Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents' | James Flynn

3,119,473 views ใƒป 2013-09-26

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sieun Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Junbum Lee
00:12
We are going to take a quick voyage
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์ด์ œ ์ž ์‹œ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
00:15
over the cognitive history of the 20th century,
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์ธ์ง€ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
because during that century,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์—
00:20
our minds have altered dramatically.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
As you all know, the cars that people drove in 1900
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ 1900๋…„์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชฐ๋˜ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋Š”
00:26
have altered because the roads are better
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์ง„ ๋„๋กœ์™€
00:28
and because of technology.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ ฅ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
And our minds have altered, too.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
We've gone from people who confronted a concrete world
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์˜ˆ์ „์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
00:37
and analyzed that world primarily in terms
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๊ทธ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฃผ๋กœ
00:40
of how much it would benefit them
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:42
to people who confront a very complex world,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
00:47
and it's a world where we've had to develop
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๊ทธ ์„ธ์ƒ ์†์—์„œ
00:49
new mental habits, new habits of mind.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์‹ ์  ์Šต๊ด€, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์Šต๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
And these include things like
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
00:54
clothing that concrete world with classification,
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์‹ค์ฒด์ ์ธ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
00:59
introducing abstractions that we try to make
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๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š”
01:01
logically consistent,
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์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
01:04
and also taking the hypothetical seriously,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์„ค์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
that is, wondering about what might have been
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์ฆ‰ "๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ" ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
01:09
rather than what is.
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"๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ" ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
Now, this dramatic change was drawn to my attention
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€
01:15
through massive I.Q. gains over time,
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์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉฐ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„ IQ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
and these have been truly massive.
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์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์‹ค๋กœ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
That is, we don't just get a few more questions right
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด IQ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ
01:25
on I.Q. tests.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ๋” ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:27
We get far more questions right on I.Q. tests
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IQ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋‹น์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
01:30
than each succeeding generation
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์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก
01:32
back to the time that they were invented.
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์ ์  ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
Indeed, if you score the people a century ago
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งŒ์ผ 100๋…„์ „์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
01:39
against modern norms,
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:40
they would have an average I.Q. of 70.
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๊ทธ ํ‰๊ท  IQ๋Š” 70์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
If you score us against their norms,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด
01:46
we would have an average I.Q. of 130.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  IQ๋Š” 130์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:50
Now this has raised all sorts of questions.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์˜๋ฌธ์ ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
Were our immediate ancestors
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๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๋Šฅ์ด
01:55
on the verge of mental retardation?
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์ •๋ง ์ •์‹  ์ง€์ฒด ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:58
Because 70 is normally the score for mental retardation.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด 70์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ •์‹  ์ง€์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์น˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
02:02
Or are we on the verge of all being gifted?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜์žฌ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ˆ˜์ค€์ธ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
02:05
Because 130 is the cutting line for giftedness.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด 130์ด ์˜์žฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์น˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
Now I'm going to try and argue for a third alternative
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
that's much more illuminating than either of those,
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์ € ๋‘ ์ฃผ์žฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์กฐ๋ฆฌ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด์ฃ .
02:17
and to put this into perspective,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:19
let's imagine that a Martian came down to Earth
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ํ™”์„ฑ์ธ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ๋‚ด๋ ค์™€์„œ
02:22
and found a ruined civilization.
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๋ฉธ๋งํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ณ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:25
And this Martian was an archaeologist,
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์ด ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž ํ™”์„ฑ์ธ์€
02:28
and they found scores, target scores,
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์˜›๋‚  ์ง€๊ตฌ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ ์—ฐ์Šต์— ์ผ๋˜
02:30
that people had used for shooting.
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๊ณผ๋…์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
And first they looked at 1865,
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1865๋…„์˜ ๊ณผ๋…์„ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
02:36
and they found that in a minute,
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1๋ถ„ ์•ˆ์—
02:38
people had only put one bullet in the bullseye.
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๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ด์•Œ์ด ๊ณผ๋… ์ค‘์•™์— ๋ช…์ค‘ํ•ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:42
And then they found, in 1898,
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1898๋…„์˜ ๊ณผ๋…์„ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
02:44
that they'd put about five bullets in the bullseye in a minute.
