Guy-Philippe Goldstein: How cyberattacks threaten real-world peace

41,100 views ใƒป 2011-10-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Elisabeth Buffard Reviewer: Veronica Martinez Starnes
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Good afternoon.
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ืื—ืจ ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
00:16
If you have followed
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ืื ืขืงื‘ืชื ืื—ืจื™
00:18
diplomatic news in the past weeks,
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
00:20
you may have heard of a kind of crisis
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ
00:22
between China and the U.S.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืŸ ืœืืจื”"ื‘
00:24
regarding cyberattacks
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืชืงืคื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช
00:26
against the American company Google.
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ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื’ื•ื’ืœ.
00:28
Many things have been said about this.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืืžืจื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
00:30
Some people have called a cyberwar
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ
00:32
what may actually be
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
00:34
just a spy operation --
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ --
00:36
and obviously, a quite mishandled one.
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ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืื—ื“ ืฉื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘.
00:38
However, this episode reveals
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืงืจื” ืžื’ืœื”
00:41
the growing anxiety in the Western world
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ืืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™
00:43
regarding these emerging cyber weapons.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ืฉืงื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
00:46
It so happens that these weapons are dangerous.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ืฉืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
00:48
They're of a new nature:
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ื”ื ืœื ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ:
00:50
they could lead the world
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:52
into a digital conflict
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ืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™
00:54
that could turn into an armed struggle.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืื‘ืง ื—ืžื•ืฉ.
00:56
These virtual weapons can also destroy the physical world.
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ื”ื ืฉืงื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ืกื™.
01:01
In 1982, in the middle of the Cold War
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ื‘ 1982, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”
01:04
in Soviet Siberia,
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ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช,
01:06
a pipeline exploded with a burst of 3 kilotons,
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ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ 3 ืงื™ืœื•ื˜ื•ืŸ,
01:10
the equivalent of a fourth of the Hiroshima bomb.
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ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื”.
01:12
Now we know today -- this was revealed
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื -- ื–ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื”
01:14
by Thomas Reed,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืžืืก ืจื™ื“,
01:16
Ronald Reagan's former U.S. Air Force Secretary --
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ืฉืจ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื ืืœื“ ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ --
01:18
this explosion was actually the result
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ืฉื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืฆืื”
01:21
of a CIA sabotage operation,
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ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช,
01:23
in which they had managed
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ื‘ื• ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•
01:25
to infiltrate the IT management systems
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ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
01:27
of that pipeline.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื.
01:29
More recently, the U.S. government revealed
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื—ืฉืคื”
01:32
that in September 2008, more than 3 million people
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ืฉื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2006, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
01:35
in the state of Espirito Santo in Brazil
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืืกืคื™ืจื™ื˜ื• ืกื ื˜ื•ืก ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ
01:38
were plunged into darkness,
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ื”ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ืขืœื˜ื”,
01:40
victims of a blackmail operation from cyber pirates.
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ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืกื—ื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื.
01:45
Even more worrying for the Americans,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
01:47
in December 2008 the holiest of holies,
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ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2009 ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืžื›ื•ืœื,
01:50
the IT systems of CENTCOM,
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ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ CENTCOM,
01:52
the central command
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ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
01:54
managing the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan,
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ืฉืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
01:57
may have been infiltrated by hackers
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ื ื—ื“ืจ ื›ื ืจืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืงืจื™ื
01:59
who used these:
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืืœื”:
02:02
plain but infected USB keys.
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ื›ื•ื ื ื™ USB ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืืš ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื.
02:04
And with these keys, they may have been able
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ื•ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
02:06
to get inside CENTCOM's systems,
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ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช CENTCOM,
02:08
to see and hear everything,
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ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
02:10
and maybe even infect some of them.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื.
