Georgette Mulheir: The tragedy of orphanages

43,083 views ・ 2012-11-08

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Across Europe and Central Asia,
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approximately one million children live in large
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residential institutions, usually known as orphanages.
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Most people imagine orphanages as a benign environment
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that care for children.
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Others know more about the living conditions there,
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but still think they're a necessary evil.
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After all, where else would we put all of those children
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who don't have any parents?
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But 60 years of research has demonstrated
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that separating children from their families
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and placing them in large institutions
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seriously harms their health and development,
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and this is particularly true for young babies.
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As we know, babies are born
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without their full muscle development,
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and that includes the brain.
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During the first three years of life, the brain grows
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to its full size, with most of that growth taking place
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in the first six months. The brain develops
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in response to experience and to stimulation.
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Every time a young baby learns something new --
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to focus its eyes,
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to mimic a movement or a facial expression,
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to pick something up, to form a word or to sit up --
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new synaptic connections are being built in the brain.
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New parents are astonished by the rapidity of this learning.
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They are quite rightly amazed and delighted by their children's cleverness.
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They communicate their delight to their children,
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who respond with smiles,
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and a desire to achieve more and to learn more.
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This forming of the powerful attachment between child and parent
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provides the building blocks for physical, social,
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language, cognitive and psychomotor development.
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It is the model for all future relationships with friends,
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with partners and with their own children.
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It happens so naturally in most families
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that we don't even notice it. Most of us are unaware
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of its importance to human development and, by extension,
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to the development of a healthy society.
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And it's only when it goes wrong that we start to realize
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the importance of families to children.
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In August, 1993, I had my first opportunity to witness
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on a massive scale the impact on children
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of institutionalization and the absence of parenting.
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Those of us who remember the newspaper reports
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that came out of Romania after the 1989 revolution
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will recall the horrors of the conditions in some of those institutions.
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I was asked to help the director of a large institution to
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help prevent the separation of children from their families.
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Housing 550 babies, this was Ceausescu's show orphanage,
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and so I'd been told the conditions were much better.
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Having worked with lots of young children, I expected
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the institution to be a riot of noise,
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but it was as silent as a convent.
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It was hard to believe there were any children there at all,
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yet the director showed me into room after room,
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each containing row upon row of cots,
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in each of which lay a child staring into space.
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In a room of 40 newborns, not one of them was crying.
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Yet I could see soiled nappies, and I could see
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that some of the children were distressed,
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but the only noise was a low, continuous moan.
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The head nurse told me proudly,
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"You see, our children are very well-behaved."
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Over the next few days, I began to realize
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that this quietness was not exceptional.
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The newly admitted babies would cry for the first few hours,
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but their demands were not met, and so eventually
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they learned not to bother. Within a few days,
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they were listless, lethargic, and staring into space
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like all the others.
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Over the years, many people and news reports
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have blamed the personnel in the institutions
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for the harm caused to the children, but often, one member
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of staff is caring for 10, 20, and even 40 children.
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Hence they have no option but to implement a regimented program.
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The children must be woken at 7 and fed at 7:30.
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At 8, their nappies must be changed, so a staff member
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may have only 30 minutes to feed 10 or 20 children.
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If a child soils its nappy at 8:30, he will have to wait
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several hours before it can be changed again.
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The child's daily contact with another human being
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is reduced to a few hurried minutes of feeding and changing,
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and otherwise their only stimulation is the ceiling,
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the walls or the bars of their cots.
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Since my first visit to Ceausescu's institution,
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I've seen hundreds of such places across 18 countries,
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from the Czech Republic to Sudan.
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Across all of these diverse lands and cultures,
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the institutions, and the child's journey through them,
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is depressingly similar.
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Lack of stimulation often leads to self-stimulating behaviors
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like hand-flapping, rocking back and forth,
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or aggression, and in some institutions, psychiatric drugs
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are used to control the behavior of these children,
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whilst in others, children are tied up to prevent them
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from harming themselves or others.