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1๋ถ„ ์•ˆ์— 5๋ฐœ์˜ ์ด์•Œ์ด ๊ณผ๋… ์ค‘์•™์— ๋ช…์ค‘ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
And then about 1918 they put a hundred bullets in the bullseye.
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1918๋…„์˜ ๊ณผ๋…์—๋Š” 100๋ฐœ์˜ ์ด์•Œ์ด ๊ณผ๋… ์ค‘์•™์— ๋ช…์ค‘ํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
And initially, that archaeologist would be baffled.
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์ด ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ž๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:57
They would say, look, these tests were designed
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์•„๋งˆ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ด๊ฑฐ ๋ด, ์ด ๊ณผ๋…์€
02:59
to find out how much people were steady of hand,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์†์ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ 
03:03
how keen their eyesight was,
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
03:06
whether they had control of their weapon.
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๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•  ์ค„ ์•„๋Š”์ง€ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:08
How could these performances have escalated
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€
03:11
to this enormous degree?
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ง€?"
03:13
Well we now know, of course, the answer.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
If that Martian looked at battlefields,
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๋งŒ์ผ ๊ทธ ํ™”์„ฑ์ธ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:18
they would find that people had only muskets
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๋‚จ๋ถ ์ „์Ÿ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
03:21
at the time of the Civil War
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๋จธ์Šคํ‚ท์ด๋งŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:23
and that they had repeating rifles
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ-์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์ „์Ÿ ๋•Œ๋Š”
03:25
at the time of the Spanish-American War,
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์—ฐ์† ์†Œ์ด์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๊ณ 
03:28
and then they had machine guns
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1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ๋•Œ๋Š”
03:30
by the time of World War I.
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
And, in other words, it was the equipment
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๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์ฆ‰, ๊ณผ๋…์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ช…์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ฑด
03:35
that was in the hands of the average soldier
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๋‹น์‹œ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ธ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋˜
03:38
that was responsible, not greater keenness of eye
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๋ฌด๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์ง€, ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์ด ๋” ์ข‹์•„์กŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:41
or steadiness of hand.
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์†์ด ๋” ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
Now what we have to imagine is the mental artillery
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ฐฑ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์–ป์€
03:46
that we have picked up over those hundred years,
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์ •์‹ ์  ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:50
and I think again that another thinker will help us here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋Š”
03:54
and that's Luria.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
Luria looked at people
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๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด์ „์— ์‚ด์•˜๋˜
03:58
just before they entered the scientific age,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:02
and he found that these people
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
04:04
were resistant to classifying the concrete world.
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์‹ค์ฒด์ ์ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋ คํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
They wanted to break it up
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ทธ์ €
04:08
into little bits that they could use.
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์ž์‹ ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์กฐ๊ฐ ์ •๋„๋กœ๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
He found that they were resistant
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๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋˜ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
04:13
to deducing the hypothetical,
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๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:17
to speculating about what might be,
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์ธก์— ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
04:19
and he found finally that they didn't deal well
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…ํ™”๋‚˜
04:22
with abstractions or using logic on those abstractions.
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๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์— ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
Now let me give you a sample of some of his interviews.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์˜ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
04:30
He talked to the head man of a person
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๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์˜ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ณจ ๋งˆ์„
04:32
in rural Russia.
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์ดŒ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
They'd only had, as people had in 1900,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 1900๋…„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
04:36
about four years of schooling.
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์•ฝ 4๋…„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ •๊ทœ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ–์— ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
And he asked that particular person,
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๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ
04:41
what do crows and fish have in common?
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๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์™€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
04:44
And the fellow said, "Absolutely nothing.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์–ด์š”.
04:47
You know, I can eat a fish. I can't eat a crow.
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์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋Š” ๋ชป๋จน์ž–์•„์š”.
04:50
A crow can peck at a fish.
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๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ชผ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:53
A fish can't do anything to a crow."
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊นŒ๋งˆ๊ท€์—๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:56
And Luria said, "But aren't they both animals?"
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘˜๋‹ค ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
04:59
And he said, "Of course not.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
05:00
One's a fish.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
05:02
The other is a bird."
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ์ž–์•„์š”."
05:04
And he was interested, effectively,
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๊ทธ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ
05:06
in what he could do with those concrete objects.
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์ด ์‹ค์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ๋“ค๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
And then Luria went to another person,
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๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
05:12
and he said to them,
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๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
"There are no camels in Germany.
