Jared Diamond: How societies can grow old better

127,968 views ใƒป 2013-11-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Boaz Hovav ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
To give me an idea of how many of you here
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช, ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ
00:14
may find what I'm about to tell you
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ื™ืžืฆืื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•
00:17
of practical value,
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ืžืชื•ืš ืชื•ืขืœืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
00:18
let me ask you please to raise your hands:
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืชืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”:
00:21
Who here is either over 65 years old
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื’ื™ืœ 65
00:24
or hopes to live past age 65
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ืื ืืชื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื’ื™ืœ 65
00:28
or has parents or grandparents who did live
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ืื• ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื—ื™ื•
00:31
or have lived past 65,
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ืื• ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื’ื™ืœ 65,
00:33
raise your hands please. (Laughter)
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ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:36
Okay. You are the people to whom my talk
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ืื•ืงื™ . ืืชื ื”ืงื”ืœ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™
00:38
will be of practical value. (Laughter)
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:40
The rest of you
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
00:42
won't find my talk personally relevant,
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ืœื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื,
00:44
but I think that you will still find the subject
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื’ื ืืชื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื
00:46
fascinating.
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ืžืจืชืง.
00:47
I'm going to talk about growing older
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช
00:49
in traditional societies.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
00:51
This subject constitutes just one chapter
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืจืง ืคืจืง ืื—ื“
00:54
of my latest book, which compares
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ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ,ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ
00:57
traditional, small, tribal societies
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช
01:00
with our large, modern societies,
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
01:02
with respect to many topics
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ื•ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
01:04
such as bringing up children,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
01:06
growing older, health, dealing with danger,
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ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืกื›ื ื”,
01:10
settling disputes, religion
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ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื, ื“ืช,
01:12
and speaking more than one language.
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ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืคื” ืื—ืช.
01:15
Those tribal societies, which constituted
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•
01:18
all human societies for most of human history,
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ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
01:21
are far more diverse than are our modern,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
01:24
recent, big societies.
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ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:26
All big societies that have governments,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™,
01:28
and where most people are strangers to each other,
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™,
01:31
are inevitably similar to each other
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ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข
01:33
and different from tribal societies.
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ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช.
01:36
Tribes constitute thousands of natural experiments
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืืœืคื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื
01:39
in how to run a human society.
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ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
01:42
They constitute experiments from which we ourselves
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ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื•
01:45
may be able to learn.
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ.
01:47
Tribal societies shouldn't be scorned
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื– ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช
01:49
as primitive and miserable,
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ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ืœื ื• ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื•ืžืœืœื”,
01:51
but also they shouldn't be romanticized
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื™ื—ืก ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™
01:53
as happy and peaceful.
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ื•ืžื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ื.
01:55
When we learn of tribal practices,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื,
01:58
some of them will horrify us,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืชืข ืžื—ืœืง ืžื”ื,
01:59
but there are other tribal practices which,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
02:02
when we hear about them,
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ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉืžืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื ื•
02:03
we may admire and envy
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ืœื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ื•ืœืงื ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื
02:05
and wonder whether we could adopt those practices
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ื•ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
02:07
ourselves.
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ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
02:10
Most old people in the U.S. end up living
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
02:13
separately from their children
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ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื
02:15
and from most of their friends
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ื•ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
02:17
of their earlier years,
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ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
02:18
and often they live in separate retirements homes for the elderly,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
02:22
whereas in traditional societies,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช
02:24
older people instead live out their lives
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ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
02:27
among their children, their other relatives,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:29
and their lifelong friends.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
02:32
Nevertheless, the treatment of the elderly
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜
02:34
varies enormously among traditional societies,
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ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
02:37
from much worse to much better
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ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:39
than in our modern societies.
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ืžื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
02:42
At the worst extreme, many traditional societies
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ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื”, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
02:45
get rid of their elderly
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ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื–ืงื ื™ื
02:47
in one of four increasingly direct ways:
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ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืืจื‘ืข ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช:
02:50
by neglecting their elderly
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ื”ื–ื ื—ืช ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื
02:52
and not feeding or cleaning them until they die,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืื• ืœื ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืชื•,
02:56
or by abandoning them when the group moves,
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ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช,
02:59
or by encouraging older people to commit suicide,
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ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
03:02
or by killing older people.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
03:05
In which tribal societies do children
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ื‘ืื™ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
03:07
abandon or kill their parents?
