Jared Diamond: How societies can grow old better

127,156 views ใƒป 2013-11-25

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jennifer An ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sieun Lee
00:12
To give me an idea of how many of you here
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜
00:14
may find what I'm about to tell you
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์‹ค์ง€
00:17
of practical value,
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์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
00:18
let me ask you please to raise your hands:
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์†์„ ์ข€ ๋“ค์–ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํƒ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
Who here is either over 65 years old
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
00:24
or hopes to live past age 65
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ํ˜น์€ 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
00:28
or has parents or grandparents who did live
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์…จ๋˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‚˜
00:31
or have lived past 65,
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์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค
00:33
raise your hands please. (Laughter)
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์†์„ ์ข€ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์‹œ์ฃ . (์›ƒ์Œ)
00:36
Okay. You are the people to whom my talk
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜๋Š” ์ œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
00:38
will be of practical value. (Laughter)
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์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
00:40
The rest of you
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
00:42
won't find my talk personally relevant,
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:44
but I think that you will still find the subject
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์ œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€
00:46
fascinating.
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šธ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
I'm going to talk about growing older
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์ €๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
00:49
in traditional societies.
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
This subject constitutes just one chapter
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์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•œ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ํ•œ๋‹จ์›๋งŒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
00:54
of my latest book, which compares
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์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ
00:57
traditional, small, tribal societies
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์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์„
01:00
with our large, modern societies,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€
01:02
with respect to many topics
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
such as bringing up children,
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์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์–‘์œกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•,
01:06
growing older, health, dealing with danger,
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๋‚˜์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•,
01:10
settling disputes, religion
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๋ถ„์Ÿ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ, ์ข…๊ต,
01:12
and speaking more than one language.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ์—์„œ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
Those tribal societies, which constituted
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ
01:18
all human societies for most of human history,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์™”๋˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š”
01:21
are far more diverse than are our modern,
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ด๊ณ 
01:24
recent, big societies.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
All big societies that have governments,
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์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ
01:28
and where most people are strangers to each other,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์€
01:31
are inevitably similar to each other
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์„œ๋กœ ๋น„์Šทํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๊ณ 
01:33
and different from tribal societies.
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๋ถ€์กฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
Tribes constitute thousands of natural experiments
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๋ถ€์กฑ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:39
in how to run a human society.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ์žฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
They constitute experiments from which we ourselves
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„
01:45
may be able to learn.
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๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
Tribal societies shouldn't be scorned
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๋ถ€์กฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ
01:49
as primitive and miserable,
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์›์‹œ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋น„์ฐธํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ ๋งŒ ๋ฉธ์‹œํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
but also they shouldn't be romanticized
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰ํ™”๋กญ๊ธฐ๋งŒํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ
01:53
as happy and peaceful.
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๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜์–ด์„œ๋„ ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
When we learn of tribal practices,
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๋ถ€์กฑ์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด
01:58
some of them will horrify us,
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๊ทธ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
but there are other tribal practices which,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
02:02
when we hear about them,
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๋™๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
02:03
we may admire and envy
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๋ถ€์กฑ ๊ด€ํ–‰๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
and wonder whether we could adopt those practices
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€ํ–‰๋“ค์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€
02:07
ourselves.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด์ง€์š”.
02:10
Most old people in the U.S. end up living
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€
02:13
separately from their children
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์ž๋…€๋“ค๊ณผ
02:15
and from most of their friends
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์–ด๋ฆด์  ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
02:17
of their earlier years,
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๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
and often they live in separate retirements homes for the elderly,
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์ข…์ข… ์žฅ๋…„์ธต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์€ํ‡ด ํ›„ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์„ค์— ์‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
whereas in traditional societies,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š”
02:24
older people instead live out their lives
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๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž๋…€๋“ค๊ณผ
02:27
among their children, their other relatives,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‰์ƒ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•œ
02:29
and their lifelong friends.