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"๋…์ผ์—๋Š” ๋‚™ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
Hamburg is a city in Germany.
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ํ•จ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ๋Š” ๋…์ผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
Are there camels in Hamburg?"
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ํ•จ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ์—๋Š” ๋‚™ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
05:22
And the fellow said,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
"Well, if it's large enough, there ought to be camels there."
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"๋ญ, ํฐ ๋„์‹œ๋ฉด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ ."
05:27
And Luria said, "But what do my words imply?"
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๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ง์ด ๋ญ˜ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?"
05:31
And he said, "Well, maybe it's a small village,
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๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์Œ, ํ•จ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋งˆ์„์ธ๊ฐ€๋ณด์ฃ .
05:34
and there's no room for camels."
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚™ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‚˜๋ณด์ฃ ."
05:36
In other words, he was unwilling to treat this
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์ด ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„
05:38
as anything but a concrete problem,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์™ธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:41
and he was used to camels being in villages,
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋งˆ์„์— ๋‚™ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:44
and he was quite unable to use the hypothetical,
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์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด
05:48
to ask himself what if there were no camels in Germany.
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'๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋…์ผ์— ๋‚™ํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ' ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
A third interview was conducted
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋Š”
05:55
with someone about the North Pole.
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๋ถ๊ทน์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
And Luria said, "At the North Pole, there is always snow.
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๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๋ถ๊ทน์—๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ˆˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
Wherever there is always snow, the bears are white.
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์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ˆˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณฐ๋“ค์€ ํฐ์ƒ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
What color are the bears at the North Pole?"
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๋ถ๊ทน์˜ ๊ณฐ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ƒ‰์ผ๊นŒ์š”?"
06:10
And the response was, "Such a thing
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๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์€ ์ด๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
is to be settled by testimony.
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"๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์€ ์ฆ์–ธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
If a wise person came from the North Pole
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ•œ ์ง€ํ˜œ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ถ๊ทน์—์„œ ์™€์„œ
06:17
and told me the bears were white,
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๋‚ด๊ฒŒ "๊ณฐ๋“ค์ด ํฐ์ƒ‰์ด๋‹ค" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:19
I might believe him,
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์•„๋งˆ ๋ฏฟ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
06:21
but every bear that I have seen is a brown bear."
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณธ ๊ณฐ์€ ์ „๋ถ€ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”."
06:25
Now you see again, this person has rejected
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋˜ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ . ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์—ญ์‹œ
06:28
going beyond the concrete world
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์‹ค์ฒด์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:30
and analyzing it through everyday experience,
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์ผ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋งŒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
and it was important to that person
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๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ณฐ์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด
06:35
what color bears were --
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
that is, they had to hunt bears.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ณฐ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
06:39
They weren't willing to engage in this.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›์น˜ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
One of them said to Luria,
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๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
"How can we solve things that aren't real problems?
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"์‹ค์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ’‰๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:47
None of these problems are real.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ž–์•„์š”.
06:49
How can we address them?"
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
06:51
Now, these three categories --
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์ด ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜์—ญ --
06:55
classification,
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๋ถ„๋ฅ˜,
06:56
using logic on abstractions,
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์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
06:58
taking the hypothetical seriously --
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๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ --
07:01
how much difference do they make in the real world
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์˜
07:04
beyond the testing room?
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์‹ค์ œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊นŒ์š”?
07:05
And let me give you a few illustrations.
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
07:08
First, almost all of us today get a high school diploma.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์กธ์—…์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
That is, we've gone from four to eight years of education
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๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์ฆ‰ ์ •๊ทœ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด 8๋…„์—์„œ
07:15
to 12 years of formal education,
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12๋…„์ด ๋๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
and 52 percent of Americans
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  52 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด
07:20
have actually experienced some type of tertiary education.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋“  ๊ณ ๋“ฑ ๊ต์œก์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
Now, not only do we have much more education,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
07:28
and much of that education is scientific,
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๊ทธ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ด๊ณ 
07:30
and you can't do science without classifying the world.
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๊ณผํ•™์ด๋ž€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
You can't do science without proposing hypotheses.
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๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ธ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ 
07:38
You can't do science without making it logically consistent.
