David Deutsch: A new way to explain explanation

211,934 views ใƒป 2009-10-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Avshalom Aloni ืžื‘ืงืจ: Gily Stein
00:18
I'm sure that,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื•
00:20
throughout the 100,000-odd years of our species' existence
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
00:26
and even before,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
00:29
our ancestors looked up at the night sky and wondered what stars are --
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ืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืœ ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
ื•ืชื”ื• ืžื”ื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
00:34
wondering, therefore,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืชื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆื,
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื
00:37
how to explain what they saw
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00:40
in terms of things unseen.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื.
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
00:47
OK, so, most people only wondered that occasionally, like today,
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ืชื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื” ืจืง ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:52
in breaks from whatever normally preoccupied them.
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ื‘ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืžื”
ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ื”ืขืกื™ืง ืื•ืชื.
00:56
But what normally preoccupied them also involved yearning to know.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ื”ืขืกื™ืง ืื•ืชื
ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœื“ืขืช.
01:03
They wished they knew
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ื”ื ื™ื™ื—ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช
01:06
how to prevent their food supply from sometimes failing,
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ืื™ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ
ืื™ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ
01:10
and how they could rest when they were tired
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ื•ืื™ืš ืœื ื•ื— ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื™ื™ืคื™ื,
01:13
without risking starvation,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจืขื‘,
01:17
be warmer, cooler, safer,
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ืžื, ืœื”ืชืงืจืจ, ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
01:21
in less pain.
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ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืžืฅ.
01:23
I bet those prehistoric cave artists would have loved to know
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื•ืชื ืืžื ื™-ืžืขืจื•ืช ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื
ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
01:28
how to draw better.
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ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
01:31
(Laughter)
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01:32
In every aspect of their lives,
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01:35
they wished for progress, just as we do.
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ื”ื ืฉืืคื• ืœืงื™ื“ืžื”, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื ื•.
01:40
But they failed, almost completely, to make any.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:46
They didn't know how to.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
01:49
Discoveries like fire happened so rarely
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ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืืฉ
ืงืจื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ื” ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“,
01:55
that, from an individual's point of view,
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01:57
the world never improved.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ืฉืชืคืจ.
02:00
Nothing new was learned.
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื ื ืœืžื“.
02:04
The first clue to the origin of starlight
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ื”ืจืžื– ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
02:07
happened as recently as 1899:
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ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื“ื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘-1899: ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
02:12
radioactivity.
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02:14
And within 40 years,
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ื•ืชื•ืš 40 ืฉื ื™ื,
02:16
physicists discovered the whole explanation,
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ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœื,
02:20
expressed, as usual, in elegant symbols.
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื, ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ืกืžืœื™ื ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. [ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืจ:]
02:25
But never mind the symbols.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ืœื›ืฉืขืฆืžื.
02:27
Think how many discoveries they represent.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช
ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื.
02:33
Nuclei and nuclear reactions, of course.
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ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื™ืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
02:36
But isotopes,
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ืืš ื’ื ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื, ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื,
02:39
particles of electricity,
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02:43
antimatter,
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ืื ื˜ื™-ื—ื•ืžืจ,
02:47
neutrinos,
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื,
02:49
the conversion of mass to energy -- that's E=mc2 --
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ื”ื”ืžืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกื” ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืกื” ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข
02:53
gamma rays,
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ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืืžื”,
02:55
transmutation.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ.
02:59
That ancient dream that had always eluded the alchemists
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ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืžืง ืžื”ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื
03:04
was achieved through these same theories
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ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ
03:06
that explained starlight and other ancient mysteries
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ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
ื•ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
03:11
and new, unexpected phenomena.
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ื•ื’ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:14
That all that, discovered in 40 years,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืงืจื• ืชื•ืš 40 ืฉื ื”,
03:18
had not been in the previous hundred thousand
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื”ืŸ,
03:21
was not for lack of thinking
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ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”
03:25
about stars and all those other urgent problems they had.