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์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ ๋งˆ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
Nevertheless, the treatment of the elderly
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์—๋„
02:34
varies enormously among traditional societies,
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๊ณ ๋ น์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ œ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
from much worse to much better
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:39
than in our modern societies.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚˜์€ ๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
02:42
At the worst extreme, many traditional societies
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์ตœ์•…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋งŽ์€ ์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š”
02:45
get rid of their elderly
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๋‹ค์Œ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
in one of four increasingly direct ways:
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์ง์ ‘๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋†’์€ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด,
02:50
by neglecting their elderly
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๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌ ์†์— ๋ฐฉ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:52
and not feeding or cleaning them until they die,
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์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตถ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์”ป๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•,
02:56
or by abandoning them when the group moves,
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๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•,
02:59
or by encouraging older people to commit suicide,
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๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‚ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•,
03:02
or by killing older people.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
In which tribal societies do children
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€์กฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ž๋…€๋“ค์ด
03:07
abandon or kill their parents?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃฝ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:10
It happens mainly under two conditions.
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์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
One is in nomadic, hunter-gather societies
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์œ ๋ชฉ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ ต ์ฑ„์ง‘ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
that often shift camp
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์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹œ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ๋•Œ
03:18
and that are physically incapable
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๊ฑด์žฅํ•œ ์ Š์€์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ
03:20
of transporting old people who can't walk
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์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒํ•„ํ’ˆ์„ ์งŠ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ด์„œ
03:23
when the able-bodied younger people already
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๊ฑฐ๋™์ด ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ๋…ธ์ธ์€
03:25
have to carry their young children
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ
03:27
and all their physical possessions.
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์—ฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
The other condition is in societies
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€
03:32
living in marginal or fluctuating environments,
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๊ทน์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด
03:36
such as the Arctic or deserts,
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๋ณ€๋ฐฉ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธ‰๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ,
03:38
where there are periodic food shortages,
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์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
03:41
and occasionally there just isn't enough food
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋จน์—ฌ์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:43
to keep everyone alive.
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์‹๋Ÿ‰์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
Whatever food is available has to be reserved
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์–ด๋–ค ์Œ์‹์ด๋“  ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:47
for able-bodied adults and for children.
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๊ฑด์žฅํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
To us Americans, it sounds horrible
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์•…ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์ฃ .
03:55
to think of abandoning or killing
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•„ํ”ˆ ์•„๋‚ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚จํŽธ์ด๋‚˜
03:57
your own sick wife or husband
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์—ฐ๋กœํ•œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋‚˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋ฅผ
03:59
or elderly mother or father,
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๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃฝ์ธ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์š”.
04:01
but what could those traditional societies
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์ด
04:05
do differently?
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๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:07
They face a cruel situation of no choice.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ž”์ธํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
Their old people had to do it to their own parents,
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๊ทธ ๋ถ€์กฑ์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์ž๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ์—
04:13
and the old people know
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฅ์น  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„
04:15
what now is going to happen to them.
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์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
At the opposite extreme
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์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ,
04:20
in treatment of the elderly, the happy extreme,
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๊ณ ๋ น์ž๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ๋Š”
04:22
are the New Guinea farming societies
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๋‰ด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋†์—… ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
where I've been doing my fieldwork for the past 50 years,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ 50๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด ์˜จ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
04:27
and most other sedentary traditional societies
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์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋„
04:31
around the world.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
In those societies, older people are cared for.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
They are fed. They remain valuable.
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๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์Œ์‹์„ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
And they continue to live in the same hut
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์ž๋…€๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ค๋‘๋ง‰์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:40
or else in a nearby hut near their children,
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์นœ์ฒ™๊ณผ ํ‰์ƒ์ง€๊ธฐ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ
04:43
relatives and lifelong friends.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
There are two main sets of reasons for this variation
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์กฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ์žฅ์ž๋ฅผ
04:49
among societies in their treatment
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๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š”
04:52
of old people.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
The variation depends especially
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ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด์—์„œ
04:55
on the usefulness of old people
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๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ
04:57
and on the society's values.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
05:00
First, as regards usefulness,
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์ฒซ์งธ, ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ ๋ฉด์—์„œ
05:02
older people continue to perform useful services.
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๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
One use of older people in traditional societies
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์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋…ธ์ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
05:08
is that they often are still effective
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ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
05:10
at producing food.
