The secret to living longer may be your social life | Susan Pinker

506,908 views ใƒป 2017-09-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Tal Hemu ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:12
Here's an intriguing fact.
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืกืงืจื ืช.
00:15
In the developed world,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืคื•ืชื—,
00:16
everywhere, women live an average of six to eight years longer than men do.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืฉ ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:22
Six to eight years longer.
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ืฉืฉ ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:24
That's, like, a huge gap.
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ื–ื” ืคืขืจ ืขื ืง.
00:28
In 2015, the "Lancet" published an article
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ื‘-2015, ื”"ืœื ืกื˜" ืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจ
00:31
showing that men in rich countries
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ื”ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช
00:34
are twice as likely to die as women are
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื ืฉื™ื
00:37
at any age.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœ.
00:38
But there is one place in the world
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
00:41
where men live as long as women.
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ื‘ื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
00:44
It's a remote, mountainous zone,
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ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื•ื”ืจืจื™,
00:46
a blue zone,
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
00:47
where super longevity
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
00:49
is common to both sexes.
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ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื.
00:51
This is the blue zone in Sardinia,
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ื–ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืกืจื“ื™ื ื™ื”,
00:53
an Italian island in the Mediterranean,
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ืื™ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:55
between Corsica and Tunisia,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืกื™ืงื” ืœืชื•ื ื™ืกื™ื”,
00:58
where there are six times as many centenarians
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ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืื” ื•ืžืขืœื”
01:01
as on the Italian mainland,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื™ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช
01:03
less than 200 miles away.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-320ย ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืฉื.
01:05
There are 10 times as many centenarians
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ื™ืฉื ื ืคื™ ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื ื™ ืžืื”
01:07
as there are in North America.
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ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
01:09
It's the only place where men live as long as women.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืฉื™ื.
01:12
But why?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื”?
01:14
My curiosity was piqued.
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ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขื•ืจืจื” ืื•ืชื™.
01:16
I decided to research the science and the habits of the place,
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื,
01:19
and I started with the genetic profile.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืžื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™.
01:22
I discovered soon enough
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™
01:24
that genes account for just 25 percent of their longevity.
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ืฉื’ื ื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ 25 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
01:28
The other 75 percent is lifestyle.
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ืฉืืจ 75 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:32
So what does it take to live to 100 or beyond?
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ืื– ืžื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช 100 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ?
01:35
What are they doing right?
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ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:37
What you're looking at is an aerial view of Villagrande.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฃ ืื•ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื’ืจื ื“ื”.
01:40
It's a village at the epicenter of the blue zone
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ
01:43
where I went to investigate this,
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ืืœื™ื• ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
01:45
and as you can see, architectural beauty is not its main virtue,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื™ื•ืคื™ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
01:50
density is:
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ืืœื ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช:
01:52
tightly spaced houses,
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ื‘ืชื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•,
01:54
interwoven alleys and streets.
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ืกืžื˜ืื•ืช ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื–ื•ืจื™ื.
01:56
It means that the villagers' lives constantly intersect.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฆื˜ืœื‘ื™ื.
02:01
And as I walked through the village,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจ,
02:02
I could feel hundreds of pairs of eyes watching me
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžืื•ืช ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™
02:06
from behind doorways and curtains,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ืœืชื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ืœื•ื ื•ืช,
02:08
from behind shutters.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืจื™ืกื™ื.
02:10
Because like all ancient villages,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื›ืคืจ ืขืชื™ืง,
02:12
Villagrande couldn't have survived
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ื•ื™ืœื’ืจื ื“ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืจื“ืช
02:15
without this structure, without its walls, without its cathedral,
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ืœื•ืœื ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื”, ืœื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ืœืœื ื”ืงืชื“ืจืœื”,
02:18
without its village square,
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ืœืœื ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
02:20
because defense and social cohesion defined its design.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”.
02:25
Urban priorities changed as we moved towards the industrial revolution
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ืกื“ืจื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช
02:29
because infectious disease became the risk of the day.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:32
But what about now?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื?
02:34
Now, social isolation is the public health risk of our time.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืกื›ื ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•.
02:39
Now, a third of the population says
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื
02:42
they have two or fewer people to lean on.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
02:45
But let's go to Villagrande now as a contrast
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื•ื™ืœื’ืจื ื“ื” ื›ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”
02:48
to meet some centenarians.
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ื•ื ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ ืžืื”.