02:12
As a result, the Americans take the threat very seriously.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
02:14
I'll quote General James Cartwright,
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ืื ื™ ืืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ื’ื ืจืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืงืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜,
02:16
Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
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ืกื’ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื›"ืœ,
02:18
who says in a report to Congress
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ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืœืงื•ื ื’ืจืก
02:20
that cyberattacks could be as powerful as
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ืฉื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื›ืžื•
02:23
weapons of mass destruction.
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ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช.
02:26
Moreover, the Americans have decided
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•
02:28
to spend over 30 billion dollars
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ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 30 ืžืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
02:30
in the next five years
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ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
02:31
to build up their cyberwar capabilities.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช.
02:34
And across the world today, we see
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
02:36
a sort of cyber arms race,
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืชื—ืžืฉื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™,
02:39
with cyberwar units
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ืขื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช
02:41
built up by countries like North Korea
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ืฉื ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”
02:43
or even Iran.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืจืŸ.
02:44
Yet, what you'll never hear
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืฉืžืขื•
02:46
from spokespeople
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื
02:48
from the Pentagon or the French Department of Defence
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ืžื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช
02:51
is that the question isn't really
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช
02:53
who's the enemy, but actually
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ืžื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ืืœื ืœืžืขืฉื”
02:55
the very nature of cyber weapons.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื ืฉืงื™ ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ.
02:58
And to understand why, we must look at how,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš,
03:00
through the ages, military technologies
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช
03:03
have maintained or destroyed
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ืฉืžืจื• ืื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื•
03:05
world peace.
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ืืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
03:08
For example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
03:10
if we'd had TEDxParis
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืช TEDxParis
03:11
350 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 350 ืฉื ื”,
03:13
we would have talked about the military innovation of the day --
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื --
03:16
the massive Vauban-style fortifications --
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ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื‘ืืŸ --
03:19
and we could have predicted
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช
03:21
a period of stability in the world or in Europe.
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ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
03:24
which was indeed the case in Europe
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงืจื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
03:27
between 1650 and 1750.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 1650 ื• 1750.
03:29
Similarly, if we'd had this talk
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื•
03:32
30 or 40 years ago, we would have seen
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ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืื• 40 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
03:35
how the rise of nuclear weapons,
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ืื™ืš ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉืงื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
03:37
and the threat of mutually assured destruction they imply,
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ื•ื”ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ื,
03:41
prevents a direct fight between the two superpowers.
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ืžื•ื ืขืช ืงืจื‘ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช.
03:45
However, if we'd had this talk 60 years ago,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืคื ื™ 60 ืฉื ื”,
03:47
we would have seen how the emergence
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”
03:50
of new aircraft and tank technologies,
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ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
03:53
which give the advantage to the attacker,
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ืฉื ืชื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืชื•ืงืฃ,
03:56
make the Blitzkrieg doctrine very credible
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ืœื™ืฆืงืจื™ื’ ืœืืคืฉืจื™ืช
03:59
and thus create the possibility of war in Europe.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
04:02
So military technologies
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ืื– ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช
04:04
can influence the course of the world,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื,
04:06
can make or break world peace --
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื• ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ --
04:08
and there lies the issue with cyber weapons.
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ื•ืฉื ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื ืฉืงื™ ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ.
04:10
The first issue:
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”:
04:12
Imagine a potential enemy announcing
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืžื›ืจื™ื–
04:15
they're building a cyberwar unit,
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ,
04:17
but only for their country's defense.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœื”ื’ื ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืชื.
04:19
Okay, but what distinguishes it
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื”
04:22
from an offensive unit?
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ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช?
04:24
It gets even more complicated
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš
04:26
when the doctrines of use become ambiguous.
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ื›ืฉื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื“ื• ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช.
04:30
Just 3 years ago, both the U.S. and France
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ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ 3 ืฉื ื™ื, ื’ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื’ื ืฆืจืคืช
04:34
were saying they were investing militarily in cyberspace,
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ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช,
04:38
strictly to defend their IT systems.
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:41
But today both countries say
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ืžืจื•ืช
04:44
the best defense is to attack.