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ื ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืื• ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื?
03:10
It happens mainly under two conditions.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื.
03:13
One is in nomadic, hunter-gather societies
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื™ื
03:16
that often shift camp
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื ื” ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
03:18
and that are physically incapable
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ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช
03:20
of transporting old people who can't walk
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ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช
03:23
when the able-bodied younger people already
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืกื•ื ื™ื
03:25
have to carry their young children
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
03:27
and all their physical possessions.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜.
03:30
The other condition is in societies
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
03:32
living in marginal or fluctuating environments,
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ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”,
03:36
such as the Arctic or deserts,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™ ืื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช,
03:38
where there are periodic food shortages,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
03:41
and occasionally there just isn't enough food
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ
03:43
to keep everyone alive.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:45
Whatever food is available has to be reserved
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ
03:47
for able-bodied adults and for children.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
03:52
To us Americans, it sounds horrible
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืžื–ื“ืขื–ืขื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข
03:55
to think of abandoning or killing
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ืื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืฉื” ืื• ื”ืจื’
03:57
your own sick wife or husband
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ืฉืœ ืืฉื” ืื• ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื
03:59
or elderly mother or father,
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ืื• ืื ื•ืื‘ ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื,
04:01
but what could those traditional societies
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื•ืชื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื?
04:05
do differently?
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-
04:07
They face a cruel situation of no choice.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืื›ื–ืจื™, ืœืœื ื‘ืจื™ืจื”.
04:10
Their old people had to do it to their own parents,
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ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื,
04:13
and the old people know
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
04:15
what now is going to happen to them.
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ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœื”ื.
04:18
At the opposite extreme
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ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
04:20
in treatment of the elderly, the happy extreme,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื—ื”,
04:22
are the New Guinea farming societies
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ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
04:24
where I've been doing my fieldwork for the past 50 years,
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ืฉื ืงื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
04:27
and most other sedentary traditional societies
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืงื‘ืข
04:31
around the world.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:33
In those societies, older people are cared for.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœื”, ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื.
04:36
They are fed. They remain valuable.
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ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื. ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ืœื—ื‘ืจื”.
04:38
And they continue to live in the same hut
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ื•ื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืงืชื”
04:40
or else in a nearby hut near their children,
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ืื• ื‘ื‘ืงืชื” ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœื™ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื,
04:43
relatives and lifelong friends.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื.
04:47
There are two main sets of reasons for this variation
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
04:49
among societies in their treatment
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
04:52
of old people.
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ื‘ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜.
04:53
The variation depends especially
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
04:55
on the usefulness of old people
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜
04:57
and on the society's values.
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ื•ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื”.
05:00
First, as regards usefulness,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช,
05:02
older people continue to perform useful services.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš.
05:05
One use of older people in traditional societies
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช
05:08
is that they often are still effective
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš
05:10
at producing food.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
05:12
Another traditional usefulness of older people
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื
05:15
is that they are capable of babysitting
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
05:18
their grandchildren,
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ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
05:20
thereby freeing up their own adult children,
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ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
05:23
the parents of those grandchildren,
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ื”ื•ืจื™ ืื•ืชื ื ื›ื“ื™ื,
05:24
to go hunting and gathering food for the grandchildren.
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ืœืฆืืช ืœืฆื•ื“ ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ื.
05:28
Still another traditional value of older people
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ืขืจืš ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื
05:30
is in making tools, weapons, baskets,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื ืช ื›ืœื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง, ืกืœื™ื,
05:33
pots and textiles.
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ืกื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
05:35
In fact, they're usually the people who are best at it.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื”.
05:38
Older people usually are the leaders
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื
05:41
of traditional societies,
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
05:43
and the people most knowledgeable about politics,
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ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
05:46
medicine, religion, songs and dances.
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ืจืคื•ืื”, ื“ืช, ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื.
05:50
Finally, older people in traditional societies
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ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื, ืœืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช
05:53
have a huge significance that would never occur
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœืขื•ืœื
05:56
to us in our modern, literate societies,
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ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”,
06:00
where our sources of information are books
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ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ืกืคืจื™ื
06:03
and the Internet.