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ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื—ื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืกื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื.
ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฆืื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
03:30
They even arrived at answers, such as myths,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื,
03:34
that dominated their lives,
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ืฉืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
03:36
yet bore almost no resemblance to the truth.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื“ืžื• ื‘ืžืื•ืžื”
ืœืืžืช.
03:42
The tragedy of that protracted stagnation
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ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ื”ื–ื”
03:47
isn't sufficiently recognized, I think.
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ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ื“ื™ื” ืœื˜ืขืžื™.
03:49
These were people with brains of essentially the same design
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื—ื•ืช
ื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื ืœืžื•ื—ื•ืช
03:54
that eventually did discover all those things.
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:59
But that ability to make progress
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ืืš ืื•ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืงื“ื
04:03
remained almost unused,
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ื ืฉืืจื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
04:06
until the event that revolutionized the human condition
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ืขื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข
ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
04:12
and changed the universe.
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04:13
Or so we should hope,
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ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช.
04:15
because that event was the scientific revolution,
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ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ื”
ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
04:19
ever since which our knowledge of the physical world
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ื•ืžืื– ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชื”, ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•
ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™
04:23
and of how to adapt it to our wishes
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•,
04:27
has been growing relentlessly.
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช.
04:29
Now, what had changed?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื ื”?
04:32
What were people now doing for the first time
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื• ื›ืขืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
04:34
that made that difference between stagnation
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ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ืจ
ืžื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ
04:38
and rapid, open-ended discovery?
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ืœืžืกืข ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœ-ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช?
04:42
How to make that difference
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื”
04:44
is surely the most important universal truth
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ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื”ืืžืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:48
that it's possible to know.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช.
04:50
And worryingly, there's no consensus about what it is.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ื“ืื’ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื”ื•ืช ืืžืช ื–ื•.
04:55
So, I'll tell you.
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ืื ื›ืš, ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžื”ื™.
04:57
(Laughter)
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื”.
04:58
But I'll have to backtrack a little first.
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05:01
Before the scientific revolution,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
05:04
they believed that everything important, knowable,
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ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืจ-ื™ื“ื™ืขื”
05:07
was already known,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข,
05:09
enshrined in ancient writings, institutions
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ืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช,
05:12
and in some genuinely useful rules of thumb --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™-ืืฆื‘ืข ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ --
05:15
which were, however, entrenched as dogmas,
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ืืš ื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื“ื•ึนื’ืžื•ืช,
05:19
along with many falsehoods.
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ืœืฆื“ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
05:21
So, they believed that knowledge came from authorities
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ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
05:25
that actually knew very little.
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ืขื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“.
05:28
And therefore,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื”
05:30
progress depended on learning how to reject
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช
05:34
the authority of learned men, the priests, traditions and rulers,
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ืืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื,
ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื, ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื.
05:41
which is why the scientific revolution had to have a wider context:
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช
ื ื–ืงืงื” ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ:
05:46
the Enlightenment, a revolution in how people sought knowledge,
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ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื”
ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืจื• ืื—ืจ ื™ื“ืข,
05:53
trying not to rely on authority.
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ื‘ื ืกื•ืชื ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช.
05:56
"Take no one's word for it."
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"ืืœ ืชืืžื™ืŸ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“." [ื”ืžื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช]
05:58
But that can't be what made the difference.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
06:02
Authorities had been rejected before, many times.
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ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื“ื—ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
06:04
And that rarely, if ever,
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
06:07
caused anything like the scientific revolution.
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06:10
At the time, what they thought distinguished science
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘
ื›ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข
06:14
was a radical idea about things unseen,
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ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉื“ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื,
06:18
known as empiricism --
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ื•ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฉื "ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืฆื™ื–ื":
06:21
all knowledge derives from the senses.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื.
