David Deutsch: A new way to explain explanation

215,390 views ・ 2009-10-26

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Young-ho Park κ²€ν† : Hyunwoo Park
00:18
I'm sure that,
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μ €λŠ” 인간이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•΄μ™”λ˜ μ‘°κΈˆμ€ νŠΉλ³„ν–ˆλ˜
00:20
throughout the 100,000-odd years of our species' existence
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μ§€λ‚œ μ‹­λ§Œλ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
00:26
and even before,
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μ•„λ‹ˆ μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ κ·Έ 이전뢀터
00:29
our ancestors looked up at the night sky and wondered what stars are --
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우리 μΈκ°„μ˜ 쑰상듀은 λ°€ν•˜λŠ˜μ„ 보며
λ³„μ΄λž€ 무엇인지 κΆκΈˆν•΄ ν–ˆμ„ 것이라고 ν™•μ‹ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
wondering, therefore,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ, μžκΈ°λ“€μ΄ 보고 있던 것을
μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” κ°œλ…μ„ 톡해
00:37
how to explain what they saw
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00:40
in terms of things unseen.
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μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ κ³ λ―Όν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 말이죠.
ν•˜κΈ΄ κ·Έ 쀑 λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜κ°€
00:47
OK, so, most people only wondered that occasionally, like today,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ²˜λŸΌ 무슨 일을 ν•˜λ‹€κ°€
00:52
in breaks from whatever normally preoccupied them.
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쉴 λ•Œλ‚˜ 놀 λ•Œλ§Œ 가끔 그런 생각을
ν–ˆμ—ˆκ² μ§€μš”.
00:56
But what normally preoccupied them also involved yearning to know.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그듀이 보톡 λ•Œ ν•˜λ˜ 일 μžμ²΄κ°€
μ’…μ’… 지식을 μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 것이기도 ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:03
They wished they knew
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그듀은 가끔 μ‹λŸ‰κ³΅κΈ‰μ΄
01:06
how to prevent their food supply from sometimes failing,
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μ€‘λ‹¨λ˜λŠ” 것을 λ°©μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 법을
μ•Œλ©΄ μ’‹κ² λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ—ˆμ£ .
01:10
and how they could rest when they were tired
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또 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ꡢ주림의 μœ„ν—˜μ„ 무릅쓰지 μ•Šκ³ μ„œλ„
01:13
without risking starvation,
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ν”Όκ³€ν•  λ•ŒλŠ” 쉴 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ,
01:17
be warmer, cooler, safer,
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고톡이 λœν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ λ”°λœ»ν•˜κ³ , μ‹œμ›ν•˜κ²Œ,
01:21
in less pain.
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그리고 μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ²Œ μžˆμ„ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ κ³ λ―Όν–ˆμ£ .
01:23
I bet those prehistoric cave artists would have loved to know
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μ„ μ‚¬μ‹œλŒ€μ˜ 동꡴ 화가듀은
그림을 보닀 더 잘 κ·Έλ¦¬λŠ” 방법을
01:28
how to draw better.
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정말 μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν–ˆμ„κ±°μ—μš”.
μ–΄λ–€ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 보든지
01:31
(Laughter)
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01:32
In every aspect of their lives,
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01:35
they wished for progress, just as we do.
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그듀은 μ§€κΈˆμ˜ 우리처럼 진보λ₯Ό μ›ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
But they failed, almost completely, to make any.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 진보λ₯Ό μ΄λ£¨λŠ”λ°λŠ” 거의 μ™„μ „νžˆ μ‹€νŒ¨ν–ˆμ£ .
01:46
They didn't know how to.
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방법을 λͺ°λžμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
01:49
Discoveries like fire happened so rarely
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뢈의 발견 같은 것은
극히 λ“œλ¬Όκ²Œ μƒκΈ°λŠ” 일이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—, 개인의 μž…μž₯μ—μ„œ 보면
01:55
that, from an individual's point of view,
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01:57
the world never improved.
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세상에 λ°œμ „ 같은 것은 μ—†μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
02:00
Nothing new was learned.
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μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ λ°°μš°λŠ” 것이 μ „ν˜€ μ—†μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:04
The first clue to the origin of starlight
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λ³„λΉ›μ˜ 근원에 λŒ€ν•œ 첫 μ‹€λ§ˆλ¦¬λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν–ˆλ˜ 것은
02:07
happened as recently as 1899:
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1899년에야 μ œμ‹œλ˜μ—ˆλ˜ 방사λŠ₯μ„€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
radioactivity.