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These children are quickly labeled as having disabilities
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and transferred to another institution for children with disabilities.
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Most of these children will never leave the institution again.
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For those without disabilities, at age three,
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they're transferred to another institution, and at age seven,
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to yet another. Segregated according to age and gender,
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they are arbitrarily separated from their siblings,
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often without even a chance to say goodbye.
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There's rarely enough to eat. They are often hungry.
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The older children bully the little ones. They learn to
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survive. They learn to defend themselves, or they go under.
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When they leave the institution, they find it really difficult
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to cope and to integrate into society.
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In Moldova, young women raised in institutions
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are 10 times more likely to be trafficked than their peers,
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and a Russian study found that two years after leaving institutions,
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young adults, 20 percent of them had a criminal record,
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14 percent were involved in prostitution,
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and 10 percent had taken their own lives.
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But why are there so many orphans in Europe
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when there hasn't been a great deal of war or disaster in recent years?
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In fact, more than 95 percent of these children have living parents,
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and societies tend to blame these parents
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for abandoning these children, but research shows that
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most parents want their children, and that the primary drivers
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behind institutionalization
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are poverty, disability and ethnicity.
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Many countries have not developed inclusive schools,
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and so even children with a very mild disability
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are sent away to a residential special school,
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at age six or seven.
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The institution may be hundreds of miles away from the family home.
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If the family's poor, they find it difficult to visit,
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and gradually the relationship breaks down.
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Behind each of the million children in institutions,
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there is usually a story of parents who are desperate
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and feel they've run out of options, like Natalia in Moldova,
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who only had enough money to feed her baby,
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and so had to send her older son to the institution;
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or Desi, in Bulgaria, who looked after her four children
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at home until her husband died,
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but then she had to go out to work full time,
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and with no support, felt she had no option
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but to place a child with disabilities in an institution;
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or the countless young girls too terrified to tell their parents
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they're pregnant, who leave their babies in a hospital;
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or the new parents, the young couple who have
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just found out that their firstborn child has a disability,
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and instead of being provided with positive messages
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about their child's potential, are told by the doctors,
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"Forget her, leave her in the institution,
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go home and make a healthy one."
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This state of affairs is neither necessary nor is it inevitable.
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Every child has the right to a family, deserves
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and needs a family, and children are amazingly resilient.
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We find that if we get them out of institutions and into loving
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families early on, they recover their developmental delays,
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and go on to lead normal, happy lives.
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It's also much cheaper to provide support to families
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than it is to provide institutions.
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One study suggests that a family support service
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costs 10 percent of an institutional placement,
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whilst good quality foster care
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costs usually about 30 percent.
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If we spend less on these children but on the right services,
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we can take the savings and reinvest them in high quality
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residential care for those few children with extremely complex needs.
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Across Europe, a movement is growing to shift the focus
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and transfer the resources from large institutions
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that provide poor quality care to community-based services
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that protect children from harm and allow them to develop
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to their full potential. When I first started to work in Romania
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nearly 20 years ago, there were 200,000 children living
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in institutions, and more entering every day.
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Now, there are less than 10,000, and
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family support services are provided across the country.
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In Moldova, despite extreme poverty and the terrible effects
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of the global financial crisis, the numbers of children
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in institutions has reduced by more than 50 percent
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in the last five years, and the resources are being
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redistributed to family support services and inclusive schools.
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Many countries have developed national action plans for change.
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The European Commission and other major donors
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are finding ways to divert money from institutions
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towards family support, empowering communities
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to look after their own children.
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But there is still much to be done to end the systematic
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institutionalization of children.
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Awareness-raising is required at every level of society.
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People need to know the harm that institutions cause to children,
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and the better alternatives that exist.
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If we know people who are planning to support orphanages,
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we should convince them to support family services instead.
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Together, this is the one form of child abuse
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that we could eradicate in our lifetime.
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Thank you. (Applause)
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(Applause)
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