02:50
Meet Giuseppe Murinu. He's 102, a supercentenarian
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ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื’'ื•ื–ืคื” ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•. ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 102, ืžืืจื™ืš ื™ืžื™ื
02:54
and a lifelong resident of the village of Villagrande.
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ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืคืจ ื”ื•ื™ืœื’ืจื ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•.
02:57
He was a gregarious man.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
02:59
He loved to recount stories
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ื”ื•ื ืื”ื‘ ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
03:01
such as how he lived like a bird
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ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื—ื™ ื›ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ
03:03
from what he could find on the forest floor
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ื•ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ื”ื™ืขืจ
03:05
during not one but two world wars,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืื—ืช ืืœื ืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื,
03:09
how he and his wife, who also lived past 100,
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ืืฉืชื•, ืฉื’ื ื—ื™ื” ืžืขืœ ืœ-100 ืฉื ื”,
03:12
raised six children in a small, homey kitchen
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ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืชื™,
03:15
where I interviewed him.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•.
03:17
Here he is with his sons Angelo and Domenico,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืืŸ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื•, ืื ื’'ืœื• ื•ื“ื•ืžื ื™ืงื•,
03:20
both in their 70s and looking after their father,
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœืื‘ื™ื”ื,
03:23
and who were quite frankly very suspicious of me and my daughter
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ื•ืฉื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื“ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ื™ ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืชื™
03:27
who came along with me on this research trip,
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ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืื™ืชื™ ืœืžืกืข ื”ื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”,
03:30
because the flip side of social cohesion
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช
03:33
is a wariness of strangers and outsiders.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
03:36
But Giuseppe, he wasn't suspicious at all.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’'ื•ื–ืคื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื“ืŸ ื›ืœืœ.
03:40
He was a happy-go-lucky guy,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื—ืกืจ ื“ืื’ื•ืช,
03:42
very outgoing with a positive outlook.
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ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
03:45
And I wondered: so is that what it takes to live to be 100 or beyond,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืชื”ื™ืชื™: ืื ื›ืš, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืœ 100 ืฉื ื”,
03:50
thinking positively?
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช?
03:53
Actually, no.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื.
03:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:00
Meet Giovanni Corrias. He's 101,
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ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื™ืืก. ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 101,
04:03
the grumpiest person I have ever met.
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืžื•ืจืžืจ ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™.
04:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:07
And he put a lie to the notion
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
04:09
that you have to be positive to live a long life.
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ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
04:13
And there is evidence for this.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
04:14
When I asked him why he lived so long,
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ื›ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”,
04:17
he kind of looked at me under hooded eyelids and he growled,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืขืคืขืคื™ื™ื ืขืฆืœื•ืช ื•ื ื”ื,
04:20
"Nobody has to know my secrets."
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"ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™."
04:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:25
But despite being a sourpuss,
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ืืš ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื—ืžื•ืฅ,
04:27
the niece who lived with him and looked after him
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ื”ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื—ื™ื” ืื™ืชื• ื•ื˜ื™ืคืœื” ื‘ื•
04:29
called him "Il Tesoro," "my treasure."
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ืงืจืื” ืœื• "ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื™".
04:33
And she respected him and loved him,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื‘ื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ืื”ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื•,
04:36
and she told me, when I questioned this obvious loss of her freedom,
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ื•ืืžืจื” ืœื™, ื›ืฉื”ื˜ืœืชื™ ืกืคืง ื‘ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœื”,
04:41
"You just don't understand, do you?
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"ืืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:43
Looking after this man is a pleasure.
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ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื ื’.
04:45
It's a huge privilege for me.
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ื–ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
04:47
This is my heritage."
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ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื™."
04:49
And indeed, wherever I went to interview these centenarians,
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืืœื”,
04:53
I found a kitchen party.
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื—.
04:55
Here's Giovanni with his two nieces,
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ื”ื ื” ื’'ื•ื‘ืื ื™ ืขื ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
04:57
Maria above him
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ืžืจื™ื” ืžืขืœื™ื•
04:58
and beside him his great-niece Sara,
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ื•ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ื ื›ื“ืช ืื—ื™ื•, ืฉืจื”,
05:00
who came when I was there to bring fresh fruits and vegetables.
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช.
05:04
And I quickly discovered by being there
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ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื
05:07
that in the blue zone, as people age,
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ืฉื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื,
05:09
and indeed across their lifespans,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
05:12
they're always surrounded by extended family, by friends,
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ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
05:16
by neighbors, the priest, the barkeeper, the grocer.
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ืฉื›ื ื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื‘ืื”, ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืœืช.