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ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
Another traditional usefulness of older people
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๋…ธ์ธ์ด ์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ
05:15
is that they are capable of babysitting
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๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
05:18
their grandchildren,
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์†์ฃผ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ
05:20
thereby freeing up their own adult children,
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์ธ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž๋…€์˜
05:23
the parents of those grandchildren,
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์ˆ˜๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋œ์–ด์ฃผ์–ด
05:24
to go hunting and gathering food for the grandchildren.
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์„ฑ์ธ ์ž๋…€๋“ค์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
Still another traditional value of older people
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๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „ํ†ต์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š”
05:30
is in making tools, weapons, baskets,
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๋„๊ตฌ, ๋ฌด๊ธฐ, ๋ฐ”๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ
05:33
pots and textiles.
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๋ƒ„๋น„์™€ ์„ฌ์œ  ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
In fact, they're usually the people who are best at it.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์†œ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
Older people usually are the leaders
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ์žฅ์ž๋“ค์€
05:41
of traditional societies,
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์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž์ด๋ฉฐ
05:43
and the people most knowledgeable about politics,
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์ •์น˜, ์˜ํ•™, ์ข…๊ต, ๋…ธ๋ž˜์™€ ์ถค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
05:46
medicine, religion, songs and dances.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ด๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
Finally, older people in traditional societies
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€
05:53
have a huge significance that would never occur
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์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š”
05:56
to us in our modern, literate societies,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ๋ช… ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”
06:00
where our sources of information are books
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๊นจ๋‹ซ์ง€ ๋ชปํ• 
06:03
and the Internet.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
In contrast, in traditional societies without writing,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธ€์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ
06:08
older people are the repositories of information.
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๋…ธ์ธ์€ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
It's their knowledge that spells the difference
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์€
06:14
between survival and death for their whole society
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ฐ ์ž๋งŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ,
06:18
in a time of crisis caused by rare events
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๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฅ์ณค์„ ๋•Œ
06:21
for which only the oldest people alive
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
06:23
have had experience.
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๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
Those, then, are the ways in which older people
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ
06:28
are useful in traditional societies.
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๋…ธ๋…„์ธต์ด ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
Their usefulness varies and contributes
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๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ,
06:34
to variation in the society's treatment
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—
06:36
of the elderly.
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
The other set of reasons for variation
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๋…ธ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
06:40
in the treatment of the elderly is
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๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
06:42
the society's cultural values.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
For example, there's particular emphasis
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์—๋Š”
06:47
on respect for the elderly in East Asia,
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๋…ธ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฒฝ์ด ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
06:50
associated with Confucius' doctrine
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ํšจ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณต์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ,
06:53
of filial piety, which means obedience,
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์ฆ‰ ๋…ธ๋ถ€๋ชจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆœ์ข…, ์กด๊ฒฝ๊ณผ
06:57
respect and support for elderly parents.
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๋ถ€์–‘๊ณผ ๊นŠ์€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
Cultural values that emphasize respect for older people
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๋…ธ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š”
07:05
contrast with the low status of the elderly
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง€์œ„์™€๋Š”
07:08
in the U.S.
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๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
Older Americans are at a big disadvantage
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์žฅ๋…„์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฌ์ง์—๋„
07:12
in job applications.
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๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•  ๋ฟ๋”๋Ÿฌ
07:14
They're at a big disadvantage in hospitals.
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๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
Our hospitals have an explicit policy
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์€ '์˜๋ฃŒ ์ž์›์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ํ• ๋‹น'์ด๋ผ๋Š”
07:20
called age-based allocation of healthcare resources.
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๋ช…์‹œ๋œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
That sinister expression means that
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์ด ๋ถˆ๊ธธํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š”
07:27
if hospital resources are limited,
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๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์ž์›์ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ผ ๋•Œ,
07:30
for example if only one donor heart
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ด์‹ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์ด
07:32
becomes available for transplant,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
07:34
or if a surgeon has time to operate
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๋˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
07:36
on only a certain number of patients,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ œํ•œ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—
07:38
American hospitals have an explicit policy
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜์ž๋ณด๋‹ค
07:41
of giving preference to younger patients
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๋” ์ Š์€ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์„ ๊ถŒ์„ ์ฃผ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š”
07:44
over older patients
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๊ทœ์น™์ด ๋ช…์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
on the grounds that younger patients are considered
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์ Š์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด ๋‚ ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:48
more valuable to society
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๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด
07:50
because they have more years of life ahead of them,
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๋” ์ ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„,
07:53
even though the younger patients have fewer years
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์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋” ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ 
07:56
of valuable life experience behind them.
