Georgette Mulheir: The tragedy of orphanages

43,211 views ใƒป 2012-11-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
Across Europe and Central Asia,
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”
00:19
approximately one million children live in large
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื
00:21
residential institutions, usually known as orphanages.
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ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื.
00:25
Most people imagine orphanages as a benign environment
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ื›ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ืขื™ืžื”
00:28
that care for children.
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ืฉื“ื•ืื’ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื.
00:30
Others know more about the living conditions there,
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื,
00:33
but still think they're a necessary evil.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ืจืข ื”ื›ืจื—ื™.
00:36
After all, where else would we put all of those children
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื—ืจืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื”
00:39
who don't have any parents?
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื?
00:41
But 60 years of research has demonstrated
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ืื‘ืœ 60 ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืื•
00:45
that separating children from their families
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ืฉื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื
00:47
and placing them in large institutions
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ื•ื”ืฉื›ื ืชื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
00:49
seriously harms their health and development,
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ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืžืื“ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื,
00:52
and this is particularly true for young babies.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช.
00:56
As we know, babies are born
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื
00:58
without their full muscle development,
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ื›ืฉืจืงืžืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”,
01:01
and that includes the brain.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
01:02
During the first three years of life, the brain grows
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ืœ
01:05
to its full size, with most of that growth taking place
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ืœื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื”ืžืœื, ื›ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืงื•ืจื”
01:08
in the first six months. The brain develops
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ื‘ืฉืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชืคืชื—
01:11
in response to experience and to stimulation.
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื.
01:14
Every time a young baby learns something new --
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœื•ืžื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ --
01:18
to focus its eyes,
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ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื•,
01:19
to mimic a movement or a facial expression,
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ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื• ื”ื‘ืขืช ืคื ื™ื,
01:22
to pick something up, to form a word or to sit up --
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ืœืงื—ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ื“, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื” ืื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ --
01:26
new synaptic connections are being built in the brain.
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ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืกื™ื ืืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
01:30
New parents are astonished by the rapidity of this learning.
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื ื“ื”ืžื™ื ืžื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื•.
01:34
They are quite rightly amazed and delighted by their children's cleverness.
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ื”ื ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ืง ืžื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
01:39
They communicate their delight to their children,
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ื”ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื,
01:41
who respond with smiles,
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ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื›ื™ื.
01:43
and a desire to achieve more and to learn more.
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ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:47
This forming of the powerful attachment between child and parent
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ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ ื•ื”ื•ืจื”
01:51
provides the building blocks for physical, social,
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ืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืช
01:54
language, cognitive and psychomotor development.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.
01:58
It is the model for all future relationships with friends,
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ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
02:02
with partners and with their own children.
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ืขื ื‘ื ื™-ื–ื•ื’ ื•ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:05
It happens so naturally in most families
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช
02:08
that we don't even notice it. Most of us are unaware
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืืคื™ืœื•. ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื
02:11
of its importance to human development and, by extension,
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ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:14
to the development of a healthy society.
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ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
02:17
And it's only when it goes wrong that we start to realize
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ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
02:20
the importance of families to children.
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ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื.
02:23
In August, 1993, I had my first opportunity to witness
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ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, 1993, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื”
02:27
on a massive scale the impact on children
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
02:31
of institutionalization and the absence of parenting.
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ื•ืœื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
02:35
Those of us who remember the newspaper reports
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ืืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช
02:38
that came out of Romania after the 1989 revolution
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื”ืคื›ืช 1989
02:41
will recall the horrors of the conditions in some of those institutions.
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ื™ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขืชื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
02:45
I was asked to help the director of a large institution to
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ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
02:48
help prevent the separation of children from their families.
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ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
02:52
Housing 550 babies, this was Ceausescu's show orphanage,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืื•ืฉืกืงื• ืฉื•ื›ื ื• 550 ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช,
02:56
and so I'd been told the conditions were much better.