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02:14
And within 40 years,
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κ·Έ ν›„, 뢈과 40λ…„ μ΄λ‚΄λ‘œ
02:16
physicists discovered the whole explanation,
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λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 별빛에 λŒ€ν•œ μ™„μ „ν•œ μ„€λͺ…을
02:20
expressed, as usual, in elegant symbols.
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ν‰μ†Œ μ‹€λ ₯λŒ€λ‘œ μš°μ•„ν•œ μˆ˜μ‹μœΌλ‘œ ν•΄λƒˆμ§€μš”.
02:25
But never mind the symbols.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μˆ˜μ‹ μžμ²΄λŠ” 신경쓰지 λ§ˆμ„Έμš”.
02:27
Think how many discoveries they represent.
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그것이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ λ°œκ²¬μ„ μƒμ§•ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€
생각해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
02:33
Nuclei and nuclear reactions, of course.
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ›μžν•΅κ³Ό ν•΅λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ“€ 수 있고,
02:36
But isotopes,
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λ™μœ„μ›μ†Œ, μ „κΈ°μ˜ λ‹¨μœ„μΈ μ „μž,
02:39
particles of electricity,
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02:43
antimatter,
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반물질,
02:47
neutrinos,
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μ€‘μ„±λ―Έμž,
02:49
the conversion of mass to energy -- that's E=mc2 --
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λ¬Όμ§ˆμ—μ„œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ‘œμ˜ μ „ν™˜, 즉 E=mc^2 곡식,
02:53
gamma rays,
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κ°λ§ˆμ„ ,
02:55
transmutation.
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ν•΅λ³€ν™˜.
02:59
That ancient dream that had always eluded the alchemists
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μ—°κΈˆμˆ μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ 끝내 이루지 λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ κ³ λŒ€μ˜ κΏˆμ€
03:04
was achieved through these same theories
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별빛을 λΉ„λ‘―ν•œ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³ λŒ€μΈμ˜ μ‹ λΉ„ 및
03:06
that explained starlight and other ancient mysteries
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기타 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜„λŒ€μ˜ 수수께끼λ₯Ό
ν’€μ–΄ μ€€ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 이둠듀을 톡해
03:11
and new, unexpected phenomena.
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λ‹¬μ„±λ˜μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
03:14
That all that, discovered in 40 years,
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μ§€λ‚œ 40λ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ— λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆλ˜ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 것듀을
03:18
had not been in the previous hundred thousand
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μ§€λ‚œ μˆ˜λ§Œλ…„λ™μ•ˆ κ³ λŒ€μΈλ“€μ΄ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ 것은
03:21
was not for lack of thinking
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κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ³„μ΄λ‚˜ 그듀이 κ°€μ‘Œλ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ κΈ΄κΈ‰ν•œ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄
03:25
about stars and all those other urgent problems they had.
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생각을 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κ·Έλž¬λ˜κ²ƒμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€μš”.
심지어 그듀은 μ‹ ν™” 같은 것을 톡해
03:30
They even arrived at answers, such as myths,
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λŒ€λ‹΅μ„ 얻기도 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
that dominated their lives,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ λ―ΏμŒμ€ κ³ λŒ€μΈμ˜ μƒν™œμ„ μ§€λ°°ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:36
yet bore almost no resemblance to the truth.
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사싀 μ§„μ‹€κ³ΌλŠ” μ•„μ£Ό
거리가 λ©€μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
03:42
The tragedy of that protracted stagnation
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인λ₯˜μ˜ λ°œμ „μ΄ 이처럼 μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ 침체되고 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ”
03:47
isn't sufficiently recognized, I think.
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비극적인 사싀을 생각해 λ³΄λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ§Žμ§€ μ•Šμ§€μš”.
03:49
These were people with brains of essentially the same design
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κ³ λŒ€μΈμ˜ λ‘λ‡ŒλŠ”
ν•΅λ°˜μ‘ 등을 λ°œκ²¬ν•œ ν˜„λŒ€μΈμ˜ λ‘λ‡Œμ™€
03:54
that eventually did discover all those things.