05:19
People are always there or dropping by.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื ืื• ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ.
05:21
They are never left to live solitary lives.
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ื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
05:25
This is unlike the rest of the developed world,
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ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—,
05:28
where as George Burns quipped,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ืจื ืก ื”ืงื ื™ื˜,
05:29
"Happiness is having a large, loving, caring family in another city."
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"ืฉืžื—ื” ื–ื” ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื•ื“ื•ืื’ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจืช."
05:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:35
Now, so far we've only met men,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืจืง ื’ื‘ืจื™ื,
05:39
long-living men, but I met women too,
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ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื’ื ื‘ื ืฉื™ื,
05:41
and here you see Zia Teresa.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื™ื” ืชืจื–ื”.
05:43
She, at over 100, taught me how to make the local specialty,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื™, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-100, ืื™ืš ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืืช ื”ืžื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
05:47
which is called culurgiones,
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ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืงื•ืœื•ืจื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื,
05:49
which are these large pasta pockets
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ืฉื”ื ื›ื™ืกื™ ืคืกื˜ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
05:52
like ravioli about this size,
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ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
05:55
this size,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
05:56
and they're filled with high-fat ricotta and mint
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ื•ื”ื ืžืžื•ืœืื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ื ืช ืจื™ืงื•ื˜ื” ืฉืžื ื” ื•ื ืขื ืข
05:59
and drenched in tomato sauce.
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ื•ืžื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช.
06:00
And she showed me how to make just the right crimp
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืืชื” ืœื™ ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
06:04
so they wouldn't open,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืคืชื—ื•,
06:06
and she makes them with her daughters every Sunday
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื ืขื ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™
06:09
and distributes them by the dozens to neighbors and friends.
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ื•ืžื—ืœืงืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:13
And that's when I discovered a low-fat, gluten-free diet
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ื•ืฉื ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื“ื™ืื˜ื” ื“ืœืช-ืฉื•ืžืŸ, ืœืœื ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ
06:16
is not what it takes to live to 100 in the blue zone.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ 100 ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
06:19
(Applause)
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:22
Now, these centenarians' stories along with the science that underpins them
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื”ื,
06:27
prompted me to ask myself some questions too,
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ื’ืจืžื• ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื’ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช,
06:29
such as, when am I going to die and how can I put that day off?
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ื›ืžื•, ืžืชื™ ืืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”?
06:34
And as you will see, the answer is not what we expect.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื.
06:38
Julianne Holt-Lunstad is a researcher at Brigham Young University
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ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ื”ื•ืœื˜-ืœื•ื ืกื˜ืื“ ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจื™ื’ื”ื ื™ืื ื’
06:42
and she addressed this very question
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
06:44
in a series of studies
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ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื
06:46
of tens of thousands of middle aged people
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ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”
06:48
much like this audience here.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื”ืœ ื›ืืŸ.
06:51
And she looked at every aspect of their lifestyle:
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื:
06:54
their diet, their exercise,
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ื”ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
06:56
their marital status,
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ืกื˜ืื˜ื•ืก ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
06:57
how often they went to the doctor,
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจื•ืคื,
06:59
whether they smoked or drank, etc.
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ื”ืื ื”ื ืขื™ืฉื ื• ืื• ืฉืชื•, ื•ื›ื•ืœื™.
07:01
She recorded all of this
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ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืขื“ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”
07:04
and then she and her colleagues sat tight and waited for seven years
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื–ืง ื•ื—ื™ื›ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื
07:08
to see who would still be breathing.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื.
07:11
And of the people left standing,
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ื•ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
07:14
what reduced their chances of dying the most?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžื•ืช?
07:18
That was her question.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื”.
07:19
So let's now look at her data in summary,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื” ื‘ืงืฆืจื”,
07:23
going from the least powerful predictor to the strongest.
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ืžื”ืžื ื‘ื ื”ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื”ื—ื–ืง,
07:28
OK?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™?
07:29
So clean air, which is great,
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ืื–, ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืงื™, ืฉื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ,
07:31
it doesn't predict how long you will live.
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ืœื ืžื ื‘ื ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืชื—ื™ื•.
07:34
Whether you have your hypertension treated
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ืื ืืชื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื,
07:37
is good.
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:38
Still not a strong predictor.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื ื‘ื ื—ื–ืง.
07:40
Whether you're lean or overweight, you can stop feeling guilty about this,
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ืื ืืชื ืจื–ื™ื ืื• ืฉืžื ื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืฉืžื™ื,
07:44
because it's only in third place.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
07:46
How much exercise you get is next,
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ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื–ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช,
07:49
still only a moderate predictor.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืง ืžื ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™.