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ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
06:04
In contrast, in traditional societies without writing,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ื•, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘,
06:08
older people are the repositories of information.
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ืœืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืื•ื’ืจื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข.
06:11
It's their knowledge that spells the difference
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ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
06:14
between survival and death for their whole society
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื
06:18
in a time of crisis caused by rare events
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื
06:21
for which only the oldest people alive
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ื‘ื”ื ืจืง ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื
06:23
have had experience.
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ื™ืฉ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ.
06:26
Those, then, are the ways in which older people
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ืืœื• ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
06:28
are useful in traditional societies.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:31
Their usefulness varies and contributes
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ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื”, ื•ืชื•ืจืžืช
06:34
to variation in the society's treatment
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ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื˜ืคืœืช
06:36
of the elderly.
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ื‘ื–ืงื ื™ื”.
06:38
The other set of reasons for variation
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
06:40
in the treatment of the elderly is
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื–ืงื ื™ื
06:42
the society's cultural values.
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ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜.
06:45
For example, there's particular emphasis
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ืฉ ื“ื’ืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
06:47
on respect for the elderly in East Asia,
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ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”,
06:50
associated with Confucius' doctrine
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืจืช ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก
06:53
of filial piety, which means obedience,
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ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ืชื ื•ืช,
06:57
respect and support for elderly parents.
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ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื.
07:01
Cultural values that emphasize respect for older people
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ืขืจื›ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื–ืงืŸ
07:05
contrast with the low status of the elderly
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืœืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื
07:08
in the U.S.
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
07:10
Older Americans are at a big disadvantage
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ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
07:12
in job applications.
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ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
07:14
They're at a big disadvantage in hospitals.
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ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
07:17
Our hospitals have an explicit policy
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ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
07:20
called age-based allocation of healthcare resources.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื”ืงืฆืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื™ืœ.
07:25
That sinister expression means that
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
07:27
if hospital resources are limited,
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ืฉืื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื,
07:30
for example if only one donor heart
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื ืจืง ืœื‘ ืื—ื“
07:32
becomes available for transplant,
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ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื”,
07:34
or if a surgeon has time to operate
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ืื• ืื ืœืžื ืชื— ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืชื—
07:36
on only a certain number of patients,
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ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
07:38
American hospitals have an explicit policy
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ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช
07:41
of giving preference to younger patients
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ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
07:44
over older patients
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
07:45
on the grounds that younger patients are considered
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
07:48
more valuable to society
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ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”
07:50
because they have more years of life ahead of them,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆืคื•ืช ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
07:53
even though the younger patients have fewer years
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
07:56
of valuable life experience behind them.
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ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื.
08:00
There are several reasons for this low status
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืขืžื“ื ื”ื ืžื•ืš
08:02
of the elderly in the U.S.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
08:04
One is our Protestant work ethic
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ื•
08:07
which places high value on work,
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ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืจื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
08:10
so older people who are no longer working
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื, ืฉืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:12
aren't respected.
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ืื™ื ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“.
08:14
Another reason is our American emphasis
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
08:17
on the virtues of self-reliance and independence,
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ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช,
08:20
so we instinctively look down on older people
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ืœื–ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ืงื ื™ื
08:23
who are no longer self-reliant and independent.
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ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืขืฆืžื ื•ืื™ื ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
08:27
Still a third reason is our American cult of youth,
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
08:31
which shows up even in our advertisements.
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ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:34
Ads for Coca-Cola and beer always depict
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ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ืœืงื•ืงื”-ืงื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืจื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช
08:37
smiling young people,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื™ื,
08:38
even though old as well as young people
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
08:40
buy and drink Coca-Cola and beer.
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ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืงื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืจื”.
08:43
Just think, what's the last time you saw
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืžืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืจืื™ืชื
08:45
a Coke or beer ad depicting smiling people
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ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื™ื
08:47
85 years old? Never.
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ื‘ื ื™ 85? ืืฃ ืคืขื.
08:50
Instead, the only American ads
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช
08:52
featuring white-haired old people
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ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉืขืจ ืœื‘ืŸ
08:54
are ads for retirement homes and pension planning.
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ื”ืŸ ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื ืกื™ื”.
