell
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쒀더 ν˜„λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ 도망가기 λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”,
10:02
rather than the more sensible direction of away.
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κ·Έ λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό ν–₯ν•΄ λ‹¬λ €κ°€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ³ μ–‘μ΄λŠ” μ₯λ₯Ό λ¨Ήκ³ , ν†‘μ†ŒλŠ” μ„ΉμŠ€λ₯Ό ν•  수 있게되죠.
10:06
The cat eats the rat. Toxo gets to have sex.
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10:08
It's a classic tale of Eat, Prey, Love.
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λ¨Ήκ³ , κΈ°λ„ν•˜κ³ , μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜λΌμ˜ 고전적인 μ˜ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)(λ°•μˆ˜)
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜λ„ μžλΉ„λ‘­κ³  κ΄€λŒ€ν•œ λΆ„λ“€μ΄μ„Έμš”.
10:19
You're very charitable, generous people.
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μ—˜λ¦¬μžλ² μŠ€ μ•ˆλ…•, λ„ˆ κ°•μ˜ μž˜λ“€μ—ˆμ–΄.
10:22
Hi, Elizabeth, I loved your talk.
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그럼 κ·Έ 기생물은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 그의 μˆ™μ£Όλ₯Ό
10:25
How does the parasite control its host
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10:28
in this way?
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μ‘°μ’…ν• κΉŒμš”?
10:29
We don't really know.
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μš°λ¦¬λ„ μ •ν™•νžˆ μ•Œμ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:31
We know that Toxo releases an enzyme
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μœ μΌν•˜κ²Œ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” 사싀은 ν†‘μ†Œκ°€ 보상과
10:32
that makes dopamine, a substance involved
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동기뢀여와 κ΄€λ ¨λœ 성뢄인 λ„νŒŒλ―Όμ„ μƒμ„±ν•˜λŠ”
10:34
in reward and motivation.
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μ—”μžμž„μ„ λ°°μΆœν•΄λ‚Έλ‹€λŠ” 것 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:36
We know it targets certain parts of a rodent's brain,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 기생물이 특히 μ„±μš•κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ μ„€μΉ˜λ₯˜ λ‡Œμ˜
νŠΉμ •λΆ€λΆ„μ„ λ…Έλ¦°λ‹€λŠ” 사싀 λ˜ν•œ μ•Œκ³  있죠.
10:39
including those involved in sexual arousal.
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10:41
But how those puzzle pieces fit together
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이 λͺ¨λ“  것듀이 퍼즐쑰각처럼
10:43
is not immediately clear.
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μ—°κ²°λ˜λŠ”μ§€λŠ” 아직 ν™•μ‹€ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:45
What is clear is that this thing
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν•œκ°€μ§€ ν™•μ‹€ν•œ 점은
10:47
is a single cell.
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이 기생물이 단세포 μƒλ¬Όμ΄λΌλŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:49
This has no nervous system.
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이 생물은 μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° 신경계λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©°,
10:50
It has no consciousness.
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μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° μ˜μ‹λ˜ν•œ κ°–κ³  μžŠμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:51
It doesn't even have a body.
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μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” μ‹ μ²΄λ˜ν•œ μ§€λ‹ˆκ³  μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:53
But it's manipulating a mammal?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런게 포유λ₯˜λ₯Ό μ‘°μ’…ν•œλ‹€κ³ μš”?
10:55
We are mammals.
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우리 인간듀 λ˜ν•œ 포유λ₯˜ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μ₯ ν•œλ§ˆλ¦¬λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” ν˜„λͺ…ν•˜μ£ .
10:57
We are more intelligent than a mere rat, to be sure,
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10:59
but our brains have the same basic structure,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 우리의 λ‡ŒλŠ” λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 기본적인 ꡬ쑰둜 μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ Έμžˆκ³ ,
11:02
the same types of cells,
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같은 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 세포λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹ˆκ³  있으며,
11:03
the same chemicals running through them,
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같은 ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆμ΄ κ·Έ 세포듀을 타고 νλ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:05
and the same parasites.
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뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, 같은 기생물에 영ν–₯을 받기도 ν•˜μ£ .
11:07
Estimates vary a lot, but some figures suggest
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견적은 항상 λ°”λ€ŒκΈ°μ•Ό ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, λͺ‡λͺ‡μ˜ μˆ«μžλ“€μ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄κΈ°λ₯Ό
11:09
that one in three people around the world
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전세계 인ꡬ의 μ„Έλͺ…쀑 ν•œλͺ…μ˜ λ‡Œκ°€
ν†‘μ†Œμ— κ°μ—Όλ˜ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:12
have Toxo in their brains.
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11:13
Now typically, this doesn't lead to any overt illness.
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ν†‘μ†Œμ˜ 감염은 우리λ₯Ό κ²‰μœΌλ‘œ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚˜λŠ” 병에 걸리게 ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ£ .
11:17
The parasite holds up in a dormant state
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이 기생물은 λ§Žμ€ κΈ°κ°„λ™μ•ˆ
11:19
for a long period of time.
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움직이지 μ•ŠλŠ” νœ΄μ§€ μƒνƒœμ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λͺ‡λͺ‡μ˜ 증거에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄, 이 기생물에 κ°μ—Όλœ μžλ“€μ€
11:21
But there's some evidence that those people
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11:23
who are carriers score slightly differently
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성격 κ²€μ‚¬μ—μ„œ λΉ„κ°μ—Όμžμ™€
살짝 λ‹€λ₯Έ λŒ€λ‹΅μ„ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것이 λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:26
on personality questionnaires than other people,
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11:29
that they have a slightly higher risk of car accidents,
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κ°μ—Όμžλ“€μ€ 쒀더 높은 μ°¨μ‚¬κ³ μ˜ μœ„ν—˜μ΄ 있으며,
11:31
and there's some evidence that people with schizophrenia
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정신뢄열증 ν™˜μžκ°€ 이에 감염될 ν•™λ₯ μ΄ λ”μš±
11:34
are more likely to be infected.