06:26
Well, we've seen that that can't be true.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:29
It did help by promoting observation and experiment.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืขื–ืจ ืข"ื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“
ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
06:35
But, from the outset,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ
06:36
it was obvious that there was something horribly wrong with it.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื“.
06:40
Knowledge comes from the senses?
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ื”ื™ื“ืข ืžื’ื™ืข ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื.
06:42
In what language?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉืคื”? ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
06:43
Certainly not the language of mathematics, in which, Galileo rightly said,
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ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉื‘ื” - ืืžืจ ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื•ืฆื“ืง -
06:48
the book of nature is written.
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ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
06:51
Look at the world.
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืื™ื ื›ื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช
06:52
You don't see equations carved on the mountainsides.
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ื—ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืœืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื.
06:57
If you did, it would be because people had carved them.
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ืื™ืœื• ืจืื™ื ื•, ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
ื—ืงืงื• ืื•ืชืŸ
07:00
By the way, why don't we do that?
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
07:03
(Laughter)
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07:04
What's wrong with us?
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ืžื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืื™ืชื ื•?
07:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:07
Empiricism is inadequate
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ื”ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืฆื™ื–ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืง
07:09
because, well, scientific theories explain the seen in terms of the unseen.
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ื›ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,
ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื™.
07:16
And the unseen, you have to admit,
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ื•ื”ืกืžื•ื™, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช,
07:18
doesn't come to us through the senses.
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ืœื ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื.
07:20
We don't see those nuclear reactions in stars.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
07:24
We don't see the origin of species.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื.
07:27
We don't see the curvature of space-time,
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืขืงืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ
07:31
and other universes.
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ื•ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
07:33
But we know about those things.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
07:36
How?
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ืื™ืš?
07:38
Well, the classic empiricist answer is induction --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืงืฉ.
07:43
the unseen resembles the seen.
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ื”ืกืžื•ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ืจืื”.
07:47
But it doesn't.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
07:49
You know what the clinching evidence was that space-time is curved?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ื—ื•ืชื›ืช
ืฉื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื• ืขืงืžื•ืžื™?
07:54
It was a photograph -- not of space-time,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ,
07:57
but of an eclipse, with a dot there rather than there.
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ืืœื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืงื•ื™-ื—ืžื”, ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืคื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืคื”.
08:01
And the evidence for evolution?
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ื•ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”?
08:03
Some rocks and some finches.
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ื›ืžื” ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืคึผึธืจื•ึผืฉืื™ื.
08:06
And parallel universes?
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ื•ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื? ืฉื•ื‘: ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš, ืฉื,
08:08
Again: dots there rather than there, on a screen.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคื”.
08:11
What we see in all these cases
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
08:14
bears no resemblance to the reality that we conclude is responsible --
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ืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
ืฉืื ื• ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• --
ืจืง ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงืฉื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื
08:21
only a long chain of theoretical reasoning and interpretation connects them.
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ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
"ืื”ื”!" ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืึธืชึธื ื™ื.
08:27
"Ah!" say creationists.
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08:29
"So you admit it's all interpretation.
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"ืื– ืืชื” ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช.
08:31
No one's ever seen evolution.
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"ืื™ืฉ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
08:34
We see rocks.
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"ืจื•ืื™ื ืจืง ืื‘ื ื™ื.
08:36
You have your interpretation. We have ours.
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"ืœืš ื™ืฉ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœืš ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืœื ื•.
08:39
Yours comes from guesswork; ours, from the Bible."
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"ืฉืœืš ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื;
"ื•ืฉืœื ื• - ืžื”ืชื "ืš."
08:43
But what creationist and empiricists both ignore
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืึธืชึธื ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžืคื™ืจื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“ ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืžื ื•
08:49
is that, in that sense,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
08:51
no one's ever seen a Bible either,
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ืื™ืฉ ืžืขื•ืœื ื’ื ืœื ืจืื” ืชื "ืš,
08:54
that the eye only detects light, which we don't perceive.