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근본적으둜 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
But that ability to make progress
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 그듀을 λ°œμ „μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 재λŠ₯은
04:03
remained almost unused,
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κ·ΌλŒ€μ— μ™€μ„œ 인λ₯˜μ˜ μƒν™œ 여건과
04:06
until the event that revolutionized the human condition
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우주λ₯Ό λ³΄λŠ” 우리의 생각을
μ™„μ „νžˆ νƒˆλ°”κΏˆ μ‹œν‚¨ μ΄λ²€νŠΈκ°€ μƒκ²Όμ„λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€
거의 λ‚­λΉ„λμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
04:12
and changed the universe.
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04:13
Or so we should hope,
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μ €λŠ” 제 생각이 맞기λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
because that event was the scientific revolution,
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μ œκ°€ 이 말을 ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”
μ œκ°€ 방금 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦°
04:19
ever since which our knowledge of the physical world
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μ΄λ²€νŠΈλΌλŠ” 것은 λ°”λ‘œ κ³Όν•™ν˜λͺ…인데
물리적 세계에 λŒ€ν•œ 우리의 지식과
04:23
and of how to adapt it to our wishes
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λ¬Έλͺ…μ˜ μ΄κΈ°λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ κ³Όν•™μ˜ 힘으둜
04:27
has been growing relentlessly.
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μ§€κΈˆ λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ λ°œμ „ν•˜κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:29
Now, what had changed?
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그러면 κ³ μ „μ‹œλŒ€μ— λΉ„ν•΄ 바뀐 점이 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
04:32
What were people now doing for the first time
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였랜 κΈ°κ°„λ™μ•ˆ
04:34
that made that difference between stagnation
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λ°œμ „μ΄ 침체된 μƒνƒœμ— 있던 우리 인λ₯˜κ°€
무엇을 처음으둜 μ‹œλ„ν–ˆκΈΈλž˜
04:38
and rapid, open-ended discovery?
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν˜„μž¬μ˜ μ‹ μ†ν•˜κ³  λμ—†λŠ” λ°œμ „μ˜ μ‹œλŒ€λ‘œ μ ‘μ–΄λ“€μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:42
How to make that difference
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μ§€λ‚œ λͺ‡λ°±λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 무엇이 λ°”λ€Œμ˜€λŠ”μ§€λŠ”
04:44
is surely the most important universal truth
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μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ΄ μ•Œμ•„ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ„ 것이며 이것은 λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ
04:48
that it's possible to know.
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κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 진리일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
And worryingly, there's no consensus about what it is.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λΆˆν–‰νžˆλ„ 그것이 λ¬΄μ—‡μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ—λŠ” 아직 일반적인 λ™μ˜κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:55
So, I'll tell you.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그것이 무엇인지 μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬μ§€μš”.
04:57
(Laughter)
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그러기 μœ„ν•΄ μ œκ°€ 방금 λ“œλ Έλ˜ 말둜 μž μ‹œ λŒμ•„κ°€μ§€μš”.
04:58
But I'll have to backtrack a little first.
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05:01
Before the scientific revolution,
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κ³Όν•™ν˜λͺ…이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° μ „μ—λŠ”
05:04
they believed that everything important, knowable,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ€‘μš”ν•œ 지식은 κ³ λŒ€μ˜
05:07
was already known,
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λ¬Έν—Œμ΄λ‚˜, ꡐ회,
05:09
enshrined in ancient writings, institutions
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각쒅 κΈ°κ΄€λ“€, 그리고 μ‹€μ§€λ‘œ μœ μš©ν•œ κ²½ν—˜λ²•μΉ™ μ•ˆμ—
05:12
and in some genuinely useful rules of thumb --
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이미 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ―Ώμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
05:15
which were, however, entrenched as dogmas,
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그런데 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 지식과 λ§Žμ€ ν‹€λ¦° 지식듀은
05:19
along with many falsehoods.
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μ •μ„€λ‘œ ꡳ게 뿌리λ₯Ό 내리고 μžˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
05:21
So, they believed that knowledge came from authorities
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그듀은 지식은 싀상 μ•„λŠ” 것이 λ³„λ‘œ μ—†λŠ” κΆŒμœ„μΈ΅μ—μ„œ
05:25
that actually knew very little.