08:58
Well, what has changed in the status
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ืื–, ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื
09:00
of the elderly today
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
09:02
compared to their status in traditional societies?
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืขืžื“ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช?
09:05
There have been a few changes for the better
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ
09:07
and more changes for the worse.
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ืืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืจืขื”.
09:10
Big changes for the better
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ
09:11
include the fact that today we enjoy
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ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื ื”ืžื™ื
09:13
much longer lives,
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ืžืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:15
much better health in our old age,
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ,
09:18
and much better recreational opportunities.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื ืื™.
09:21
Another change for the better is that we now have
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื—ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
09:24
specialized retirement facilities
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ื‘ืชื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืžื—ื™ื
09:26
and programs to take care of old people.
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ื•ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื–ืงื ื™ื.
09:30
Changes for the worse begin with the cruel reality
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืจืขื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช
09:33
that we now have
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ืœืคื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื
09:34
more old people and fewer young people
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
09:37
than at any time in the past.
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ืžืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
09:40
That means that all those old people
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื
09:41
are more of a burden on the few young people,
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
09:44
and that each old person has less individual value.
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ื•ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืงืฉื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™.
09:48
Another big change for the worse in the status of the elderly
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื
09:51
is the breaking of social ties with age,
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ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื™ื ืชืงื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ,
09:54
because older people, their children,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื,
09:56
and their friends,
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื,
09:57
all move and scatter independently of each other
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ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”
10:00
many times during their lives.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
10:02
We Americans move on the average
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข
10:04
every five years.
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ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
10:06
Hence our older people are likely
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื ื• ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื
10:08
to end up living distant from their children
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ืœื’ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื
10:10
and the friends of their youth.
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ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
10:13
Yet another change for the worse in the status of the elderly
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื
10:16
is formal retirement from the workforce,
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ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
10:20
carrying with it a loss of work friendships
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
10:23
and a loss of the self-esteem associated with work.
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ื•ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืขืจื›ืชื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
10:27
Perhaps the biggest change for the worse
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืขื”
10:29
is that our elderly are objectively
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
10:32
less useful than in traditional societies.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื–ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
10:36
Widespread literacy means that they are no longer
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื•ืจืš
10:38
useful as repositories of knowledge.
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ื‘ื–ืงื ื™ื ื›ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข.
10:41
When we want some information,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ืข,
10:43
we look it up in a book or we Google it
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื• ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ
10:45
instead of finding some old person to ask.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื“ื ื–ืงืŸ.
10:49
The slow pace of technological change
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ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
10:51
in traditional societies
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช
10:53
means that what someone learns there as a child
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช
10:56
is still useful when that person is old,
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžื–ื“ืงืŸ,
10:58
but the rapid pace of technological change today
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ืื•ืœื ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื
11:02
means that what we learn as children
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ื™ืœื“ื™ื
11:04
is no longer useful 60 years later.
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 60 ืฉื ื”.
11:07
And conversely, we older people are not fluent
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ื•ืœื”ืคืš, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื
11:09
in the technologies essential for surviving
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื ื•
11:12
in modern society.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
11:14
For example, as a 15-year-old,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 15,
11:16
I was considered outstandingly good at multiplying numbers
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืคืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื
11:20
because I had memorized the multiplication tables
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ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื ื ืชื™ ืืช ืœื•ื— ื”ื›ืคืœ
11:23
and I know how to use logarithms
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ื•ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™ื
11:25
and I'm quick at manipulating a slide rule.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘.
11:28
Today, though, those skills are utterly useless
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืชื•ืขืœืช,
11:31
because any idiot
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ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื“ื™ื•ื˜
11:34
can now multiply eight-digit numbers
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 8 ืกืคืจื•ืช
11:36
accurately and instantly with a pocket calculator.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ืก.
11:39
Conversely, I at age 75
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 75
11:41
am incompetent at skills
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ืื ื™ ื—ืกืจ ื›ืœ ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
11:44
essential for everyday life.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื.
11:46
My family's first TV set in 1948
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ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1948
11:49
had only three knobs that I quickly mastered:
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื’ื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช:
11:52
an on-off switch, a volume knob,
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ืžืคืกืง ื”ืคืขืœื” ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™, ื—ื•ื’ืช ื•ื•ืœื™ื•ื,
11:55
and a channel selector knob.