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๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
And even down in grade school, things have changed.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋„ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
In 1910, they looked at the examinations
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1910๋…„์— ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€
07:49
that the state of Ohio gave to 14-year-olds,
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14์„ธ ์•„๋™๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
07:53
and they found that they were all
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๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์ „๋ถ€
07:55
for socially valued concrete information.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
They were things like,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด
07:59
what are the capitals of the 44 or 45 states
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๋‹น์‹œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋˜ 44๊ฐœ์—์„œ 45๊ฐœ ์ฃผ์˜
08:02
that existed at that time?
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์ˆ˜๋„๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
When they looked at the exams
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค ์ฃผ๊ฐ€
08:06
that the state of Ohio gave in 1990,
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1990๋…„์— ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์€
08:09
they were all about abstractions.
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์ „๋ถ€ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
They were things like,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์š”.
08:13
why is the largest city of a state rarely the capital?
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์™œ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋Š”๊ฐ€?
08:19
And you were supposed to think, well,
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๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•  ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
the state legislature was rural-controlled,
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'์ฃผ์˜ ์ž…๋ฒ• ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋งˆ์„๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ†ต์ œ๋˜๊ณ 
08:23
and they hated the big city,
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์ง€๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํฐ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
08:25
so rather than putting the capital in a big city,
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์ฃผ ์ˆ˜๋„๋งˆ์ € ํฐ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
08:28
they put it in a county seat.
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์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ–‰์ • ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
08:29
They put it in Albany rather than New York.
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๋‰ด์š•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ณ 
08:32
They put it in Harrisburg rather than Philadelphia.
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ํ•„๋ผ๋ธํ”ผ์•„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฒ„๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ ์ˆ˜๋„๊ณ 
08:35
And so forth.
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๊ทธ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋งŽ์ง€.' ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
08:37
So the tenor of education has changed.
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๊ต์œก์˜ ์ทจ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
We are educating people to take the hypothetical seriously,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ ,
08:44
to use abstractions, and to link them logically.
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์ถ”์ƒ์  ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์„ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ด€์‹œํ‚ค๋„๋ก ๊ต์œกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
What about employment?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ง์—…์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
08:50
Well, in 1900, three percent of Americans
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1900๋…„์—๋Š” 3 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋งŒ์ด
08:53
practiced professions that were cognitively demanding.
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๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ •์‹  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์—…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
Only three percent were lawyers or doctors or teachers.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹จ 3 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋งŒ์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ, ์˜์‚ฌ, ํ˜น์€ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
Today, 35 percent of Americans
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 35 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€
09:04
practice cognitively demanding professions,
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๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ •์‹  ๋…ธ๋™์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์—…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
09:07
not only to the professions proper like lawyer
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๊ทธ ์ง์—…์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋‚˜
09:10
or doctor or scientist or lecturer,
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์˜์‚ฌ, ๊ณผํ•™์ž, ๊ฐ•์‚ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:12
but many, many sub-professions
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ค€์ „๋ฌธ์ง์ข…๋“ค
09:14
having to do with being a technician,
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋‚˜
09:16
a computer programmer.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด
09:18
A whole range of professions now make cognitive demands.
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์ด์ œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง์—…๋“ค์ด ์ธ์ง€์  ๋…ธ๋™์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
And we can only meet the terms of employment
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์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜
09:25
in the modern world by being cognitively
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์ทจ์—… ์ž๊ฒฉ์— ๋ถ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
09:28
far more flexible.
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์ธ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์œ ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
And it's not just that we have many more people
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
09:33
in cognitively demanding professions.
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์ธ์ง€์  ๋…ธ๋™์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ง์—…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:36
The professions have been upgraded.
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์ง์—…๋“ค ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋„ ๋†’์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
Compare the doctor in 1900,
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1900๋…„์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
09:41
who really had only a few tricks up his sleeve,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋งŒ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:44
with the modern general practitioner or specialist,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์˜์™€ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋Š”
09:47
with years of scientific training.
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์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
Compare the banker in 1900,
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1900๋…„์˜ ์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€๋Š”
09:52
who really just needed a good accountant
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๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ํšŒ๊ณ„์‚ฌ ํ•œ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
09:54
and to know who was trustworthy in the local community
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋™๋„ค์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ฐš์„ ๋งŒํผ
09:57
for paying back their mortgage.