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ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:59
Having worked with lots of young children, I expected
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ื›ืžื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™
03:02
the institution to be a riot of noise,
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ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืขืฉ ื•ื”ื•ืžื”,
03:04
but it was as silent as a convent.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืงื˜ ื›ืžื• ืžื ื–ืจ.
03:06
It was hard to believe there were any children there at all,
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ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
03:09
yet the director showed me into room after room,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื™ ืœื—ื“ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื“ืจ
03:12
each containing row upon row of cots,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช-ืชื™ื ื•ืง,
03:15
in each of which lay a child staring into space.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื˜ื” ืฉื›ื‘ ื™ืœื“ ืฉื‘ื”ื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
03:21
In a room of 40 newborns, not one of them was crying.
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœ 40 ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ื•ืœื“ื•, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ื›ื”.
03:25
Yet I could see soiled nappies, and I could see
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช
03:27
that some of the children were distressed,
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ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”,
03:28
but the only noise was a low, continuous moan.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš, ืื ื—ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช.
03:32
The head nurse told me proudly,
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ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืืžืจื” ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื”,
03:34
"You see, our children are very well-behaved."
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"ืืช ืจื•ืื”, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืื“ ืžื—ื•ื ื›ื™ื."
03:38
Over the next few days, I began to realize
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
03:40
that this quietness was not exceptional.
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ืฉืฉืงื˜ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
03:42
The newly admitted babies would cry for the first few hours,
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื›ื• ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
03:46
but their demands were not met, and so eventually
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื ืœื ื ืขื ื•, ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
03:48
they learned not to bother. Within a few days,
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ื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืœื ืœื”ื˜ืจื™ื“. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื
03:51
they were listless, lethargic, and staring into space
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ื”ื ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืจืคื™ื, ืื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ.
03:54
like all the others.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:56
Over the years, many people and news reports
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช
03:59
have blamed the personnel in the institutions
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ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
04:01
for the harm caused to the children, but often, one member
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ื‘ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื•ืช
04:04
of staff is caring for 10, 20, and even 40 children.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘-10, 20 ื•ืืคื™ืœื• 40 ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
04:09
Hence they have no option but to implement a regimented program.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืœื ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื ื•ืงืฉื”.
04:13
The children must be woken at 7 and fed at 7:30.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘-7 ื•ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘-7.30.
04:17
At 8, their nappies must be changed, so a staff member
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ื‘-8 ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืœืื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื•ืช
04:19
may have only 30 minutes to feed 10 or 20 children.
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ืœื™ 30 ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ 10 ืื• 20 ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
04:22
If a child soils its nappy at 8:30, he will have to wait
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ืื ื™ืœื“ ื™ืœื›ืœืš ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืขื” 8.30, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ื›ื•ืช
04:26
several hours before it can be changed again.
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ืฉืขื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืœื• ืฉื•ื‘.
04:29
The child's daily contact with another human being
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ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืขื ืื“ื ืื—ืจ
04:32
is reduced to a few hurried minutes of feeding and changing,
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ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ื—ืคื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื›ืœื” ื•ื”ื—ืœืคื”.
04:36
and otherwise their only stimulation is the ceiling,
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ืœื‘ื“ ืžื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงืจื”,
04:39
the walls or the bars of their cots.
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ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืกื•ืจื’ื™ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื”.
04:43
Since my first visit to Ceausescu's institution,
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ืžืื– ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืื•ืฉืกืงื•,
04:46
I've seen hundreds of such places across 18 countries,
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘-18 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
04:49
from the Czech Republic to Sudan.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ื“ืŸ.
04:52
Across all of these diverse lands and cultures,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”,
04:55
the institutions, and the child's journey through them,
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ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ
04:58
is depressingly similar.
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ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื›ื.