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λ‚˜μ˜¨λ‹€κ³  λ―Ώκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
05:28
And therefore,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ, κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λ°œμ „μ€
05:30
progress depended on learning how to reject
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지식인, μ„±μ§μž, 전톡 λ˜λŠ” ν†΅μΉ˜μžλ“€μ΄
05:34
the authority of learned men, the priests, traditions and rulers,
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ν•˜λŠ” 말 μ€‘μ—μ„œ 어떀것을
받아듀이지 μ•ŠλŠλƒμ— λ‹¬λ €μžˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
05:41
which is why the scientific revolution had to have a wider context:
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이 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κ³Όν•™ν˜λͺ…은 더 넓은
λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ μ μš©λ˜μ—ˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
05:46
the Enlightenment, a revolution in how people sought knowledge,
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18μ„ΈκΈ° 유럽의 계λͺ½μš΄λ™μ€ κΆŒμœ„μΈ΅μ˜ 말에 μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³ 
μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 지식을 ꡬ할 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό
05:53
trying not to rely on authority.
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νƒκ΅¬ν–ˆλ˜ 혁λͺ…μ΄μ—ˆμ§€μš”
05:56
"Take no one's word for it."
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"λˆ„κ΅¬μ˜ 말도 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 받아듀이지 말라"λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
05:58
But that can't be what made the difference.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 그것이 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ™”μ—ˆλ‹€κ³ λŠ” ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
Authorities had been rejected before, many times.
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κΆŒμœ„μΈ΅μ„ κ±°λΆ€ν–ˆλ˜ μ‚¬λ‘€λŠ” 많이 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
06:04
And that rarely, if ever,
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그런 ν–‰μœ„κ°€ κ³Όν•™ν˜λͺ… 같은 것을
μ΄ˆλž˜ν–ˆλ˜ μ‚¬λ‘€λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  해도 과언이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€μš”.
06:07
caused anything like the scientific revolution.
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06:10
At the time, what they thought distinguished science
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κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 과학은
λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬κ³ μ²΄κ³„μ™€λŠ” 달리
06:14
was a radical idea about things unseen,
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눈으둜 λ³Ό 수 μ—†λŠ” 것듀에 λŒ€ν•΄ ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ 아이디어λ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν–ˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
06:18
known as empiricism --
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이것이 κ²½ν—˜μ£Όμ˜ μ² ν•™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:21
all knowledge derives from the senses.
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λͺ¨λ“  지식은 감각으둜 λΆ€ν„° μœ λž˜ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 말이 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
06:26
Well, we've seen that that can't be true.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 과거의 κ²½ν—˜μœΌλ‘œ 보아 그것이 사싀이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ§€μš”.
06:29
It did help by promoting observation and experiment.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 그런 사고방식은 κ΄€μ°°κ³Ό μ‹€ν—˜μ„ μž₯λ €ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
도움이 λλ˜κ²ƒμ€ μ‚¬μ‹€μ΄μ§€μš”.
06:35
But, from the outset,
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ μ• λ‹Ήμ΄ˆλΆ€ν„° μ–΄λ””μ—”κ°€ ν™•μ‹€νžˆ
06:36
it was obvious that there was something horribly wrong with it.
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잘λͺ»λœ 뢀뢄이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것은 λΆ„λͺ…ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
06:40
Knowledge comes from the senses?
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지식이 감각을 톡해 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ „λ‹¬λœλ‹€κ³ μš”?
06:42
In what language?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–€ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ κ·Έ 지식이 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ „λ‹¬λ κΉŒμš”?
06:43
Certainly not the language of mathematics, in which, Galileo rightly said,
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μžμ—°μ΄λΌλŠ” 책은 μˆ˜ν•™ μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ μ“°μ—¬μ Έ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 갈릴레였의 말은
06:48
the book of nature is written.
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μ˜³μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ¬Όλ‘  μžμ—°μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„° 직접 μˆ˜ν•™μ„ μ½λŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€μš”.
06:51
Look at the world.
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우리의 μ£Όμœ„λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬λ³΄μ„Έμš”. μ‚°μ˜ μ•”λ²½μ—λŠ”
06:52
You don't see equations carved on the mountainsides.
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방정식이 μƒˆκ²¨μ Έμžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ§€μš”.
06:57
If you did, it would be because people had carved them.
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λ§Œμ•½μ— 그런걸 보셨닀면 λˆ„κ°€ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ
μƒˆκ²ΌκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ§€μš”.
07:00
By the way, why don't we do that?