07:51
Whether you've had a cardiac event and you're in rehab and exercising,
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ื•ืืชื ื‘ื’ืžื™ืœื” ื•ืžืชืืžื ื™ื,
07:56
getting higher now.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช.
07:57
Whether you've had a flu vaccine.
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ืื ื—ื•ืกื ืชื ื ื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืช.
07:59
Did anybody here know
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ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืืŸ ื™ื“ืข
08:00
that having a flu vaccine protects you more than doing exercise?
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ืฉืœื”ืชื—ืกืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืช ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜?
08:06
Whether you were drinking and quit,
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ืื ืฉืชื™ืชื ื•ื”ืคืกืงืชื,
08:09
or whether you're a moderate drinker,
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ืื• ืื ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ื ื™ื,
08:11
whether you don't smoke, or if you did, whether you quit,
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ืื ืืชื ืœื ืžืขืฉื ื™ื, ืื• ืื ืขื™ืฉื ืชื - ืื ื”ืคืกืงืชื,
08:15
and getting towards the top predictors
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ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื‘ืื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:19
are two features of your social life.
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ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื.
08:22
First, your close relationships.
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ื”ืื—ื“, ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
08:24
These are the people that you can call on for a loan
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ืืœื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”
08:29
if you need money suddenly,
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ืื ืืชื ืœืคืชืข ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ,
08:31
who will call the doctor if you're not feeling well
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ื”ื ื™ืชืงืฉืจื• ืœืจื•ืคื ืื ืืชื ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘
08:34
or who will take you to the hospital,
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ืื• ื™ืงื—ื• ืืชื›ื ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
08:36
or who will sit with you if you're having an existential crisis,
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ืื• ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืชื›ื ืื ืืชื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื™,
08:41
if you're in despair.
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ืื ืืชื ื‘ื™ืื•ืฉ.
08:43
Those people, that little clutch of people
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
08:45
are a strong predictor, if you have them, of how long you'll live.
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ื”ื ืžื ื‘ื ื—ื–ืง, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ืืœื•, ืœื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืชื—ื™ื•.
08:49
And then something that surprised me,
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ื•ืื– ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™,
08:51
something that's called social integration.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
08:54
This means how much you interact with people
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ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืืชื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื
08:58
as you move through your day.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื.
09:00
How many people do you talk to?
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืืชื ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื?
09:02
And these mean both your weak and your strong bonds,
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืœืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
09:06
so not just the people you're really close to,
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ืœื ืจืง ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื,
09:08
who mean a lot to you,
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ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื,
09:10
but, like, do you talk to the guy who every day makes you your coffee?
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ืืœื, ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืžื›ื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืงืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื?
09:14
Do you talk to the postman?
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ืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื“ื•ื•ืจ?
09:16
Do you talk to the woman who walks by your house every day with her dog?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืขื ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืœื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื?
09:20
Do you play bridge or poker, have a book club?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื“ื’' ืื• ืคื•ืงืจ? ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืื”?
09:23
Those interactions are one of the strongest predictors
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ื”ืžื ื‘ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:26
of how long you'll live.
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ืœื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
09:27
Now, this leads me to the next question:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”:
09:30
if we now spend more time online than on any other activity,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจืช,
09:36
including sleeping,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื”,
09:37
we're now up to 11 hours a day,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 11 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื,
09:39
one hour more than last year, by the way,
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ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืื’ื‘,
09:42
does it make a difference?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื”?
09:44
Why distinguish between interacting in person
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ืœืžื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืื“ื
09:48
and interacting via social media?
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช?
09:50
Is it the same thing as being there
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื
09:53
if you're in contact constantly with your kids through text, for example?
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื?
09:58
Well, the short answer to the question is no,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื,
10:00
it's not the same thing.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
10:01
Face-to-face contact releases a whole cascade of neurotransmitters,
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ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ื-ืืœ-ืคื ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื
10:06
and like a vaccine, they protect you now in the present
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื”ื ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”
10:10
and well into the future.
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ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
10:11
So simply making eye contact with somebody,
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ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื™ืŸ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
10:15
shaking hands, giving somebody a high-five
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ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืœืชืช ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ื™ืฃ
10:18
is enough to release oxytocin,
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ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ,
10:20
which increases your level of trust
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ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
10:22
and it lowers your cortisol levels.
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ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ื•ืœ.