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ื•ื—ื•ื’ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ.
11:57
Today, just to watch a program
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช
11:59
on the TV set in my own house,
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ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื™
12:02
I have to operate a 41-button TV remote
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืคืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ ืขื 41 ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื
12:05
that utterly defeats me.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื–ื”.
12:07
I have to telephone my 25-year-old sons
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื˜ืœืคืŸ ืœื‘ึทื ึธื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”- 25
12:10
and ask them to talk me through it
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ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
12:13
while I try to push those wretched 41 buttons.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื 41 ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ื‘ื™ื.
12:18
What can we do to improve the lives of the elderly
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ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื
12:20
in the U.S., and to make better use of their value?
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื•ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืจื›ื?
12:24
That's a huge problem.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
12:26
In my remaining four minutes today,
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ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื,
12:28
I can offer just a few suggestions.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
12:31
One value of older people is that they are
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ืขืจืš ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื
12:33
increasingly useful as grandparents
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื›ืกื‘ื™ื
12:36
for offering high-quality childcare
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ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
12:38
to their grandchildren, if they choose to do it,
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ืœื ื›ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
12:41
as more young women enter the workforce
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ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
12:44
and as fewer young parents of either gender
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
12:46
stay home as full-time caretakers of their children.
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ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
12:50
Compared to the usual alternatives
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”
12:52
of paid babysitters and day care centers,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื,
12:56
grandparents offer superior, motivated,
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ืกื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:59
experienced child care.
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ื•ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
13:01
They've already gained experience from raising their own children.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœื”ื.
13:05
They usually love their grandchildren,
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ื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
13:07
and are eager to spend time with them.
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ื•ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืชื.
13:10
Unlike other caregivers,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
13:12
grandparents don't quit their job
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ืกื‘ื™ื ืœื ืžืชืคื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื
13:14
because they found another job with higher pay
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืฆืื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ืžืฉื•ืคืจ
13:17
looking after another baby.
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื—ืจ.
13:20
A second value of older people is paradoxically
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ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืืœื™
13:23
related to their loss of value
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ืžื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืขืจื›ื
13:25
as a result of changing world conditions and technology.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
13:30
At the same time, older people have gained
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฆื‘ืจื•
13:32
in value today precisely because
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ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ
13:34
of their unique experience of living conditions
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ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
13:37
that have now become rare
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ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื
13:39
because of rapid change, but that could come back.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื, ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ.
13:42
For example, only Americans now in their 70s
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืจืง ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 70
13:45
or older today can remember
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ืื• ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื
13:47
the experience of living through a great depression,
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ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
13:51
the experience of living through a world war,
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ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
13:53
and agonizing whether or not
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ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื
13:56
dropping atomic bombs would be more horrible
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ื”ืคืœืช ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:59
than the likely consequences of not dropping atomic bombs.
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ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžืื™ ื”ืคืœืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช.
14:03
Most of our current voters and politicians
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
14:05
have no personal experience of any of those things,
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ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืœื”,
14:08
but millions of older Americans do.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ.
14:11
Unfortunately, all of those terrible situations
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
14:13
could come back.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ.
14:15
Even if they don't come back,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื—ื–ืจื•,
14:16
we have to be able to plan for them
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื
14:18
on the basis of the experience of what they were like.
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
14:21
Older people have that experience.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
14:23
Younger people don't.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ.
14:25
The remaining value of older people
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ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื
14:26
that I'll mention involves recognizing that
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ืฉืื ื™ ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ื›ืจื”
14:29
while there are many things that older people
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ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื
14:31
can no longer do,
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ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:33
there are other things that they can do
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
14:34
better than younger people.
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
14:37
A challenge for society is to make use of those things
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื
14:39
that older people are better at doing.
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ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
14:42
Some abilities, of course, decrease with age.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ.
14:45
Those include abilities at tasks
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
14:48
requiring physical strength and stamina,
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ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ื›ื•ืฉืจ,
14:51
ambition, and the power of novel reasoning
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ืฉืืคืชื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช
14:55
in a circumscribed situation,
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ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช,
14:57
such as figuring out the structure of DNA,
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ื›ืžื• ืคืขื ื•ื— ืžื‘ื ื” ื”- DNA,
15:00
best left to scientists under the age of 30.