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์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋งŒ ์•Œ๋ฉด ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
Well, the merchant bankers who brought the world to their knees
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตด๋ณต์‹œ์ผฐ๋˜ ํˆฌ์ž ๊ธˆ์œต ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
10:03
may have been morally remiss,
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๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•ด์ดํ–ˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„
10:05
but they were cognitively very agile.
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์ธ์ง€์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฏผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
They went far beyond that 1900 banker.
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1900๋…„์˜ ์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์•ž์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์ฃ .
10:12
They had to look at computer projections
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผํƒ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜
10:15
for the housing market.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:17
They had to get complicated CDO-squared
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ CDO ์ œ๊ณฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด
10:20
in order to bundle debt together
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ€์ฑ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ
10:23
and make debt look as if it were actually a profitable asset.
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๋ถ€์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์‚ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋‘”๊ฐ‘์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
They had to prepare a case to get rating agencies
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์‹ ์šฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ AAA ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:30
to give it a AAA,
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์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:31
though in many cases, they had virtually bribed the rating agencies.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์‹ ์šฉ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋งค์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
10:35
And they also, of course, had to get people
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
10:37
to accept these so-called assets
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์ด ์†Œ์œ„ ์ž์‚ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
10:40
and pay money for them
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๊ทธ ๋†’์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
10:41
even though they were highly vulnerable.
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๋ˆ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋„๋ก ์„ค๋“ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
Or take a farmer today.
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๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๋†๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:45
I take the farm manager of today as very different
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๋†์žฅ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ์€
10:49
from the farmer of 1900.
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1900๋…„์˜ ๋†๋ถ€์™€๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
So it hasn't just been the spread
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์ฆ‰ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ
10:53
of cognitively demanding professions.
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์ •์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ง์—…๋“ค์ด ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:56
It's also been the upgrading of tasks
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๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ
10:59
like lawyer and doctor and what have you
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์ง๋ฌด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋†’์•„์ ธ
11:01
that have made demands on our cognitive faculties.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ๊ณ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ธ์ง€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
But I've talked about education and employment.
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์ž, ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์ง์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
11:08
Some of the habits of mind that we have developed
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚จ
11:12
over the 20th century
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์‚ฌ๊ณ ์  ์Šต๊ด€๋“ค์€
11:13
have paid off in unexpected areas.
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์ƒ๊ฐ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์‹ค์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
I'm primarily a moral philosopher.
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์ €์˜ ์ฃผ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ๋„๋• ์ฒ ํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
I merely have a holiday in psychology,
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ํœด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
11:22
and what interests me in general is moral debate.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑด ๋„๋•์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
Now over the last century,
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์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ
11:29
in developed nations like America,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š”
11:31
moral debate has escalated
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๋„๋•์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ์‹ฌํ™” ๋˜์–ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
because we take the hypothetical seriously,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ 
11:36
and we also take universals seriously
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๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ
11:40
and look for logical connections.
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๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ด€ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
When I came home in 1955 from university
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ์•„์˜จ 1955๋…„์€
11:46
at the time of Martin Luther King,
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๋งˆํ‹ด ๋ฃจํ„ฐ ํ‚น ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
a lot of people came home at that time
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
11:51
and started having arguments with their parents and grandparents.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ณผ ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ณผ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:55
My father was born in 1885,
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์ €์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” 1885๋…„์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:58
and he was mildly racially biased.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ธ์ข… ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ์œผ์…จ์–ด์š”.
12:00
As an Irishman, he hated the English so much
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์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜์…”์„œ
12:03
he didn't have much emotion for anyone else.
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๊ทธ ์™ธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข…์—๋Š” ๊ฐ์ • ์†Œ๋ชจํ•  ๊ฒจ๋ฅผ์ด ์—†์œผ์…จ์–ด์š”.
12:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:08
But he did have a sense that black people were inferior.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ๋ง‰์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ํ‘์ธ์€ ์—ด๋“ฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๊ณ„์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
And when we said to our parents and grandparents,
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๋‹น์‹œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ณผ ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
12:15
"How would you feel if tomorrow morning you woke up black?"
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"๋‚ด์ผ ์•„์นจ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋–ด์„ ๋•Œ ํ‘์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋– ์‹ค ๊ฑฐ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ญค๋ณด๋ฉด
12:20
they said that is the dumbest thing you've ever said.