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말이 λ‚œ 김에 우리 μ–΄λ””κ°€μ„œ λŒμ— 방정식을 μƒˆκΈΈκΉŒμš”?
07:03
(Laughter)
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07:04
What's wrong with us?
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뭐가 λͺ»λ‚˜μ„œ 그런 것을 λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
07:05
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:07
Empiricism is inadequate
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κ²½ν—˜μ£Όμ˜λ‘ μ€ λΆˆμΆ©λΆ„ν•œλ°
07:09
because, well, scientific theories explain the seen in terms of the unseen.
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ”
과학적 이둠은 λˆˆμ— λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것을 λˆˆμ— 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” 것듀을 톡해 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
And the unseen, you have to admit,
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λ»”ν•œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ§€λ§Œ λˆˆμ— 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” 것듀은
07:18
doesn't come to us through the senses.
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감각을 톡해 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 전달될 수 μ—†μ§€μš”.
07:20
We don't see those nuclear reactions in stars.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ³„μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” ν•΅λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ³Ό 수 μ—†μ§€μš”.
07:24
We don't see the origin of species.
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μ’…μ˜ 기원도 λ³Ό 수 μ—†μ§€μš”.
07:27
We don't see the curvature of space-time,
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μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μ˜ νœ¨μ΄λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μš°μ£Όλ“€λ„
07:31
and other universes.
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λ³Ό 수 μ—†μ§€μš”.
07:33
But we know about those things.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 것듀에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ§€μš”.
07:36
How?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•ŒκΉŒμš”?
07:38
Well, the classic empiricist answer is induction --
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전톡적인 κ²½ν—˜λ‘ μžλ“€μ€ κ·€λ‚©μ μœΌλ‘œ μ•ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•˜κ² μ§€μš”.
07:43
the unseen resembles the seen.
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즉, 눈으둜 λ³Ό 수 μ—†λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 것을 눈으둜 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” μ–΄λ–€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 것과
07:47
But it doesn't.
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λΉ„κ΅ν•΄μ„œ μ•ˆλ‹€λŠ” 말인데 그건 ν‹€λ¦° λ…Όλ¦¬μ΄μ§€μš”.
07:49
You know what the clinching evidence was that space-time is curved?
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μ‹œκ³΅κ°„μ΄ νœ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μ •μ μœΌλ‘œ 증λͺ…ν•œ 것은
μ‹œκ³΅κ°„ μžμ²΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ 사진이 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ 
07:54
It was a photograph -- not of space-time,
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점(點) ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ κΈ°λŒ€ν–ˆλ˜ μœ„μΉ˜μ— μžˆμ§€ μ•Šκ³  μ•½κ°„ 떨어진
07:57
but of an eclipse, with a dot there rather than there.
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μœ„μΉ˜μ— λ³΄μ—¬μ§€λŠ” 천체의 식(蝕)을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” μ‚¬μ§„μ΄μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
08:01
And the evidence for evolution?
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μ§„ν™”λ‘ μ˜ 증λͺ…μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 돌맹이 λͺ‡ κ°œμ™€
08:03
Some rocks and some finches.
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κ°ˆλΌνŒŒκ³ μŠ€μ„¬μ˜ λ˜μƒˆλ₯˜ λͺ‡ 마리λ₯Ό λ“€ 수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
08:06
And parallel universes?
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ν‰ν–‰μš°μ£Όλ‘ λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ§€μš”. 즉, ν™”λ©΄μ˜ μ–΄λ–€ 점이
08:08
Again: dots there rather than there, on a screen.
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κΈ°λŒ€ν–ˆλ˜ 여기에 μžˆλŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 저기에 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
08:11
What we see in all these cases
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그런데 μœ„μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  증거물은 그듀이 μž…μ¦ν•˜λ €λŠ”
08:14
bears no resemblance to the reality that we conclude is responsible --
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μ‹€μ²΄μ™€λŠ” μ „ν˜€ 관계가 μ—†λŠ” 것 처럼 λ³΄μ΄μ§€μš” --
사싀 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 증거물듀은
μ—¬λŸ¬ λ‹¨κ³„μ˜ 이둠적 좔리와 해석 과정을 κ±°μ³μ•Όλ§Œ
08:21
only a long chain of theoretical reasoning and interpretation connects them.
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μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λŠ” λ°”λ₯Ό μž…μ¦ν•  수 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
μ°½μ‘°μ„€ μ£Όμž₯μžλ“€μ€ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같이 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
"Ah!" say creationists.