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๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
There are several reasons for this low status
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์œ„์—๋Š”
08:02
of the elderly in the U.S.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
One is our Protestant work ethic
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ต์ ์ธ ์ง์—… ์œค๋ฆฌ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
08:07
which places high value on work,
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๋…ธ๋™์— ํฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:10
so older people who are no longer working
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์ผ์„ ๋” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€
08:12
aren't respected.
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์กด์ค‘ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:14
Another reason is our American emphasis
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š”
08:17
on the virtues of self-reliance and independence,
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์ž๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
so we instinctively look down on older people
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ
08:23
who are no longer self-reliant and independent.
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๋”์ด์ƒ ์ž๋ฆฝ์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
Still a third reason is our American cult of youth,
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๋˜, ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ๋„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:31
which shows up even in our advertisements.
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์ Š์Œ ์ˆญ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
Ads for Coca-Cola and beer always depict
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์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ์™€ ๋งฅ์ฃผ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์—๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜
08:37
smiling young people,
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์ Š์€์ด๋“ค์ด ์›ƒ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
08:38
even though old as well as young people
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์ Š์€์ด๋“ค ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค๋„
08:40
buy and drink Coca-Cola and beer.
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์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ์™€ ๋งฅ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„์š”.
08:43
Just think, what's the last time you saw
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ฝ”์นด์ฝœ๋ผ๋‚˜ ๋งฅ์ฃผ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ
08:45
a Coke or beer ad depicting smiling people
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85์‚ด ๋‚œ ๋…ธ์ธ์ด ์›ƒ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„
08:47
85 years old? Never.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์—†์ง€์š”.
08:50
Instead, the only American ads
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๋Œ€์‹ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ
08:52
featuring white-haired old people
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๋ฐฑ๋ฐœ ๋…ธ์ธ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”
08:54
are ads for retirement homes and pension planning.
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๋…ธ์ธ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์„ค๊ณผ ํ‡ด์ง ์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
Well, what has changed in the status
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด
09:00
of the elderly today
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋Š”
09:02
compared to their status in traditional societies?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:05
There have been a few changes for the better
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์ข‹์€ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฑด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—†๊ณ 
09:07
and more changes for the worse.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋” ์•…ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
Big changes for the better
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์ข‹์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋Š”
09:11
include the fact that today we enjoy
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
09:13
much longer lives,
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์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ธธ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ 
09:15
much better health in our old age,
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๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:18
and much better recreational opportunities.
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์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
Another change for the better is that we now have
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๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”
09:24
specialized retirement facilities
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๋…ธ๋…„์ธต ์ง€์›์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
09:26
and programs to take care of old people.
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ํŠนํ™”๋œ ์€ํ‡ด ์‹œ์„ค๊ณผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
Changes for the worse begin with the cruel reality
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์ข‹์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”
09:33
that we now have
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์–ด๋Š๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ํ˜„์žฌ
09:34
more old people and fewer young people
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๋…ธ๋ น ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ Š์€์ด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ
09:37
than at any time in the past.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž”์ธํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
That means that all those old people
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์ฆ‰ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด
09:41
are more of a burden on the few young people,
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๋” ์ ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ Š์€์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
09:44
and that each old person has less individual value.
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๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:48
Another big change for the worse in the status of the elderly
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์—ฐ์žฅ์ž์˜ ์ง€์œ„์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฐ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”
09:51
is the breaking of social ties with age,
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๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋“ค์ด ๋Š์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
because older people, their children,
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž๋…€๋“ค,
09:56
and their friends,
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์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘
09:57
all move and scatter independently of each other
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์ผ์ƒ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ํฉ์–ด์ ธ
10:00
many times during their lives.
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๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
We Americans move on the average
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์€ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ
10:04
every five years.
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5๋…„์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ด์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
Hence our older people are likely
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€
10:08
to end up living distant from their children
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์ž๋…€๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ Š์€ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
10:10
and the friends of their youth.