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๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ํ•œ ๋ง ์ค‘ ์ œ์ผ ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•œ ๋ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•˜์…จ์ฃ .
12:24
Who have you ever known who woke up in the morning --
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"๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ค‘์— ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์•„์นจ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ณด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ --
12:26
(Laughter) --
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(์›ƒ์Œ) --
12:28
that turned black?
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ํ‘์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ˆ?"
12:30
In other words, they were fixed in the concrete
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๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์œ—์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์€
12:33
mores and attitudes they had inherited.
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์‹ค์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ’์Šต๊ณผ ํƒœ๋„์— ๊ณ ์ •๋˜์–ด์„œ
12:37
They would not take the hypothetical seriously,
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๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ ,
12:40
and without the hypothetical,
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๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์—†์ด๋Š”
12:41
it's very difficult to get moral argument off the ground.
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๋„๋•์  ์–ธ์Ÿ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
You have to say, imagine you were
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๋„๋•์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด
12:48
in Iran, and imagine that your relatives
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"๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด๋ž€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:53
all suffered from collateral damage
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์•„๋ฌด ์ž˜๋ชป์—†๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์นœ์กฑ๋“ค์ด
12:56
even though they had done no wrong.
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์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์  ํ”ผํ•ด๋กœ ๊ณ ํ†ต๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
12:58
How would you feel about that?
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒ ์–ด์š”? " ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด์•ผ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
13:00
And if someone of the older generation says,
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๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋ฅด์‹ ๋ถ„์ด
13:03
well, our government takes care of us,
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"๋ญ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ๋ด์ฃผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
13:05
and it's up to their government to take care of them,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ๋ด์ค˜์•ผ์ง€." ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:08
they're just not willing to take the hypothetical seriously.
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„์€ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์˜ํ–ฅ์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
Or take an Islamic father whose daughter has been raped,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ๊ต์ธ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€
13:15
and he feels he's honor-bound to kill her.
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๊ฐ•๊ฐ„๋‹นํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋”ธ์„ ๋ช…์˜ˆ ์‚ด์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋‚„ ๋•Œ
13:18
Well, he's treating his mores
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ’์Šต์„
13:21
as if they were sticks and stones and rocks that he had inherited,
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋Œ๊ณผ ๋ชฝ๋‘ฅ์ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์†๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
13:25
and they're unmovable in any way by logic.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:27
They're just inherited mores.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ „ํ•ด ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜จ ํ’์Šต์ผ ๋ฟ์ธ๋ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
Today we would say something like,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์—๊ฒŒ
13:32
well, imagine you were knocked unconscious and sodomized.
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"๋งŒ์ผ ๋‹น์‹  ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งž๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ ˆํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
13:36
Would you deserve to be killed?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ๋„ ์‚ดํ•ด๋Œฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?" ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋”ฐ์งˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
And he would say, well that's not in the Koran.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ตํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋ž€์— ์•ˆ ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
13:40
That's not one of the principles I've got.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์›์น™์—๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์š”." ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
13:44
Well you, today, universalize your principles.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์›์น™์„ ๋ณดํŽธํ™” ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
You state them as abstractions and you use logic on them.
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์›์น™๋“ค์„ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ฃ .
13:51
If you have a principle such as,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋งŒ์•ฝ
13:53
people shouldn't suffer unless they're guilty of something,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ง“์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ด์ƒ ๊ณ ํ†ต ๋‹นํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค, ๋ผ๋Š” ์›์น™์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:57
then to exclude black people
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ‘์ธ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด
13:59
you've got to make exceptions, don't you?
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๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์— ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ž–์š”?
14:01
You have to say, well, blackness of skin,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ "ํ , ํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
14:04
you couldn't suffer just for that.
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๊ณ ํ†ต๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๊ฒ ๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
14:07
It must be that blacks are somehow tainted.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํ‘์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค." ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
14:10
And then we can bring empirical evidence to bear, can't we,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
14:13
and say, well how can you consider all blacks tainted
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ ์–ด๊ฑฐ์Šคํ‹ด๋„ ํ‘์ธ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
14:16
when St. Augustine was black and Thomas Sowell is black.
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ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์†Œ์›ฐ๋„ ํ‘์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ‘์ธ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?"