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ืฉื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžื–ื”ื” ืจืง ืื•ืจ, ืื•ืชื• ืื ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก.
08:58
Brains only detect nerve impulses.
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ืฉืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืื•ืชื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื.
09:01
And they don't perceive even those as what they really are,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช,
09:04
namely electrical crackles.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื™ื ื ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื.
09:07
So we perceive nothing as what it really is.
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09:11
Our connection to reality is never just perception.
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ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
ืื™ื ื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืชืคื™ืกื” ืœืฉืžื”.
09:16
It's always, as Karl Popper put it,
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ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื— ื–ืืช ืงืจืœ ืคื•ืคืจ,
09:20
theory-laden.
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"ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช".
09:23
Scientific knowledge isn't derived from anything.
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ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ื’ื–ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
09:25
Like all knowledge, it's conjectural, guesswork,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื™ื“ืข: ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื
09:31
tested by observation,
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ืฉื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืข"ื™ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช,
09:33
not derived from it.
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ื•ืœื ื ื’ื–ืจื™ื ืžื”ืŸ.
09:37
So, were testable conjectures the great innovation
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ืื– ื”ืื ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช-ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื”
09:40
that opened the intellectual prison gates?
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืคืชื— ืืช ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ื›ืœื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™?
09:44
No, contrary to what's usually said, testability is common
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ืœื. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื”
09:49
in myths and all sorts of other irrational modes of thinking.
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ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืช.
09:53
Any crank claiming the sun will go out next Tuesday
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ืœื›ืœ ืชืžื”ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืชื›ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื
09:57
has got a testable prediction.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืจ-ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”.
10:00
Consider the ancient Greek myth explaining seasons.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง
ื”ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”.
10:06
Hades, god of the underworld,
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ื”ืื“ืก, ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉืื•ืœ,
ื—ื•ื˜ืฃ ืืช ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื”, ืืœืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘,
10:09
kidnaps Persephone, the goddess of spring,
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10:11
and negotiates a forced marriage contract, requiring her to return regularly,
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ื•ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื›ืคื•ื™
ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžืžื ื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ืื– ืžื ื™ื— ืœื” ืœืœื›ืช.
10:17
and lets her go.
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10:18
And each year,
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
10:20
she is magically compelled to return.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืคื•ื™ื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืจื—-ืคืœื
10:23
And her mother, Demeter,
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ื•ืืžื”, ื“ืžื˜ืจ,
10:25
goddess of the earth,
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ืืœืช ื”ืืจืฅ,
10:27
is sad, and makes it cold and barren.
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ื ืขืฆื‘ืช ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืืจืฅ ืœื”ืชืงืจืจ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืฉื•ืžืžื”.
10:32
That myth is testable.
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ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ-ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”.
10:35
If winter is caused by Demeter's sadness,
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ืื ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื™ื ื• ืื›ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืจ ืขืฆื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื˜ืจ,
10:39
then it must happen everywhere on earth simultaneously.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืขืœื™-ืื“ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
10:43
So if the ancient Greeks had only known
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ืื– ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”
10:45
that Australia is at its warmest when Demeter is at her saddest ...
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ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ื ืชื” ื”ื—ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ืžื˜ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืขืฆื•ื‘ื”,
10:49
(Laughter)
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10:50
they'd have known that their theory is false.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
10:53
(Laughter)
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื–ื”,
10:54
So, what was wrong with that myth
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10:56
and with all prescientific thinking?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงื“ื-ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
10:59
And what, then, made that momentous difference?
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ื•ืžื” ื’ืจื ืื—"ื› ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”?
11:04
I think there's one thing you have to care about
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื•.
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก --
11:09
and that implies testability, the scientific method,
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ืœื‘ืจื•ึผืช-ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”, ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
11:13
the Enlightenment and everything.
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ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
11:15
And here's the crucial thing:
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข.
11:17
there is such a thing as a defect in a story.
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ืงื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, "ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ".
11:20
I don't just mean a logical defect.