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๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์‚ด ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋” ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
Yet another change for the worse in the status of the elderly
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๋…ธ์ธ ์ง€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
is formal retirement from the workforce,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ผํ„ฐ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์€ํ‡ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
carrying with it a loss of work friendships
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์ด๋Š” ์ง์žฅ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์šฐ์ •๊ณผ
10:23
and a loss of the self-esteem associated with work.
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์ผ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ž์กด๊ฐ์˜ ์ƒ์‹ค์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
Perhaps the biggest change for the worse
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ถ€์ •์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”
10:29
is that our elderly are objectively
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋ณด๋‹ค
10:32
less useful than in traditional societies.
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๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ๋œ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
Widespread literacy means that they are no longer
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธ€์„ ์ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
10:38
useful as repositories of knowledge.
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๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ง€์‹ ์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
When we want some information,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉด
10:43
we look it up in a book or we Google it
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๋‚˜์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค
10:45
instead of finding some old person to ask.
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์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ด๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
The slow pace of technological change
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์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€
10:51
in traditional societies
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์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
means that what someone learns there as a child
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด
10:56
is still useful when that person is old,
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๋Š™์–ด์„œ๋„ ์œ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
10:58
but the rapid pace of technological change today
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
11:02
means that what we learn as children
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์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€
11:04
is no longer useful 60 years later.
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60๋…„ ํ›„ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
And conversely, we older people are not fluent
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€
11:09
in the technologies essential for surviving
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
11:12
in modern society.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
For example, as a 15-year-old,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด, ์ €๋Š” 15์‚ด ๋•Œ
11:16
I was considered outstandingly good at multiplying numbers
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๊ณฑ์…ˆ์„ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
because I had memorized the multiplication tables
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๊ตฌ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์„ ์™ธ์› ๊ณ 
11:23
and I know how to use logarithms
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๋กœ๊ทธ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ,
11:25
and I'm quick at manipulating a slide rule.
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๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
11:28
Today, though, those skills are utterly useless
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์ด์ œ ์ „ํ˜€ ์“ธ๋ชจ ์—†์–ด์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
because any idiot
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ”๋ณด๋ผ๋„ ์ด์ œ๋Š”
11:34
can now multiply eight-digit numbers
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์ž‘์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
11:36
accurately and instantly with a pocket calculator.
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์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— 8์ž๋ฆฌ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
Conversely, I at age 75
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 75์‚ด์ด ๋œ ์ €๋Š”
11:41
am incompetent at skills
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์ผ์ƒ ์ƒํ™œ์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—๋Š”
11:44
essential for everyday life.
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๋ฌด๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
My family's first TV set in 1948
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์ œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด 1948๋…„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•œ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ ผ์—๋Š”
11:49
had only three knobs that I quickly mastered:
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์กฐ์ž‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 3๊ฐœ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ์ตํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
an on-off switch, a volume knob,
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์ „์› ์Šค์œ„์น˜, ๋ณผ๋ฅจ ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ธฐ
11:55
and a channel selector knob.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฑ„๋„ ์„ ํƒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
11:57
Today, just to watch a program
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์š”์ฆ˜์€ ์ œ ์ง‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ ผ์—์„œ
11:59
on the TV set in my own house,
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๋ณด๊ณ ์‹ถ์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
12:02
I have to operate a 41-button TV remote
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41๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ฝ˜์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
12:05
that utterly defeats me.
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์ฐธ ๋‚œ๊ฐํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
I have to telephone my 25-year-old sons
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25์‚ด ๋œ ์•„๋“ค๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”ํ•ด์„œ
12:10
and ask them to talk me through it
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
12:13
while I try to push those wretched 41 buttons.
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๊ทธ ๋”์ฐํ•œ 41๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ๋Œ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
What can we do to improve the lives of the elderly
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
12:20
in the U.S., and to make better use of their value?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ž˜ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:24
That's a huge problem.
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์ด๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
In my remaining four minutes today,
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๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” 4๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ
12:28
I can offer just a few suggestions.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ์•ˆํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:31
One value of older people is that they are
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์—ฐ์žฅ์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
12:33
increasingly useful as grandparents
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์›ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์†์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ณด์œก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”
12:36
for offering high-quality childcare
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์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด
12:38
to their grandchildren, if they choose to do it,
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์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
as more young women enter the workforce
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์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ Š์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
12:44
and as fewer young parents of either gender
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์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์–ด๋Š์ชฝ๋„ ์ Š์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์–‘์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
12:46
stay home as full-time caretakers of their children.