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ืฉื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงืคื”.
04:46
And so, they're joining China,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืกื™ืŸ,
04:48
whose doctrine of use for 15 years has been
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ืฉื“ื•ืงื˜ืจื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ 15 ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืชื”
04:52
both defensive and offensive.
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ื’ื ื”ื’ื ืชื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช.
04:55
The second issue:
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”:
04:57
Your country could be under cyberattack
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžืชืงืคืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ
05:01
with entire regions plunged into total darkness,
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ืขื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืœืืคืœื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช,
05:04
and you may not even know
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ื•ืืชื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืชื“ืขื•
05:06
who's attacking you.
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ืžื™ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืืชื›ื.
05:08
Cyber weapons have this peculiar feature:
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ืœื ืฉืงื™ ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื–ื•:
05:10
they can be used
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื
05:11
without leaving traces.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืขืงื‘ื•ืช.
05:13
This gives a tremendous advantage to the attacker,
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืœืชื•ืงืฃ,
05:15
because the defender
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื’ืŸ
05:17
doesn't know who to fight back against.
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ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
05:19
And if the defender retaliates against the wrong adversary,
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ื•ืื ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
05:21
they risk making one more enemy
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ื”ื ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื•ื™ื™ื‘
05:24
and ending up diplomatically isolated.
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™.
05:26
This issue isn't just theoretical.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™.
05:28
In May 2007, Estonia was the victim of cyberattacks,
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ื‘ืžืื™ 2007, ืืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ,
05:30
that damaged its communication
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ืฉืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
05:33
and banking systems.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
05:35
Estonia accused Russia.
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ืืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ืจื•ืกื™ื”.
05:37
But NATO, though it defends Estonia,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืื˜"ื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื”,
05:39
reacted very prudently. Why?
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ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ืœืžื”?
05:41
Because NATO couldn't be 100% sure
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืื˜"ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ 100%
05:43
that the Kremlin was indeed behind these attacks.
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ืฉื”ืงืจืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
05:48
So to sum up, on the one hand,
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ืื– ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“,
05:51
when a possible enemy announces
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ื›ืฉืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข
05:53
they're building a cyberwar unit,
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ,
05:55
you don't know whether it's for attack
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืงืคื”
05:57
or defense.
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ืื• ื”ื’ื ื”.
05:58
On the other hand,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
05:59
we know that these weapons give an advantage to attacking.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉืงื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืชืงืคื”.
06:03
In a major article published in 1978,
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ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ 1978,
06:06
Professor Robert Jervis of Columbia University in New York
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื’'ืจื•ื™ืก ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
06:08
described a model to understand
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ืชืืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื ื”
06:10
how conflicts could arise.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจ.
06:12
In this context,
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:15
when you don't know if the potential enemy
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™
06:17
is preparing for defense or attack,
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ืžืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืื• ื”ืชืงืคื”,
06:20
and if the weapons give an advantage to attacking,
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ื•ืื ื”ื ืฉืงื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงืคื”,
06:22
then this environment is
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ืื– ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•
06:24
most likely to spark a conflict.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืช ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜.
06:28
This is the environment that's being created
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช
06:30
by cyber weapons today,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉืงื™ ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื,
06:32
and historically it was the environment in Europe
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ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
06:35
at the onset of World War I.
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
06:39
So cyber weapons
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ืื– ื ืฉืงื™ ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ
06:41
are dangerous by nature,
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ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ,
06:43
but in addition, they're emerging
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื ืžืชื’ืœื™ื
06:46
in a much more unstable environment.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”.
06:48
If you remember the Cold War,
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ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”,
06:50
it was a very hard game,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”,
06:52
but a stable one played only by two players,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืฉื•ื—ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
06:54
which allowed for some coordination between the two superpowers.
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ืžื” ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืงืฆืช ืชืื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช.