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08:29
"So you admit it's all interpretation.
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"μ•„, 그러면 당신듀이 μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λŠ” 것은
08:31
No one's ever seen evolution.
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λͺ¨λ‘ 해석에 λ‹¬λ Έλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μΈμ •ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 말이지?
08:34
We see rocks.
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진화λ₯Ό λ³Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ ν•œλͺ…도 μ—†κ³  우린 λŒλ©μ–΄λ¦¬λ§Œ 보이였.
08:36
You have your interpretation. We have ours.
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λ‹Ήμ‹ λ„€λ“€μ˜ 해석은 λ‹Ήμ‹ μ΄λ‚˜ ν•˜μ‡Ό. 우리의 해석은 λ”°λ‘œ μžˆμ†Œ.
08:39
Yours comes from guesswork; ours, from the Bible."
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λ‹Ήμ‹ λ„€λŠ” 좔츑이 바탕이고
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„±κ²½μ΄μ˜€."
08:43
But what creationist and empiricists both ignore
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이런 κ²½μš°μ— μ œκ°€ μ°½μ‘°μ„€ μ£Όμž₯μžμ™€
08:49
is that, in that sense,
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κ²½ν—˜λ‘ μžμ—κ²Œ ν•˜κ³  싢은 말은
08:51
no one's ever seen a Bible either,
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 사싀 성경을 λ³Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ„ μ—†κ³ ,.
08:54
that the eye only detects light, which we don't perceive.
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λˆˆμ€ λΉ›λ§Œ κ°μ§€ν•˜μ§€ 지각은 ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λ©°
08:58
Brains only detect nerve impulses.
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λ‘λ‡ŒλŠ” μ‹ κ²½μžκ·Ήλ§Œ κ°μ§€ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:01
And they don't perceive even those as what they really are,
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뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ‘λ‡ŒλŠ” 그것이 λŠλΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ˜ μ‹€μ²΄λŠ” λ‹¨μˆœν•œ
09:04
namely electrical crackles.
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전기적 μ‹ ν˜ΈλΌλŠ” 것 쑰차도 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€μš”.
즉, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ– ν•œ 싀체든 그것을 직접 지각할 수 μ—†μ§€μš”.
09:07
So we perceive nothing as what it really is.
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09:11
Our connection to reality is never just perception.
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μš°λ¦¬μ™€ 싀체성을 μ—°κ²°μ‹œμΌœμ£ΌλŠ” 것은
κ²°μ½” λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μ§€κ°λ§Œμ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:16
It's always, as Karl Popper put it,
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μΉΌ 포퍼 ꡐ수의 말을 μΈμš©ν•˜μžλ©΄
09:20
theory-laden.
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이것은 항상 μ΄λ‘ μ˜μ‘΄μ μ΄μ§€μš”.
09:23
Scientific knowledge isn't derived from anything.
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과학적 지식은 μ–΄λ–€ κ²ƒμ—μ„œ μœ λ„ν•΄ λ‚΄λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:25
Like all knowledge, it's conjectural, guesswork,
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λͺ¨λ“  지식이 그렇듯이 과학적 지식은 관찰에 μ˜ν•΄
09:31
tested by observation,
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μ‹œν—˜μ„ ν†΅κ³Όν•œ 좔츑이지
09:33
not derived from it.
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κ΄€μ°° 자체둜 λΆ€ν„° μœ λ„ν•΄ 낸것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:37
So, were testable conjectures the great innovation
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그러면 μ‹œν—˜μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μΆ”μΈ‘μ΄λΌλŠ” 것이
09:40
that opened the intellectual prison gates?
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지적 감μ˜₯의 문을 ν™œμ§ μ—΄μ–΄μ€€ 큰 κ°œν˜μ΄μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
09:44
No, contrary to what's usually said, testability is common
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μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€μš”. ν”νžˆ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ―ΏλŠ” λ°”μ™€λŠ” 달리
μ‹œν—˜μ„ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ°œλ…μ€ μ‹ ν™”λ₯Ό λΉ„λ‘―ν•œ
09:49
in myths and all sorts of other irrational modes of thinking.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 비논리적 μ‚¬κ³ μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œλ„ ν”νžˆ μ°Ύμ•„λ³Ό 수 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
09:53
Any crank claiming the sun will go out next Tuesday
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λ§Œμ•½μ— μ–΄λ–€ κ΄΄μ§œκ°€ μ˜€λŠ” ν™”μš”μΌμ— νƒœμ–‘μ΄ 꺼질 κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” 말을 ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ 그것은
09:57
has got a testable prediction.