10:24
So it lowers your stress.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœื›ื.
10:27
And dopamine is generated, which gives us a little high
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ื•ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืžืขื˜ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื•ืจื™ื”
10:30
and it kills pain.
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ื•ืžืฉื›ืš ื›ืื‘ื™ื.
10:31
It's like a naturally produced morphine.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืจืคื™ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
10:34
Now, all of this passes under our conscious radar,
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืื“ืืจ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•,
10:37
which is why we conflate online activity with the real thing.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™,
10:42
But we do have evidence now, fresh evidence,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
10:44
that there is a difference.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
10:45
So let's look at some of the neuroscience.
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ื”ื‘ื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
10:47
Elizabeth Redcay, a neuroscientist at the University of Maryland,
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ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ืจื“ืงื™ื™, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžืจื™ืœื ื“,
10:51
tried to map the difference
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ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
10:52
between what goes on in our brains when we interact in person
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
10:56
versus when we're watching something that's static.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืกื˜ื˜ื™.
10:59
And what she did was she compared the brain function
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ืช
11:02
of two groups of people,
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ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื,
11:04
those interacting live with her
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ืืœื• ืฉืชืงืฉืจื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ืื™ืชื”
11:07
or with one of her research associates
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ืื• ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
11:09
in a dynamic conversation,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช,
11:12
and she compared that to the brain activity of people
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
11:14
who were watching her talk about the same subject
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ืฉืฆืคื• ื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื•ืฉื
11:18
but in a canned video, like on YouTube.
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ืืš ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžืฉื•ืžืจ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘.
11:21
And by the way, if you want to know
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ื•ืื’ื‘, ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
11:23
how she fit two people in an MRI scanner at the same time,
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืžื›ื•ื ืช MRI ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
11:26
talk to me later.
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ื“ื‘ืจื• ืื™ืชื™ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš.
11:28
So what's the difference?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ?
11:31
This is your brain on real social interaction.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
11:34
What you're seeing is the difference in brain activity
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช
11:37
between interacting in person and taking in static content.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืื“ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืกื˜ื˜ื™.
11:42
In orange, you see the brain areas that are associated with attention,
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ื‘ื›ืชื•ื, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืงืฉื‘,
11:47
social intelligence --
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ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช --
11:48
that means anticipating what somebody else is thinking
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
11:51
and feeling and planning --
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ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื•ืžืชื›ื ืŸ --
11:53
and emotional reward.
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ื•ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืจื’ืฉื™.
11:54
And these areas become much more engaged
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ื•ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
11:57
when we're interacting with a live partner.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื—ื™.
12:01
Now, these richer brain signatures
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ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ืคืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
12:04
might be why recruiters from Fortune 500 companies
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืœ Fortune 500
12:08
evaluating candidates
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื
12:10
thought that the candidates were smarter
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:13
when they heard their voices
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื
12:15
compared to when they just read their pitches in a text, for example,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื›ืฉืจืง ืงืจืื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
12:19
or an email or a letter.
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ืื• ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื• ืžื›ืชื‘.
12:20
Now, our voices and body language convey a rich signal.
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ื”ืงื•ืœ ื•ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืชื•ืช.
12:23
It shows that we're thinking, feeling,
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ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื,
12:25
sentient human beings
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ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื
12:27
who are much more than an algorithm.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืง ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื.
12:29
Now, this research by Nicholas Epley
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ืืคืœื™
12:31
at the University of Chicago Business School
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉื™ืงื’ื•
12:36
is quite amazing because it tells us a simple thing.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜.
12:39
If somebody hears your voice,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ืžืข ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœืš,
12:41
they think you're smarter.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืชื” ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:43
I mean, that's quite a simple thing.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
12:47
Now, to return to the beginning,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืœื”,
12:49
why do women live longer than men?
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ืœืžื” ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื‘ืจื™ื?
12:51
And one major reason is that women are more likely
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:54
to prioritize and groom their face-to-face relationships
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ืœืชืขื“ืฃ ื•ืœื˜ืคื— ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื™ื
12:57
over their lifespans.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ.
12:59
Fresh evidence shows
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ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช
13:00
that these in-person friendships
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ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
13:02
create a biological force field against disease and decline.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื“ื”-ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื ื’ื“ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื•ืŸ.