06:57
Today we're moving to a multipolar world
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœืืจื™
07:02
in which coordination is much more complicated,
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ื‘ื• ืชืื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš,
07:03
as we have seen at Copenhagen.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ.
07:06
And this coordination may become even trickier
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ื•ื”ืชืื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” tืคื™ืœื• ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:09
with the introduction of cyber weapons.
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ืขื ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉืงื™ ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ.
07:12
Why? Because no nation
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ืœืžื”? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืฃ ืื•ืžื”
07:14
knows for sure whether its neighbor
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ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื›ื ืชื”
07:17
is about to attack.
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ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืชืงื•ืฃ.
07:19
So nations may live under the threat
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ืื– ืื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืื™ื•ื
07:21
of what Nobel Prize winner Thomas Schelling
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ืฉืœื™ื ื’
07:24
called the "reciprocal fear of surprise attack,"
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ื›ื™ื ื” "ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื“ื• ืฆื“ื“ื™ ืžื”ืชืงืคืช ืคืชืข,"
07:26
as I don't know if my neighbor
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื”ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืœื™
07:28
is about to attack me or not --
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ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื™ ืื• ืœื --
07:30
I may never know --
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืื“ืข --
07:32
so I might take the upper hand
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืืงื— ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
07:34
and attack first.
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ื•ืืชืงื•ืฃ ืงื•ื“ื.
07:37
Just last week,
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ,
07:39
in a New York Times article dated January 26, 2010,
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ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืฉืžืชื•ืืจืš 26 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2010,
07:43
it was revealed for the first time that
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ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
07:45
officials at the National Security Agency
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
07:48
were considering the possibility of preemptive attacks
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ืฉืงืœื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชืงืคื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ืžื•ื ืขืช
07:52
in cases where the U.S. was about
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ืชื”
07:55
to be cyberattacked.
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ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžืชืงืคืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ.
07:58
And these preemptive attacks
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ื•ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืžื ืข ื”ืืœื”
08:00
might not just remain
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ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืืจื•ืช
08:01
in cyberspace.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™.
08:05
In May 2009, General Kevin Chilton,
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ื‘ืžืื™ 2009, ื’ื ืจืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฆ'ื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
08:10
commander of the U.S. nuclear forces,
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ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
08:13
stated that in the event of cyberattacks against the U.S.,
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ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืงืคืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
08:18
all options would be on the table.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
08:21
Cyber weapons do not replace
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ื ืฉืงื™ ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื
08:23
conventional or nuclear weapons --
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ื ืฉืงื™ื ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื™ื ืื• ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื --
08:25
they just add a new layer to the existing system of terror.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื™ืžื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
08:30
But in doing so, they also add their own risk
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืš, ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
08:33
of triggering a conflict --
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืชืช ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ --
08:35
as we've just seen, a very important risk --
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืง ืจืื™ื ื•, ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ --
08:37
and a risk we may have to confront
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ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœื•
08:39
with a collective security solution
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ืขื ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ืชื™ ืžืœื
08:42
which includes all of us:
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•:
08:44
European allies, NATO members,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื ืื˜"ื•,
08:46
our American friends and allies,
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
08:48
our other Western allies,
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ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื,
08:50
and maybe, by forcing their hand a little,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื”ื ืžืขื˜,
08:52
our Russian and Chinese partners.
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ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื• ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื.
08:55
The information technologies
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
08:57
Joรซl de Rosnay was talking about,
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ืฉื’'ื•ืืœ ื“ื” ืจื•ืกื ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ,
08:58
which were historically born from military research,
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ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืฆื‘ืื™,
09:01
are today on the verge of developing
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ื”ื™ื•ืืขืœ ืกืฃ ืคื™ืชื•ื—
09:03
an offensive capability of destruction,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืงืคื™ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช,
09:06
which could tomorrow, if we're not careful,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื—ืจ, ืื ืœื ื ื–ื”ืจ,
09:10
completely destroy world peace.
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ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
09:13
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
09:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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