Comics belong in the classroom | Gene Luen Yang

89,779 views ใƒป 2018-06-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:12
When I was in the fifth grade,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื”',
00:14
I bought an issue of "DC Comics Presents #57"
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ืงื ื™ืชื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืฉืœ "DC Comics" ืžืกืคืจ 57
00:18
off of a spinner rack at my local bookstore,
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ืžืžื“ืฃ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
00:21
and that comic book changed my life.
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
00:25
The combination of words and pictures did something inside my head
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ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ
00:28
that had never been done before,
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ืฉืœื ืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
00:30
and I immediately fell in love with the medium of comics.
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.
00:33
I became a voracious comic book reader,
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ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœืงื•ืจื ื ืœื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก,
00:37
but I never brought them to school.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
00:38
Instinctively, I knew that comic books didn't belong in the classroom.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”.
00:44
My parents definitely were not fans,
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
00:47
and I was certain that my teachers wouldn't be either.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื’ื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื™ืื”ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื•.
00:50
After all, they never used them to teach,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“,
00:52
comic books and graphic novels were never allowed during silent sustained reading,
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืจืฉื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื™ืจืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืงื˜ื”,
00:56
and they were never sold at our annual book fair.
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
00:59
Even so, I kept reading comics,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก,
01:02
and I even started making them.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื.
01:04
Eventually I became a published cartoonist,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœืื•ืžืŸ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก,
01:07
writing and drawing comic books for a living.
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ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื•ืฆื™ื™ืจืชื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื™.
01:10
I also became a high school teacher.
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:12
This is where I taught:
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ื›ืืŸ ืœื™ืžื“ืชื™:
01:14
Bishop O'Dowd High School in Oakland, California.
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•'ื“ืื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืงืœื ื“ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
01:17
I taught a little bit of math and a little bit of art,
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ืœื™ืžื“ืชื™ ืงืฆืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืงืฆืช ืืžื ื•ืช,
01:19
but mostly computer science,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื™ืžื“ืชื™ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘,
01:21
and I was there for 17 years.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืš 17 ืฉื ื™ื.
01:23
When I was a brand new teacher,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืจื” ื˜ืจื™ ื•ืฆืขื™ืจ,
01:25
I tried bringing comic books into my classroom.
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืœื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™,
01:28
I remember telling my students on the first day of every class
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ื™ืชื”
01:31
that I was also a cartoonist.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื’ื ืื•ืžืŸ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.
01:33
It wasn't so much that I was planning to teach them with comics,
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ืœื ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก,
01:36
it was more that I was hoping comics would make them think that I was cool.
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ืืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื”ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
01:40
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:42
I was wrong.
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ื˜ืขื™ืชื™.
01:43
This was the '90s,
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90,
01:45
so comic books didn't have the cultural cachet that they do today.
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ืื– ืœื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:50
My students didn't think I was cool. They thought I was kind of a dork.
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ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘. ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื“ื™ ื—ื ื•ืŸ.
01:54
And even worse, when stuff got hard in my class,
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ื•ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”, ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื• ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”,
01:57
they would use comic books as a way of distracting me.
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื™.
02:00
They would raise their hands and ask me questions like,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืžื•,
02:02
"Mr. Yang, who do you think would win in a fight,
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"ืžืจ ื™ืื ื’, ืžื™ ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื ืฆื— ื‘ืงืจื‘,
02:05
Superman or the Hulk?"
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ืกื•ืคืจืžืŸ ืื• ื”ืขื ืง ื”ื™ืจื•ืง?"
02:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:07
I very quickly realized I had to keep my teaching and my cartooning separate.
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ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื›ืื•ืžืŸ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.
02:12
It seemed like my instincts in fifth grade were correct.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžื›ื™ืชื” ื”' ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
02:16
Comic books didn't belong in the classroom.
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ืœื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”.
02:19
But again, I was wrong.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ื˜ืขื™ืชื™.
02:21
A few years into my teaching career,
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ืžื•ืจื”,
02:23
I learned firsthand the educational potential of comics.
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.
02:28
One semester, I was asked to sub for this Algebra 2 class.
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ืกืžืกื˜ืจ ืื—ื“, ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืืœื’ื‘ืจื”.
02:32
I was asked to long-term sub it, and I said yes, but there was a problem.