14:20
And you can get moral argument off the ground, then,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋•์  ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํŽผ์ณ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
because you're not treating moral principles as concrete entities.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋„๋•์  ์›์น™์„ ์‹ค์ฒด์  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:28
You're treating them as universals,
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๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ด๊ณ 
14:30
to be rendered consistent by logic.
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๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
Now how did all of this arise out of I.Q. tests?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค IQ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:36
That's what initially got me going on cognitive history.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์• ์ดˆ์— ์ธ์ง€์  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
If you look at the I.Q. test,
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IQ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
14:42
you find the gains have been greatest in certain areas.
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ํŠน์ • ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ •๋‹ต๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
The similarities subtest of the Wechsler
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์›ฉ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
14:48
is about classification,
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๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
14:51
and we have made enormous gains
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์ด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
14:53
on that classification subtest.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
There are other parts of the I.Q. test battery
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๊ทธ์™ธ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ IQ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„
14:59
that are about using logic on abstractions.
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๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ถ”์ƒ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
Some of you may have taken Raven's Progressive Matrices,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘์—๋„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋ณธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ ๋ˆ„์ง„ ํ–‰๋ ฌ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋Š”
15:06
and it's all about analogies.
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์œ ์ถ” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹œํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:08
And in 1900, people could do simple analogies.
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1900๋…„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์œ ์ถ”๋งŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:12
That is, if you said to them, cats are like wildcats.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ "๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ์•ผ์ƒ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.
15:16
What are dogs like?
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๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€๊ฐ€?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:18
They would say wolves.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋Š‘๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:20
But by 1960, people could attack Raven's
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ ˆ์ด๋ธ ๋ˆ„์ง„ ํ–‰๋ ฌ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—
15:23
on a much more sophisticated level.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ณ ์ฐจ์›์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
If you said, we've got two squares followed by a triangle,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ "๋„ค๋ชจ 2๊ฐœ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์„ธ๋ชจ 1๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:31
what follows two circles?
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๋™๊ทธ๋ผ๋งˆ 1๊ฐœ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๊ฐ€?" ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์œผ๋ฉด
15:33
They could say a semicircle.
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๋ฐ˜์›์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
Just as a triangle is half of a square,
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์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ด ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
15:37
a semicircle is half of a circle.
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๋™๊ทธ๋ผ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์€ ๋ฐ˜์›์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
15:40
By 2010, college graduates, if you said
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2010๋…„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—…์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
15:44
two circles followed by a semicircle,
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"๋™๊ทธ๋ผ๋ฏธ 2๊ฐœ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ฐ˜์› 1๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:47
two sixteens followed by what,
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16์ด 2๋ฒˆ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๊ฐ€?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋ฉด
15:50
they would say eight, because eight is half of 16.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 8์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด 16์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ด 8์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
15:53
That is, they had moved so far from the concrete world
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๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์ฆ‰, ์ด๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ฒด์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ•œ์ฐธ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์„œ
15:56
that they could even ignore
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ์˜
15:59
the appearance of the symbols that were involved in the question.
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์ƒ๊น€์ƒˆ๋งˆ์ € ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
Now, I should say one thing that's very disheartening.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚™๋‹ด์ ์ธ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:06
We haven't made progress on all fronts.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
One of the ways in which we would like to deal
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜
16:12
with the sophistication of the modern world
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๋ณต์žกํ•จ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณค ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
16:14
is through politics,
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์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
16:16
and sadly you can have humane moral principles,
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์Šฌํ”„๊ฒŒ๋„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋„์ ์ธ ๋„๋•์  ์›์น™์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
16:19
you can classify, you can use logic on abstractions,
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๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ƒ์  ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด๋„
16:24
and if you're ignorant of history and of other countries,
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
16:27
you can't do politics.
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์ •์น˜๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:29
We've noticed, in a trend among young Americans,
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์š”์ฆ˜์˜ ์ Š์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€
16:32
that they read less history and less literature
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์—ญ์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธํ•™,
16:35
and less material about foreign lands,
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์™ธ๊ตญ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:38
and they're essentially ahistorical.
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๋˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
They live in the bubble of the present.
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์š”์ฆ˜์˜ ์ Š์€์ด๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐํฌ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
16:42
They don't know the Korean War from the war in Vietnam.