05:01
Lack of stimulation often leads to self-stimulating behaviors
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™-ืขืฆืžื™
05:04
like hand-flapping, rocking back and forth,
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ื›ืžื• ืœื ืคื ืฃ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืชื ื“ื ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”,
05:07
or aggression, and in some institutions, psychiatric drugs
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ืื• ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
05:11
are used to control the behavior of these children,
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ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
05:14
whilst in others, children are tied up to prevent them
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื
05:16
from harming themselves or others.
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ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืื• ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:19
These children are quickly labeled as having disabilities
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืœืงื•ืช
05:21
and transferred to another institution for children with disabilities.
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ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ืกื“ ืื—ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:25
Most of these children will never leave the institution again.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืขื–ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“.
05:29
For those without disabilities, at age three,
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ืืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ
05:32
they're transferred to another institution, and at age seven,
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ื”ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ืกื“ ืื—ืจ, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืข
05:34
to yet another. Segregated according to age and gender,
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ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื—ืจ. ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืžื•ื™ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื•ืžื™ืŸ.
05:38
they are arbitrarily separated from their siblings,
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ื”ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ืžืื—ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช,
05:41
often without even a chance to say goodbye.
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“.
05:45
There's rarely enough to eat. They are often hungry.
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ. ื”ื ืจืขื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
05:47
The older children bully the little ones. They learn to
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื™ืงื™ื ืœืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื
05:50
survive. They learn to defend themselves, or they go under.
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ืœืฉืจื•ื“. ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื, ืื• ืฉื”ื ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื.
05:53
When they leave the institution, they find it really difficult
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื”
05:57
to cope and to integrate into society.
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
06:00
In Moldova, young women raised in institutions
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ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ื”, ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
06:04
are 10 times more likely to be trafficked than their peers,
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ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืกื—ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืคื™ 10 ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
06:08
and a Russian study found that two years after leaving institutions,
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ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืจื•ืกื™ ืžืฆื ืฉืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช,
06:12
young adults, 20 percent of them had a criminal record,
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ืœ-20% ืžื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื™ืงื™ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื.
06:16
14 percent were involved in prostitution,
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14% ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื ื•ืช,
06:19
and 10 percent had taken their own lives.
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ื•-10% ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•.
06:24
But why are there so many orphans in Europe
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
06:26
when there hasn't been a great deal of war or disaster in recent years?
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื• ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช?
06:30
In fact, more than 95 percent of these children have living parents,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-95% ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:35
and societies tend to blame these parents
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื”
06:37
for abandoning these children, but research shows that
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื
06:40
most parents want their children, and that the primary drivers
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื
06:43
behind institutionalization
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื
06:45
are poverty, disability and ethnicity.
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ืขื•ื ื™, ื ื›ื•ืช ื•ืจืงืข ืืชื ื™.
06:49
Many countries have not developed inclusive schools,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืžืงื™ืคื™ื,
06:52
and so even children with a very mild disability
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ื•ื›ืš, ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืื“
06:55
are sent away to a residential special school,
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ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช.
06:58
at age six or seven.
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 6 ืื• 7.
06:59
The institution may be hundreds of miles away from the family home.
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ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
07:04
If the family's poor, they find it difficult to visit,
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ืื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ,
07:06
and gradually the relationship breaks down.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืชื ืชืงื™ื.
07:10
Behind each of the million children in institutions,
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช,
07:14
there is usually a story of parents who are desperate
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ืืฉื™ื
07:17
and feel they've run out of options, like Natalia in Moldova,
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ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ื”,
07:23
who only had enough money to feed her baby,
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ืฉืจืง ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืกืฃ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื”.