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์ง‘์—๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:50
Compared to the usual alternatives
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๋ˆ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ณด๋ชจ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์œก์›๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๋•Œ
12:52
of paid babysitters and day care centers,
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์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์€ ์œก์•„์˜ ์œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž๋ฉฐ,
12:56
grandparents offer superior, motivated,
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ ๊ทน์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ
12:59
experienced child care.
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๋ณด์œก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
They've already gained experience from raising their own children.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์Œ“์•˜๊ณ ,
13:05
They usually love their grandchildren,
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๋ณดํ†ต ์†์ž ์†๋…€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
13:07
and are eager to spend time with them.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:10
Unlike other caregivers,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„์šฐ๋ฏธ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
13:12
grandparents don't quit their job
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์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์€ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด
13:14
because they found another job with higher pay
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ
13:17
looking after another baby.
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๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
A second value of older people is paradoxically
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๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š”
13:23
related to their loss of value
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๋ชจ์ˆœ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ
13:25
as a result of changing world conditions and technology.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ƒ์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
At the same time, older people have gained
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๋น ๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ
13:32
in value today precisely because
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ
13:34
of their unique experience of living conditions
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์—ฐ์žฅ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ง์ ‘ ์‚ด์•„๋ดค๋‹ค๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
that have now become rare
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์—ฐ์žฅ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
because of rapid change, but that could come back.
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์˜ˆ์ „๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
For example, only Americans now in their 70s
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๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ 70๋Œ€ ์ด์ƒ์ธ
13:45
or older today can remember
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด
13:47
the experience of living through a great depression,
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๋Œ€๊ณตํ™ฉ์ด ์–ด๋• ๋Š”์ง€
13:51
the experience of living through a world war,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์–ด๋• ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
13:53
and agonizing whether or not
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์›์ž ํญํƒ„์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
13:56
dropping atomic bombs would be more horrible
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ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‘๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ธ์ง€
13:59
than the likely consequences of not dropping atomic bombs.
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๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
Most of our current voters and politicians
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์™€ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์€
14:05
have no personal experience of any of those things,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
14:08
but millions of older Americans do.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
Unfortunately, all of those terrible situations
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋“ค์€
14:13
could come back.
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๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
Even if they don't come back,
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๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
14:16
we have to be able to plan for them
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๋งŒ์ผ์„ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณ„ํšํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
14:18
on the basis of the experience of what they were like.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
Older people have that experience.
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๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
Younger people don't.
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์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
The remaining value of older people
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด
14:26
that I'll mention involves recognizing that
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๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š”
14:29
while there are many things that older people
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๋”์ด์ƒ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์ด
14:31
can no longer do,
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๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋˜ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
14:33
there are other things that they can do
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๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ Š์€์ด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
14:34
better than younger people.
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๋” ์ž˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
A challenge for society is to make use of those things
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋„์ „ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ
14:39
that older people are better at doing.
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๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋” ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
Some abilities, of course, decrease with age.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๊ฐํ‡ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
Those include abilities at tasks
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์ฒด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ ฅ,
14:48
requiring physical strength and stamina,
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์•ผ๋ง, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋‚ด์—์„œ
14:51
ambition, and the power of novel reasoning
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
14:55
in a circumscribed situation,
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๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
such as figuring out the structure of DNA,
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DNA์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ ๋“ฑ์€
15:00
best left to scientists under the age of 30.
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30์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋” ์ž˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:03
Conversely, valuable attributes
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ, ๋‚˜์ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
15:05
that increase with age include experience,
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์—๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜,
15:09
understanding of people and human relationships,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด,
15:12
ability to help other people
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์ž์กด์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
15:14
without your own ego getting in the way,
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ํƒ€์ธ์„ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
and interdisciplinary thinking about large databases,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ, ๋น„๊ต ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
15:20
such as economics and comparative history,
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ํ•™์ œ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ
15:23
best left to scholars over the age of 60.