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ืœื ืกืชื ื›ืฉืœ ืœื•ื’ื™, ืืœื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื’ืจื•ืข. [ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื’ืจื•ืข: ืงืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืชื•]
11:21
I mean a bad explanation.
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11:25
What does that mean?
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ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืกื‘ืจ
11:26
Well, an explanation is an assertion about what's there, unseen,
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืกืžื•ื™,
11:31
that accounts for what's seen;
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ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืจืื™ื.
11:34
because the explanatory role of Persephone's marriage contract
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ื›ื™ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™
ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื”
11:39
could be played equally well
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
11:41
by infinitely many other ad hoc entities.
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ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช
ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.
11:45
Why a marriage contract and not any other reason
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื•ื–ื” ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช
11:48
for regular annual action?
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ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื ืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข?
11:52
Here's one: Persephone wasn't released.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืคืจืกื•ืคื•ื ื” ืœื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื”.
11:55
She escaped, and returns every spring to take revenge on Hades,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืžืœื˜ื”, ื•ืžืื– ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ื ื‘ื”ืื“ืก
12:01
with her spring powers.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘" ืฉืœื”.
12:03
She cools his domain with spring air,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืงืจืจืช ืืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื• ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™,
12:08
venting heat up to the surface, creating summer.
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ืžืขืœื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื—ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืงื™ืฅ.
12:12
That accounts for the same phenomena as the original myth.
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ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
12:16
It's equally testable.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ-ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
12:19
Yet what it asserts about reality is, in many ways, the opposite.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ.
12:24
And that's possible
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ื•ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ
12:26
because the details of the original myth are unrelated to seasons,
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ืฉืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™
ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ื ื•ืช
12:31
except via the myth itself.
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ืจืง ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืขืฆืžื•.
12:35
This easy variability
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ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืงืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ
12:38
is the sign of a bad explanation,
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ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื’ืจื•ืข,
12:42
because, without a functional reason
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ื›ื™ ืœืœื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ
12:45
to prefer one of countless variants,
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ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื,
12:51
advocating one of them in preference to the others
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ื”ืขื“ืคืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
12:53
is irrational.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
12:55
So, for the essence of what makes the difference to enable progress,
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ืื–, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืžืฆืช
ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื”,
13:00
seek good explanations,
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ื—ืคืฉื• ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
13:02
the ones that can't be easily varied,
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ื›ืืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
13:05
while still explaining the phenomena.
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ื•ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช.
13:10
Now our current explanation of seasons
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ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขื•ื ื•ืช
13:13
is that the Earth's axis is tilted like that,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆื™ืจ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื•ื˜ื” ื›ืš,
13:17
so each hemisphere tilts towards the sun for half the year,
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ืฉื›ืœ ื—ืฆื™-ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”,
13:20
and away for the other half.
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ื•ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”.
13:23
[Not to scale!]
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชืจืฉืžื• ืืช ื–ื” [ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ืืžื™ืชื™!]
13:24
Better put that up.
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13:25
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:26
That's a good explanation:
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘: ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื,
13:30
hard to vary,
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13:31
because every detail plays a functional role.
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ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™.
13:34
For instance, we know, independently of seasons,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”,
13:37
that surfaces tilted away from radiant heat are heated less,
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ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืื”
ืžืžืงื•ืจ-ื—ื•ื, ืžืชื—ืžืžื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช,
13:42
and that a spinning sphere, in space,
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ื•ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
13:45
points in a constant direction.
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ืคื•ื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
13:48
And the tilt also explains
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ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื’ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื”
13:51
the sun's angle of elevation at different times of year,
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ืืช ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
13:55
and predicts that the seasons will be out of phase in the two hemispheres.
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ื•ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช
ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืฆื™-ื›ื“ื•ืจ.
14:00
If they'd been observed in phase,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช,
14:02
the theory would have been refuted.
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ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืคืจื›ืช.