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ืฉืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื ืฉืื™ืจ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 30.
15:03
Conversely, valuable attributes
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
15:05
that increase with age include experience,
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ืฉืžืฉืชืคืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ,
15:09
understanding of people and human relationships,
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ื”ื‘ื ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืงืฉืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
15:12
ability to help other people
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื—ืจื™ื
15:14
without your own ego getting in the way,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืจื‘ ืื’ื•,
15:16
and interdisciplinary thinking about large databases,
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ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจื‘ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
15:20
such as economics and comparative history,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช,
15:23
best left to scholars over the age of 60.
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ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 60.
15:26
Hence older people are much better than younger people
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
15:28
at supervising, administering, advising,
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ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื—, ืžื ื”ืœื”, ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ,
15:32
strategizing, teaching, synthesizing,
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื,
15:36
and devising long-term plans.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
15:39
I've seen this value of older people
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
15:41
with so many of my friends in their 60s,
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ืขื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 60,
15:43
70s, 80s and 90s,
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ื”- 70, ื”- 80 ื•ื”- 90 ืฉืœื”ื,
15:45
who are still active as investment managers,
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช,
15:48
farmers, lawyers and doctors.
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ื—ืงืœืื™ื, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
15:51
In short, many traditional societies
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ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
15:54
make better use of their elderly
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช
15:56
and give their elderly more satisfying lives
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ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืง
15:59
than we do in modern, big societies.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
16:02
Paradoxically nowadays,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™, ื›ื™ื•ื,
16:04
when we have more elderly people than ever before,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื™ ืคืขื,
16:06
living healthier lives and with better medical care
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ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
16:09
than ever before,
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ืžืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
16:11
old age is in some respects more miserable
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ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื›ืื•ืžืœืœ
16:13
than ever before.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขื.
16:15
The lives of the elderly are widely recognized
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ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘
16:18
as constituting a disaster area
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ื›ืื–ื•ืจ ืืกื•ืŸ
16:20
of modern American society.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
16:23
We can surely do better by learning
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ื–ืืช ืื ื ืœืžื“
16:25
from the lives of the elderly
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ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื
16:26
in traditional societies.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
16:28
But what's true of the lives of the elderly
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื
16:30
in traditional societies
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
16:32
is true of many other features
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
16:34
of traditional societies as well.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
16:36
Of course, I'm not advocating that we all give up
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื ื•ื•ืชืจ
16:39
agriculture and metal tools
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช
16:41
and return to a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
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ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื™ื.
16:44
There are many obvious respects
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื
16:45
in which our lives today are far happier
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:48
than those in small, traditional societies.
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ืžืืœื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
16:51
To mention just a few examples,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช
16:53
our lives are longer, materially much richer,
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ืืช ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืช ืขื•ืฉืจื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™,
16:56
and less plagued by violence
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ืืช ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžืคืœืก ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
16:58
than are the lives of people in traditional societies.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
17:01
But there are also things to be admired
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ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืขืจืฆื”
17:04
about people in traditional societies,
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ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช,
17:06
and perhaps to be learned from them.
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ื•ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืžื”ื.
17:08
Their lives are usually socially much richer
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ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
17:11
than our lives,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
17:12
although materially poorer.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:15
Their children are more self-confident,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื,
17:18
more independent, and more socially skilled
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ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
17:20
than are our children.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•.
17:23
They think more realistically about dangers than we do.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจืืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืกื›ื ื”.
17:26
They almost never die of diabetes, heart disease,
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ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ืžืชื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ืจืช, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘,
17:30
stroke, and the other noncommunicable diseases
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ืฉื‘ืฅ, ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
17:33
that will be the causes of death of almost
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ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜
17:36
all of us in this room today.
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ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
17:39
Features of the modern lifestyle predispose us to those diseases,
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ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืืœื”,
17:43
and features of the traditional lifestyle
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ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื
17:45
protect us against them.
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ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
17:47
Those are just some examples of what we can learn
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ืืœื• ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“
17:50
from traditional societies.
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ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
17:52
I hope that you will find it as fascinating
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ืžืจืชืง
17:54
to read about traditional societies
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ื•ืชืงืจืื• ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช
17:56
as I found it to live in those societies.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
17:59
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
18:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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