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ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื”.
02:36
At the time, I was also the school's educational technologist,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื’ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
02:40
which meant every couple of weeks
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
02:42
I had to miss one or two periods of this Algebra 2 class
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื’ื‘ืจื”
02:45
because I was in another classroom helping another teacher
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืื—ืจืช ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืจื” ืื—ืจ
02:48
with a computer-related activity.
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ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘.
02:50
For these Algebra 2 students, that was terrible.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืืœื’ื‘ืจื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืจื.
02:53
I mean, having a long-term sub is bad enough,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžื•ืจื” ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”
02:56
but having a sub for your sub? That's the worst.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื” ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ? ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ืฉื™ืฉ.
03:00
In an effort to provide some sort of consistency for my students,
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ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืœืกืคืง ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
03:04
I began videotaping myself giving lectures.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืกืจื™ื˜ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช,
03:07
I'd then give these videos to my sub to play for my students.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฉืœื™ ืฉื™ืงืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
03:10
I tried to make these videos as engaging as possible.
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
03:15
I even included these little special effects.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
03:17
For instance, after I finished a problem on the board,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—,
03:20
I'd clap my hands,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื—ื ื›ืคื™ื™ื,
03:21
and the board would magically erase.
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ื•ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื—ืง ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืคืœื.
03:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:25
I thought it was pretty awesome.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
03:28
I was pretty certain that my students would love it,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื™ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื”,
03:31
but I was wrong.
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ืขื™ืชื™.
03:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:33
These video lectures were a disaster.
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ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืืกื•ืŸ.
03:36
I had students coming up to me and saying things like,
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื ื™ื’ืฉื• ืืœื™ ื•ืืžืจื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•,
03:39
"Mr. Yang, we thought you were boring in person,
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"ืžืจ ื™ืื ื’, ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉืขืžื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
03:41
but on video, you are just unbearable."
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ".
03:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:46
So as a desperate second attempt, I began drawing these lectures as comics.
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ืื– ื›ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื•ื ื•ืืฉ, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.
03:51
I'd do these very quickly with very little planning.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ.
03:54
I'd just take a sharpie, draw one panel after the other,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงื—ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืฉ ื•ืฆื™ื™ืจืชื™ ืคืื ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™
03:57
figuring out what I wanted to say as I went.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ.
03:59
These comics lectures would come out
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ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช
04:01
to anywhere between four and six pages long,
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ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืœืฉืฉื” ื“ืคื™ื,
04:03
I'd xerox these, give them to my sub to hand to my students.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆืœื ืื•ืชื, ื ื•ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฉืœื™ ืฉื™ื—ืœืง ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
04:08
And much to my surprise,
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ื•ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”,
04:11
these comics lectures were a hit.
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ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืœื”ื™ื˜.
04:13
My students would ask me to make these for them
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ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืืœื”
04:17
even when I could be there in person.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ.
04:20
It was like they liked cartoon me more than actual me.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจืช ืฉืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™.
04:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:26
This surprised me, because my students are part of a generation
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื“ื•ืจ
04:30
that was raised on screens,
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ืฉื’ื“ืœ ืขืœ ืžืกื›ื™ื,
04:32
so I thought for sure they would like learning from a screen
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ืื”ื‘ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืžืกืš
04:35
better than learning from a page.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื“ืฃ.
04:38
But when I talked to my students
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™
04:39
about why they liked these comics lectures so much,
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ืขืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
04:43
I began to understand the educational potential of comics.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.
04:47
First, unlike their math textbooks,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื,
04:50
these comics lectures taught visually.
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ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™.
04:52
Our students grow up in a visual culture,
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ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช,
04:55
so they're used to taking in information that way.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื–ื”.
04:58
But unlike other visual narratives,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
05:01
like film or television or animation or video,
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ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืื• ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืื• ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืื• ื•ื™ื“ืื•,
05:05
comics are what I call permanent.
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ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื”ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื.
05:08
In a comic, past, present and future all sit side by side on the same page.
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ื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก, ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ืฃ.
05:14
This means that the rate of information flow
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืงืฆื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
05:17
is firmly in the hands of the reader.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื.
05:21
When my students didn't understand something in my comics lecture,
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ื›ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื”ืจืฆืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืฉืœื™,
05:25
they could just reread that passage as quickly or as slowly as they needed.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงืจื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืกืงื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืื™ืžื” ืœื”ื.