13:06
And it's not just true of humans
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืชืงืฃ ืจืง ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
13:08
but their primate relations, our primate relations as well.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:12
Anthropologist Joan Silk's work shows that female baboons
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื’'ื•ืืŸ ืกื™ืœืง ืžืจืื” ืฉื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืŸ
13:15
who have a core of female friends
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ืงื‘ื™ื•ืช
13:18
show lower levels of stress via their cortisol levels,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืชื— ื”ื ืžื“ื“ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื–ื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
13:22
they live longer and they have more surviving offspring.
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื.
13:26
At least three stable relationships.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงืฉืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื.
13:28
That was the magic number.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงืกื.
13:30
Think about it.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
13:31
I hope you guys have three.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”.
13:34
The power of such face-to-face contact
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ื-ืžื•ืœ-ืคื ื™ื
13:38
is really why there are the lowest rates of dementia
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื ืฆื™ื”
13:41
among people who are socially engaged.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
13:43
It's why women who have breast cancer
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“
13:45
are four times more likely to survive their disease than loners are.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืžืืฉืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
13:51
Why men who've had a stroke who meet regularly to play poker
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ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื‘ืฅ ื•ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืฉื—ืง ืคื•ืงืจ
13:55
or to have coffee
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ืื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืงืคื”
13:56
or to play old-timer's hockey --
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ืื• ืœืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ืงื™ ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื --
13:59
I'm Canadian, after all --
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื ื“ื”, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ --
14:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:01
are better protected by that social contact
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ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
14:04
than they are by medication.
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ืžืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
14:06
Why men who've had a stroke who meet regularly --
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ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื‘ืฅ ื•ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข --
14:09
this is something very powerful they can do.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืง ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
14:11
This face-to-face contact provides stunning benefits,
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ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ื-ืžื•ืœ-ืคื ื™ื ื›ื–ื• ืžืกืคืงืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื,
14:15
yet now almost a quarter of the population says they have no one to talk to.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืขื ืžื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
14:20
We can do something about this.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
14:23
Like Sardinian villagers,
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ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืกืจื“ื™ื ื™ื”,
14:25
it's a biological imperative to know we belong,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื,
14:28
and not just the women among us.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื•.
14:30
Building in-person interaction into our cities, into our workplaces,
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
14:35
into our agendas
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•,
14:37
bolsters the immune system,
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ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช,
14:39
sends feel-good hormones surging through the bloodstream and brain
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ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ื“ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื—
14:43
and helps us live longer.
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ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:45
I call this building your village,
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื–ื” "ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœืš",
14:48
and building it and sustaining it is a matter of life and death.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ื•ืื—ื–ืงืชื• ื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช.
14:52
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
14:53
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื).
14:59
Helen Walters: Susan, come back. I have a question for you.
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ื”ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจืก: ืกื•ื–ืŸ, ื—ื–ืจื™ ื”ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš.
15:02
I'm wondering if there's a middle path.
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ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืืžืฆืขื™ืช.
15:04
So you talk about the neurotransmitters connecting when in face-to-face,
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ืื– ืืช ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ื-ืžื•ืœ-ืคื ื™ื,
15:08
but what about digital technology?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช?
15:09
We've seen enormous improvements in digital technology
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช
15:12
like FaceTime, things like that.
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ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื™ืก-ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•.
15:14
Does that work too?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื’ื ื›ืŸ?
15:16
I mean, I see my nephew.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืื—ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
15:17
He plays Minecraft and he's yelling at his friends.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื™ื™ื ืงืจืืคื˜ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืขืง ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•.
15:19
It seems like he's connecting pretty well.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืฉืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
15:21
Is that useful? Is that helpful?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ?
15:23
Susan Pinker: Some of the data are just emerging.
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ืกื•ื–ืŸ ืคื™ื ืงืจ: ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื’ืœื”.
15:26
The data are so fresh that the digital revolution happened
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืงืจืชื”
15:29
and the health data trailed behind.
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
15:31
So we're just learning,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื,
15:33
but I would say there are some improvements
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
15:35
that we could make in the technology.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
15:37
For example, the camera on your laptop is at the top of the screen,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
15:40
so for example, when you're looking into the screen,
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš
15:43
you're not actually making eye contact.
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ืืชื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื™ืŸ.
15:45
So something as simple as even just looking into the camera
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืืœ ืžืฆืœืžื”
15:48
can increase those neurotransmitters,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื,
15:51
or maybe changing the position of the camera.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”.
15:53
So it's not identical, but I think we are getting closer with the technology.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื–ื”ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
15:57
HW: Great. Thank you so much.
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ื”.ื•: ื ืคืœื. ืชื•ื“ื”-ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
15:59
SP: Thank you.
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ืก.ืค: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
16:00
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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