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ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ 
16:44
They don't know who was an ally of America in World War II.
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2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ „์Ÿ ๋•Œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋™๋งน๊ตญ์ด ์–ด๋””์˜€๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:49
Think how different America would be
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹ฌ๋ž์„์ง€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
16:51
if every American knew that this is the fifth time
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๋งŒ์ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ์„œ๋ฐฉ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์žก๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ 
16:55
Western armies have gone to Afghanistan to put its house in order,
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๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๋ณ‘ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ฒŒ์จ ๋‹ค์„ฏ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
16:59
and if they had some idea of exactly what had happened
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ „์˜ ๋„ค๋ฒˆ ๋™์•ˆ์—
17:02
on those four previous occasions.
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ๋Œ€์ถฉ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
17:06
And that is, they had barely left,
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๋งค๋ฒˆ ์„œ๋ฐฉ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์—
17:08
and there wasn't a trace in the sand.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ”์ ๋„ ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:10
Or imagine how different things would be
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์ง€๋‚œ 6๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘ 4๋ฒˆ์€
17:13
if most Americans knew that we had been lied
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๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์†์—ฌ์„œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ
17:16
into four of our last six wars.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‹ฌ๋ž์„์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
17:19
You know, the Spanish didn't sink the battleship Maine,
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๋ฉ”์ธ ์ „ํˆฌํ•จ์„ ์นจ๋ชฐ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฑด ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:22
the Lusitania was not an innocent vessel
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๋ฃจ์‹œํƒ€๋‹ˆ์•„ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
17:24
but was loaded with munitions,
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๊ตฐ์ˆ˜ํ’ˆ์„ ๋‚˜๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:27
the North Vietnamese did not attack the Seventh Fleet,
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๋ถ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ์€ 7ํ•จ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
17:31
and, of course, Saddam Hussein hated al Qaeda
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๋˜ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‚ฌ๋‹ด ํ›„์„ธ์ธ์€ ์•Œ์นด์—๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ–ˆ๊ณ 
17:34
and had nothing to do with it,
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๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
17:36
and yet the administration convinced 45 percent of the people
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 45 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ
17:40
that they were brothers in arms,
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๊ทธ ๋‘˜์ด ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ „์šฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋„๋ก ์„ค๋“ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:41
when he would hang one from the nearest lamppost.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋‹ด์ด ์•Œ์นด์—๋‹ค ์ผ์›์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ์— ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ˜• ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ •๋„์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:45
But I don't want to end on a pessimistic note.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น„๊ด€์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋„ค์š”.
17:49
The 20th century has shown enormous cognitive reserves
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
17:53
in ordinary people that we have now realized,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ธ์ง€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ž ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:57
and the aristocracy was convinced
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์˜›๋‚ ์˜ ๊ท€์กฑ๋“ค์€
17:59
that the average person couldn't make it,
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ํ‰๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๊ธ€๋ €๋‹ค,
18:01
that they could never share their mindset
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜
18:04
or their cognitive abilities.
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์ง€์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
18:07
Lord Curzon once said
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์ฟ ๋ฅด์กด ๊ฒฝ์€
18:09
he saw people bathing in the North Sea,
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๋ถํ•ด์—์„œ ๋ชฉ์š•ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ณ 
18:11
and he said, "Why did no one tell me
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์™œ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ
18:12
what white bodies the lower orders have?"
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ํ•˜๋“ฑ ์ธ์ข…์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํฐ์ง€ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€?"
18:15
As if they were a reptile.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜์ธ ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
18:18
Well, Dickens was right and he was wrong. [Correction: Rudyard Kipling]
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๋””ํ‚จ์Šค๋Š” ๋งž๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋‚ด์šฉ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜: ๋””ํ‚จ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ‚คํ”Œ๋ง์˜ ์‹œ์˜ ์ธ์šฉ๊ตฌ์ž„)
18:21
[Kipling] said, "The colonel's lady and Judy O'Grady
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[ํ‚คํ”Œ๋ง์ด] ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ, "๋Œ€๋ น์˜ ๋ถ€์ธ๊ณผ ์ฅฌ๋”” ์˜ค๊ทธ๋ž˜๋””๋Š”
18:25
are sisters underneath the skin."
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ‘์œผ๋ก  ์„œ๋กœ ์ž๋งค์ด๋‹ค."
18:28
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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