05:29
It was like I was giving them a remote control over the information.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืชืชื™ ืœื”ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
05:33
The same was not true of my video lectures,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืœื™,
05:36
and it wasn't even true of my in-person lectures.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืžืžืฉ.
05:39
When I speak, I deliver the information as quickly or slowly as I want.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื™.
05:44
So for certain students and certain kinds of information,
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ืื– ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื,
05:47
these two aspects of the comics medium, its visual nature and its permanence,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก, ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื•ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
05:52
make it an incredibly powerful educational tool.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืœื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™.
05:56
When I was teaching this Algebra 2 class,
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ื›ืฉืœื™ืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ื›ื™ืชืช ื”ืืœื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:58
I was also working on my master's in education at Cal State East Bay.
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ื’ื ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
06:02
And I was so intrigued by this experience that I had with these comics lectures
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ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืกืชืงืจื ืชื™ ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืขื ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก
06:06
that I decided to focus my final master's project on comics.
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžืืกื˜ืจ.
06:11
I wanted to figure out why American educators
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
06:14
have historically been so reluctant to use comic books in their classrooms.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
06:20
Here's what I discovered.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™.
06:22
Comic books first became a mass medium in the 1940s,
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ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื•ื ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40,
06:24
with millions of copies selling every month,
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ืขื ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
06:27
and educators back then took notice.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื– ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
06:29
A lot of innovative teachers began bringing comics into their classrooms
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืœื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
06:33
to experiment.
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ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช.
06:34
In 1944, the "Journal of Educational Sociology"
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ื‘1944, "ื”ื’'ื•ืจื ืœ ืœืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช"
06:38
even devoted an entire issue to this topic.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”.
06:42
Things seemed to be progressing.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•.
06:44
Teachers were starting to figure things out.
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ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
06:47
But then along comes this guy.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื‘ื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
06:49
This is child psychologist Dr. Fredric Wertham,
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ื–ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื“"ืจ ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื•ื•ืืจืช'ืื,
06:53
and in 1954, he wrote a book called "Seduction of the Innocent,"
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ื•ื‘1954, ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื "ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ื”ืชืžื™ืžื™ื",
06:57
where he argues that comic books cause juvenile delinquency.
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ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืกืคืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื”.
07:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:03
He was wrong.
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื”.
07:04
Now, Dr. Wertham was actually a pretty decent guy.
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ื“"ืจ ื•ื•ืืจืช'ืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘.
07:07
He spent most of his career working with juvenile delinquents,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
07:10
and in his work he noticed that most of his clients read comic books.
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ื•ืฉื ืœื‘ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงืœื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืงืจืื• ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.
07:15
What Dr. Wertham failed to realize was in the 1940s and '50s,
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ืžื” ืฉื“"ืจ ื•ื•ืืจืช'ืื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื•ื”-50
07:19
almost every kid in America read comic books.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืงืจื ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.
07:23
Dr. Wertham does a pretty dubious job of proving his case,
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ื“"ืจ ื•ื•ืืจืช'ืื ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื“ื™ ืžืคื•ืงืคืงืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื•,
07:26
but his book does inspire the Senate of the United States
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืกื ืื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
07:30
to hold a series of hearings
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ืฉืขืจืš ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืขื™ื
07:32
to see if in fact comic books caused juvenile delinquency.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื”.
07:36
These hearings lasted for almost two months.
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื.
07:39
They ended inconclusively, but not before doing tremendous damage
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ื”ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืื™ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขืฉื• ื ื–ืง ืขืฆื•ื
07:44
to the reputation of comic books in the eyes of the American public.
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ืœืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
07:48
After this, respectable American educators all backed away,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•,
07:52
and they stayed away for decades.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชืจื—ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
07:54
It wasn't until the 1970s
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70
07:55
that a few brave souls started making their way back in.
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ืžืขื˜ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืืžื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื–ืจื”.
07:59
And it really wasn't until pretty recently,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
08:01
maybe the last decade or so,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš,
08:03
that comics have seen more widespread acceptance
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ืฉืกืคืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื—ื•ื• ืงื‘ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ืช
08:06
among American educators.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
08:07
Comic books and graphic novels are now finally making their way
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ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื™ืจืช ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื
08:12
back into American classrooms
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช
08:13
and this is even happening at Bishop O'Dowd, where I used to teach.