14:04
But now, the fact that it's also a good explanation, hard to vary,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื–ื”ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข.
14:10
makes the crucial difference.
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14:14
If the ancient Greeks had found out about seasons in Australia,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื
ืžื” ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
14:19
they could have easily varied their myth to predict that.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืฉืœื”ื
ื›ืš ืฉื™ื—ื–ื” ืื•ืชืŸ.
14:23
For instance, when Demeter's upset,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืฉื“ืžื˜ืจ ืขืฆื•ื‘ื”,
14:25
she banishes heat from her vicinity into the other hemisphere,
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ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื” ื—ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”,
ืืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื• ืงื™ืฅ.
14:30
where it makes summer.
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14:31
So, being proved wrong by observation
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ืื– ื’ื ืื™ืœื• ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื˜ืขื•ืชื ืข"ื™ ืชืฆืคื™ืช,
14:34
and changing their theory accordingly
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื”ืชืื,
14:36
still wouldn't have got the ancient Greeks one jot closer to understanding seasons,
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื˜, ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื˜ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”,
14:42
because their explanation was bad -- easy to vary.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืกื‘ืจื ื”ื™ื” ืจืข: ืงืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
14:45
And it's only when an explanation is good
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ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘,
14:48
that it even matters whether it's testable.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ-ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”.
ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืคืจื›ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ,
14:51
If the axis-tilt theory had been refuted,
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14:53
its defenders would have had nowhere to go.
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ืœืžื’ื™ื ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืžืคืœื˜.
14:55
No easily implemented change
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ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงืœ-ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื
14:58
could make that tilt cause the same seasons in both hemispheres.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื–ื•
ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืฆืื™ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ.
15:05
The search for hard-to-vary explanations is the origin of all progress.
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ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™
ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืงื™ื“ืžื”.
15:11
It's the basic regulating principle of the Enlightenment.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ืœืœ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ
ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ืื•ืจื•ืช.
15:16
So, in science, two false approaches blight progress.
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ื‘ืžื“ืข ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืกื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช.
15:20
One's well-known: untestable theories.
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ื”ืื—ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœื›ืœ: ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืช-ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”.
15:23
But the more important one is explanationless theories.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื: ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืกื‘ืจ.
15:27
Whenever you're told that some existing statistical trend will continue
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืฉืื™ื–ื• ืžื’ืžื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชื™ืžืฉืš,
15:31
but you aren't given a hard-to-vary account of what causes that trend,
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ื•ืœื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื›ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™
ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื’ืžื” ื–ื•,
15:37
you're being told a wizard did it.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืฉืื™ื–ื” ืงื•ืกื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
15:39
When you are told that carrots have human rights
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ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืฉืœื’ื–ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช-ืื“ื
15:42
because they share half our genes,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• --
15:44
but not how gene percentages confer rights -- wizard.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืื™ืš ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช -- ืงืกื.
15:50
When someone announces that the nature-nurture debate
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
15:54
has been settled
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ื”ื•ื›ืจืข ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืื™ื”
15:55
because there's evidence that a given percentage of our political opinions
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ืœื›ืš ืฉืื—ื•ื– ื ืชื•ืŸ
ืžื“ืขื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ืจื›ืฉ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
16:00
are genetically inherited,
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16:02
but they don't explain how genes cause opinions,
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ืืš ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื“ืขื•ืช,
16:06
they've settled nothing.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื“ื‘ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ืžืจ
16:07
They're saying that our opinions are caused by wizards,
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ืฉืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื™ื,
ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœื”ื.
16:11
and presumably, so are their own.
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16:12
(Laughter)
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16:13
That the truth consists of hard-to-vary assertions about reality
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืืžืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
ืžื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
16:20
is the most important fact about the physical world.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™.
16:25
It's a fact that is itself unseen,
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ืœื›ืฉืขืฆืžื”, ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืกืžื•ื™ื”,
16:28
yet impossible to vary.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
16:31
Thank you.
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16:32
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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