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60์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
Hence older people are much better than younger people
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฐ์žฅ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด
15:28
at supervising, administering, advising,
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๊ฐ๋…, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์ƒ๋‹ด,
15:32
strategizing, teaching, synthesizing,
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์ „๋žต ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ, ๊ต์œก, ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ๋ถ„์„,
15:36
and devising long-term plans.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
I've seen this value of older people
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š”
15:41
with so many of my friends in their 60s,
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60๋Œ€, 70๋Œ€, 80๋Œ€, 90๋Œ€์— ์žˆ๋Š”
15:43
70s, 80s and 90s,
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ €์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
who are still active as investment managers,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํˆฌ์ž ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ๋กœ, ๋†๋ถ€, ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์™€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ
15:48
farmers, lawyers and doctors.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
In short, many traditional societies
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š”
15:54
make better use of their elderly
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณด๋‹ค
15:56
and give their elderly more satisfying lives
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๋…ธ๋…„์ธต์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
15:59
than we do in modern, big societies.
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๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค๋„ ๋” ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
Paradoxically nowadays,
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์—ญ์„ค์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
16:04
when we have more elderly people than ever before,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
16:06
living healthier lives and with better medical care
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๋” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด๋ฉฐ
16:09
than ever before,
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
16:11
old age is in some respects more miserable
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋…ธ๋…„์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
16:13
than ever before.
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๋” ๋น„์ฐธํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:15
The lives of the elderly are widely recognized
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๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
16:18
as constituting a disaster area
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ
16:20
of modern American society.
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์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:23
We can surely do better by learning
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜
16:25
from the lives of the elderly
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๊ณ ๋ น์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์—์„œ
16:26
in traditional societies.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:28
But what's true of the lives of the elderly
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ „ํ†ต์‚ฌํšŒ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€
16:30
in traditional societies
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์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜
16:32
is true of many other features
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค๊ณผ๋„
16:34
of traditional societies as well.
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์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:36
Of course, I'm not advocating that we all give up
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„
16:39
agriculture and metal tools
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๋†์—…์™€ ๊ธˆ์† ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
16:41
and return to a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
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์ˆ˜๋ ต ์ฑ„์ง‘ ์ƒํ™œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ž๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:44
There are many obvious respects
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…
16:45
in which our lives today are far happier
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์€ ์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด
16:48
than those in small, traditional societies.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๋ฉด๋„ ๋งŽ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
16:51
To mention just a few examples,
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด,
16:53
our lives are longer, materially much richer,
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์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ƒ์€ ๋” ๊ธธ๊ณ 
16:56
and less plagued by violence
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ํ’์กฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ
16:58
than are the lives of people in traditional societies.
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ํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋„ ๋” ์ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:01
But there are also things to be admired
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
17:04
about people in traditional societies,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ ๋ชจํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
17:06
and perhaps to be learned from them.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋ฐฐ์šธ๋งŒํ•œ ์ ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:08
Their lives are usually socially much richer
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์€ ๋น„๋ก ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ๋ณด๋‹ค
17:11
than our lives,
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„
17:12
although materially poorer.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํ’์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:15
Their children are more self-confident,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค
17:18
more independent, and more socially skilled
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๋” ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋” ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ
17:20
than are our children.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋„ ๋” ์ˆ™๋‹ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:23
They think more realistically about dangers than we do.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
17:26
They almost never die of diabetes, heart disease,
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๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜, ๋‡Œ์กธ์ฆ ๋ฐ
17:30
stroke, and the other noncommunicable diseases
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๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋น„์ „์—ผ์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘, ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜
17:33
that will be the causes of death of almost
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์‚ฌ๋ง ์›์ธ์ด ๋  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค๋กœ
17:36
all of us in this room today.
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์ฃฝ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:39
Features of the modern lifestyle predispose us to those diseases,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
17:43
and features of the traditional lifestyle
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์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€
17:45
protect us against them.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:47
Those are just some examples of what we can learn
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์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์„
17:50
from traditional societies.
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ด ๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:52
I hope that you will find it as fascinating
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์ „ํ†ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์‚ด๋ฉฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ
17:54
to read about traditional societies
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์ €๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ
17:56
as I found it to live in those societies.
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์ฝ์–ด๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:59
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:01
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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