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ื•ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•'ื“ืื•ื“, ืฉื ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ืœืœืžื“.
08:17
Mr. Smith, one of my former colleagues,
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ืžืจ ืกืžื™ืช', ืื—ื“ ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ,
08:19
uses Scott McCloud's "Understanding Comics"
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืกืงื•ื˜ ืžืงืœืื•ื“ "ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก"
08:22
in his literature and film class, because that book gives his students
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ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืฉืœื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•
08:26
the language with which to discuss the relationship between words and images.
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ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
08:31
Mr. Burns assigns a comics essay to his students every year.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžืจ ื‘ืจื ื– ืžื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•.
08:35
By asking his students to process a prose novel using images,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ืกืคืจ ืคืจื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
08:39
Mr. Burns asks them to think deeply
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ืžืจ ื‘ืจื ื– ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื•ืžืง
08:42
not just about the story
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ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
08:44
but also about how that story is told.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืกื•ืคืจ.
08:47
And Ms. Murrock uses my own "American Born Chinese"
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ื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืžื•ืจื•ืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื™ "ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืžื•ืฆื ืกื™ื ื™"
08:50
with her English 1 students.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
08:52
For her, graphic novels
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื™ืจืช
08:53
are a great way of fulfilling a Common Core Standard.
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ืžื“ื“ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
08:57
The Standard states that students ought to be able to analyze
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ื”ืžื“ื“ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ืชื—
09:00
how visual elements contribute to the meaning, tone and beauty of a text.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืœื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜.
09:06
Over in the library, Ms. Counts has built a pretty impressive
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ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื”, ื’ื‘ืจืช ืงืื•ื ื˜ืก ื‘ื ืชื” ืื•ืกืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืจืฉื™ื
09:10
graphic novel collection for Bishop O'Dowd.
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ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื™ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•'ื“ืื•ื“.
09:12
Now, Ms. Counts and all of her librarian colleagues
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ื’ื‘ืจืช ืงืื•ื ื˜ืก ื•ื›ืœ ืขืžื™ืชื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืกืคืจื ื™ื•ืช
09:15
have really been at the forefront of comics advocacy,
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ืžืžืฉ ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก,
09:18
really since the early '80s, when a school library journal article
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80, ื›ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ
09:22
stated that the mere presence of graphic novels in the library
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ืงื‘ืขื” ืฉืขืฆื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ืžืื•ื™ืจืช ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื”
09:26
increased usage by about 80 percent
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ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ 80 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
09:29
and increased the circulation of noncomics material
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ื•ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก
09:33
by about 30 percent.
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ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ 30 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
09:35
Inspired by this renewed interest from American educators,
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ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉื ื‘ืขื” ืžื”ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืฆื“ ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
09:38
American cartoonists are now producing more explicitly educational content
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืืžื ื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆื”ืจ
09:43
for the K-12 market than ever before.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ ื™"ื‘ ืžืืฉืจ ืื™ ืคืขื.
09:46
A lot of this is directed at language arts,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื”,
09:49
but more and more comics and graphic novels
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื™ืจืช
09:51
are starting to tackle math and science topics.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื.
09:55
STEM comics graphics novels really are like this uncharted territory,
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ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื“ืข, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืืจืฅ ืœื ื ื•ื“ืขืช,
09:59
ready to be explored.
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ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™.
10:01
America is finally waking up to the fact
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ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
10:04
that comic books do not cause juvenile delinquency.
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ืฉืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ืœื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื”.
10:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:09
That they really do belong in every educator's toolkit.
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ืฉื”ื ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื– ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื—ื ืš.
10:13
There's no good reason to keep comic books and graphic novels
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืกืคืจื™ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื™ืจืช
10:17
out of K-12 education.
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ืžื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœืื™ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ ื™"ื‘.
10:19
They teach visually,
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ื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™,
10:21
they give our students that remote control.
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ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉืœื˜.
10:24
The educational potential is there
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ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื
10:27
just waiting to be tapped
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ืจืง ืžื—ื›ื” ืฉื™ืคืชื—ื• ืื•ืชื•
10:29
by creative people like you.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื›ื.
10:31
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
10:32
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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