07:25
and so had to send her older son to the institution;
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ืกื“;
07:28
or Desi, in Bulgaria, who looked after her four children
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ืื• ื“ื–ื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”, ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”
07:31
at home until her husband died,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืขืœื” ื ืคื˜ืจ,
07:34
but then she had to go out to work full time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”,
07:36
and with no support, felt she had no option
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ื•ืœืœื ืชืžื™ื›ื”, ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ืจื”
07:38
but to place a child with disabilities in an institution;
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื™ืœื“ื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืกื“:
07:42
or the countless young girls too terrified to tell their parents
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ืื• ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืคื—ื“ื• ืžื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ
07:45
they're pregnant, who leave their babies in a hospital;
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื;
07:49
or the new parents, the young couple who have
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ืื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื•
07:52
just found out that their firstborn child has a disability,
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ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืงื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ
07:56
and instead of being provided with positive messages
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช
07:59
about their child's potential, are told by the doctors,
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ืชื, ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœื”ื,
08:02
"Forget her, leave her in the institution,
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"ืฉื›ื—ื• ืžืžื ื”, ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“,
08:05
go home and make a healthy one."
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ืœื›ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืชืขืฉื• ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”."
08:08
This state of affairs is neither necessary nor is it inevitable.
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ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข.
08:12
Every child has the right to a family, deserves
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ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื•,
08:15
and needs a family, and children are amazingly resilient.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื
08:19
We find that if we get them out of institutions and into loving
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉืื ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช
08:22
families early on, they recover their developmental delays,
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ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื•ืงื“ื ื”ื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
08:25
and go on to lead normal, happy lives.
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื ื•ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
08:28
It's also much cheaper to provide support to families
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช
08:32
than it is to provide institutions.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืกืคืง ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช.
08:34
One study suggests that a family support service
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉืฉืจื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™
08:38
costs 10 percent of an institutional placement,
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ืขื•ืœื” 10 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช,
08:40
whilst good quality foster care
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืžื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘
08:43
costs usually about 30 percent.
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ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›-30 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
08:46
If we spend less on these children but on the right services,
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ืื ื ื•ืฆื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื” ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
08:49
we can take the savings and reinvest them in high quality
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื—ืกื›ื ื• ื•ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืื•ืชื
08:53
residential care for those few children with extremely complex needs.
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ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
08:57
Across Europe, a movement is growing to shift the focus
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื’ืžื” ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“
09:02
and transfer the resources from large institutions
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
09:05
that provide poor quality care to community-based services
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ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ื“ื” ืœืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™-ืงื”ื™ืœื”
09:09
that protect children from harm and allow them to develop
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ืฉืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื ื–ืง ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—
09:11
to their full potential. When I first started to work in Romania
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ืœืžืœื•ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ. ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”
09:15
nearly 20 years ago, there were 200,000 children living
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ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš, ื”ื™ื• 200,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื
09:19
in institutions, and more entering every day.
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ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื•ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
09:23
Now, there are less than 10,000, and
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ื›ืขืช, ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-10,000,
09:25
family support services are provided across the country.
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ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช.
09:28
In Moldova, despite extreme poverty and the terrible effects
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ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื•ืช
09:32
of the global financial crisis, the numbers of children
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
09:35
in institutions has reduced by more than 50 percent
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ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50%
09:38
in the last five years, and the resources are being
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ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
09:41
redistributed to family support services and inclusive schools.
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ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืฉืจื•ืชื™ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืžืงื™ืคื™ื.
09:46
Many countries have developed national action plans for change.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
09:49
The European Commission and other major donors
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ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
09:51
are finding ways to divert money from institutions
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
09:55
towards family support, empowering communities
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ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช
09:58
to look after their own children.
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ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
10:01
But there is still much to be done to end the systematic
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช
10:03
institutionalization of children.
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ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช.
10:06
Awareness-raising is required at every level of society.
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ื”ืขืœืืช-ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
10:09
People need to know the harm that institutions cause to children,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื,
10:12
and the better alternatives that exist.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
10:15
If we know people who are planning to support orphanages,
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ืื ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื,
10:18
we should convince them to support family services instead.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”.
10:22
Together, this is the one form of child abuse
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ื™ื—ื“, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื—ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื
10:26
that we could eradicate in our lifetime.
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ื•.
10:29
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” {ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื}
10:31
(Applause)
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{ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื}
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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