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높을 κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” 증거 λ˜ν•œ 있죠.
11:36
Now, I think this evidence is still inconclusive,
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μ €λŠ” 이 증거듀이 아직도 μ™„μ „νžˆ ν™•μ‹€ν•˜μ§„ μ•Šλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:39
and even among Toxo researchers,
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그리고 ν†‘μ†Œ 연ꡬ원듀 μ€‘μ—μ„œλ„,
11:40
opinion is divided as to whether the parasite
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μ •λ§λ‘œ κ·Έ 기생물이 우리의 행동에
11:43
is truly influencing our behavior.
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영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ”μ§€ 주지 μ•ŠλŠ”μ§€λ‘œ 의견이 κ°ˆλ €μžˆκΈ°λŠ” ν•˜μ£ .
11:45
But given the widespread nature of such manipulations,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 κΈ°μƒλ¬Όλ“€μ˜ μ‘°μž‘μ΄ μžμ—°κ³„μ— 널리 νΌμ ΈμžˆλŠ” 점을 보아,
11:48
it would be completely implausible
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μΈκ°„λ§Œμ΄ 기생물 μ‘°μž‘μ˜ μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° 영ν–₯을
11:50
for humans to be the only species
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받지 μ•Šμ„ μœ μΌν•œ 쒅일 것이라고 λ‹¨μ •μ§“λŠ” 것은
11:51
that weren't similarly affected.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ 비논리적일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 세상을 λ°”λΌλ³΄λŠ” μ‹œκ°μ„
11:54
And I think that this capacity to constantly
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11:59
subvert our way of thinking about the world
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μ™„μ „νžˆ νŒŒκ΄΄μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ” κΈ°μƒλ¬Όλ“€μ˜
12:02
makes parasites amazing.
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λŠ₯λ ₯이 맀우 λ†€λžλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:03
They're constantly inviting us to look at the natural world sideways,
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이듀은 항상 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μžμ—°κ³„λ₯Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©ν–₯μ—μ„œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 해쀄 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
12:06
and to ask if the behaviors we're seeing,
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우리 λˆˆμ— λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 행동듀이 κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ³ 
12:09
whether they're simple and obvious
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λ»”ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜, ν˜Ήμ€ λ‹Ήν˜ΉμŠ€λŸ½κ³ 
12:10
or baffling and puzzling,
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μˆ˜μƒν•œμ§€μ— 관계없이, 각자의
12:12
are not the results of individuals
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μ˜μ§€μ— μ˜ν•΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
12:14
acting through their own accord
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 자의 쑰쒅에 μ˜ν•΄
12:15
but because they are being bent
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κ·Έ 행동듀이 νœ˜μ–΄μ Έμ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€μ˜ 여뢀에 λŒ€ν•΄
12:17
to the control of something else.
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항상 μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œ μ§ˆλ¬Έν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ£Όμ£ .
μ„€λ Ή 이 아이디어가 λΆˆνŽΈν•˜λ”λΌλ„,
12:20
And while that idea may be disquieting,
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12:22
and while parasites' habits may be very grisly,
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μ„€λ Ή κΈ°μƒλ¬Όλ“€μ˜ 행동이 μ†Œλ¦„λΌμΉœλ‹€ν•˜λ”λΌλ„,
12:25
I think that ability to surprise us
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우리λ₯Ό λ†€λΌκ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λŠ₯λ ₯이
12:27
makes them as wonderful and as charismatic
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그듀을 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ νŒ¬λ”λ‚˜ λ‚˜λΉ„λ‚˜ λŒκ³ λž˜μ— λΉ„ν•΄
12:30
as any panda or butterfly or dolphin.
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λ”μš± λ†€λžκ³  카리슀마 μžˆλŠ” 쑴재둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:33
At the end of "On the Origin of Species,"
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찰슀 λ‹€μœˆμ€ "μ’…μ˜ 기원"의 결말에
12:35
Charles Darwin writes about the grandeur of life,
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μžμ—°μ˜ μ›…μž₯함과 μ§€κ·Ήνžˆ 아름닡고
12:38
and of endless forms most beautiful
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λ†€λΌμš΄ ν˜•νƒœλ“€μ˜ λμ—†λŠ” 탄생에
12:41
and most wonderful,
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λŒ€ν•΄ λ…Έλž˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
and I like to think he could easily have been talking
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έκ°€ 이 ꡬ절 μ†μ—μ„œ, 수λͺ…μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ„ 혼자 μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λŠ” μƒˆμš°λ₯Ό
12:45
about a tapeworm that makes shrimp sociable
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사ꡐ성 있게 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 촌좩과, λ°”ν€΄λ²Œλ ˆλ₯Ό
12:48
or a wasp that takes cockroaches for walks.
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μ‚°μ±…μ‹œν‚€λŠ” λ§λ²Œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ…Έλž˜ν–ˆλ˜ 것이라고 λ―Ώκ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄, 이 λͺ¨λ“  것이 제 μ•ˆμ˜ κΈ°μƒμΆ©μ˜ μƒκ°μ΄μ—ˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€μš”.
12:52
But perhaps, that's just a parasite talking.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:55
Thank you.
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12:56
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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