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μ‹œν—˜μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ΄μ§€μš”.
10:00
Consider the ancient Greek myth explaining seasons.
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κ³„μ ˆμ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ”
κ³ λŒ€ 그리슀의 μ‹ ν™”λ₯Ό 생각해 보죠.
10:06
Hades, god of the underworld,
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μ§€ν•˜ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ‹ , ν•˜λ°μŠ€κ°€
λ΄„μ˜ 여신인 페λ₯΄μ„Έν¬λ„€λ₯Ό λ‚©μΉ˜ν•΄μ„œ
10:09
kidnaps Persephone, the goddess of spring,
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10:11
and negotiates a forced marriage contract, requiring her to return regularly,
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μ •κΈ°μ μœΌλ‘œ 페λ₯΄μ„Έν¬λ„€κ°€ μžκΈ°ν•œν…Œ
였게 ν–ˆλ‹€κ°€ λ‹€μ‹œ ν’€μ–΄μ£ΌλŠ” 쑰건의 κ°•μ œ κ²°ν˜Όκ³„μ•½μ„ λ§Ίμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
10:17
and lets her go.
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10:18
And each year,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 페λ₯΄μ„Έν¬λ„€λŠ” 맀 λ…„
10:20
she is magically compelled to return.
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마술의 힘으둜 ν•˜λ°μŠ€μ—κ²Œ λŒλ €κ°”μ—ˆμ§€μš”
10:23
And her mother, Demeter,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 페λ₯΄μ„Έν¬λ„€μ˜ μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμΈ
10:25
goddess of the earth,
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ν† μ§€μ˜ μ—¬μ‹  λ°λ©”ν…Œλ₯΄λŠ” μŠ¬νΌμ„œ
10:27
is sad, and makes it cold and barren.
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μΆ”μœ„κ°€ 였고 땅에 풀이 λ‹μ•„λ‚˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμ§€μš”.
10:32
That myth is testable.
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이 μ‹ ν™”λŠ” μ‹œν—˜μ„ ν•  수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
10:35
If winter is caused by Demeter's sadness,
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λ§Œμ•½μ— λ°λ©”ν…Œλ₯΄μ˜ μŠ¬ν”” λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 겨울이 μ˜¨λ‹€λ©΄
10:39
then it must happen everywhere on earth simultaneously.
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지ꡬ μ–΄λ””μ—λ‚˜ λ™μ‹œμ— 겨울이 μ™€μ•Όκ² μ§€μš”.
10:43
So if the ancient Greeks had only known
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그런데 λ§Œμ•½μ— κ³ λŒ€μ˜ 그리슀 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
10:45
that Australia is at its warmest when Demeter is at her saddest ...
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λ°λ©”ν…Œλ₯΄κ°€ κ°€μž₯ μŠ¬ν”Œλ•Œ ν˜Έμ£Όκ°€ 제일 λ₯λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•˜λ‹€λ©΄
10:49
(Laughter)
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10:50
they'd have known that their theory is false.
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κ·Έ μ‹ ν™”κ°€ ν‹€λ Έλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•˜κ² μ§€μš”.
10:53
(Laughter)
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그럼 이 신화와 과학적 사고방식이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κΈ° μ „μ˜
10:54
So, what was wrong with that myth
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10:56
and with all prescientific thinking?
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사고방식에 틀린점이 λ¬΄μ—ˆμ΄μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
10:59
And what, then, made that momentous difference?
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν˜μ‹ μ μΈ λ°œμ „μ„ ν•  수 있게 ν•œκ²ƒμ€ λ¬΄μ—‡μ΄μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
11:04
I think there's one thing you have to care about
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μ €λŠ” 단 ν•œκ°€μ§€λ§Œ κ³ λ €ν•˜λ©΄ λœλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이말은 즉,
11:09
and that implies testability, the scientific method,
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μ‹œν—˜κ°€λŠ₯μ„±, 과학적 방법,
11:13
the Enlightenment and everything.
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계λͺ½μ‚¬μƒ 등을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜μ£ .
11:15
And here's the crucial thing:
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κ²°μ •μ μœΌλ‘œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 점은 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:17
there is such a thing as a defect in a story.
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μŠ€ν† λ¦¬ μžμ²΄μ— 결함이 μžˆμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€μš”.
11:20
I don't just mean a logical defect.
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논리적 결함이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆκ³  μ„€λͺ…이 λ‚˜μœ 경우λ₯Ό λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:21
I mean a bad explanation.
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11:25
What does that mean?
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그게 무슨 말인지 μ œκ°€ μ„€λͺ…을 λ“œλ¦¬μ§€μš”. μ„€λͺ…μ΄λž€ 것은
11:26
Well, an explanation is an assertion about what's there, unseen,
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눈으둜 λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμ˜ 근원이 λ˜λŠ” λˆˆμ— 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ”
11:31
that accounts for what's seen;
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μ–΄λ–€ κ°œμ²΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μ£Όμž₯을 λ§ν•˜μ§€μš”.
11:34
because the explanatory role of Persephone's marriage contract
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κ³„μ ˆμ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•΄ μ£ΌλŠ”
페λ₯΄μ„Έν¬λ„€μ˜ 결혼 κ³„μ•½μ˜ 역할은
11:39
could be played equally well
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λ¬΄ν•œν•œ 수의 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ•„λ¬΄λ ‡κ²Œλ‚˜
11:41
by infinitely many other ad hoc entities.
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지어낸 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ‘œλ„
λŒ€μ²΄λ  수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
11:45
Why a marriage contract and not any other reason
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κ³„μ ˆμ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ ꡳ이 결혼 κ³„μ•½μ΄λ‚˜
11:48
for regular annual action?
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λ˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 이유λ₯Ό 댈 ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†μ§€μš”.
11:52
Here's one: Persephone wasn't released.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ ν•˜λ°μŠ€κ°€ 페λ₯΄μ„Έν¬λ„€λ₯Ό λ†”μ€€κ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ 
11:55
She escaped, and returns every spring to take revenge on Hades,
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페λ₯΄μ„Έν¬λ„€κ°€ νƒˆμΆœμ„ ν•΄μ„œ ν•˜λ°μŠ€μ—κ²Œ
볡수λ₯Ό ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 맀 λ…„
12:01
with her spring powers.
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봄을 κ°€μ Έμ˜¨λ‹€κ³  말할 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆκ² μ§€μš”.
12:03
She cools his domain with spring air,
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페λ₯΄μ„Έν¬λ„€κ°€ λ΄„λ°”λžŒμœΌλ‘œ μ§€ν•˜μ„Έκ³„λ₯Ό μ‹ν˜€μ„œ
12:08
venting heat up to the surface, creating summer.
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뜨거운 λ°”λžŒμ΄ μ§€ν‘œλ‘œ μ˜¬λΌμ™€ 여름이 였게 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” μ„€λͺ…을 ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆκ² μ§€μš”.
12:12
That accounts for the same phenomena as the original myth.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 이야기λ₯Ό 바꿔도 κ³„μ ˆμ˜ 변화에 λŒ€ν•œ μ„€λͺ…은 λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ μ„±λ¦½ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:16
It's equally testable.
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이 μŠ€ν† λ¦¬μ˜ μ‹œν—˜κ°€λŠ₯성은 μ „κ³Ό λ˜‘κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
Yet what it asserts about reality is, in many ways, the opposite.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 μŠ€ν† λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹€μ œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λŠ” λ°”λŠ”
μ—¬λŸ¬ λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ •λ°˜λŒ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:24
And that's possible
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이것이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ”
12:26
because the details of the original myth are unrelated to seasons,
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κ³ λŒ€ 그리슀 μ‹ ν™”μ—μ„œ
κ³„μ ˆκ³Ό 관련이 μžˆλŠ” 것은
12:31
except via the myth itself.
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κ·Έ μ‹ ν™” 자체 밖에 μ—†μ§€μš”.
12:35
This easy variability
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 이야기λ₯Ό μ‰½κ²Œ λ°”κΏ€μˆ˜ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것은
12:38
is the sign of a bad explanation,
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μ„€λͺ…이 ν‹€λ Έλ‹€λŠ” ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ§•μ‘°μ΄μ§€μš”.
12:42
because, without a functional reason
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, μˆ˜μ—†μ΄ λ§Žμ€ κ°€λŠ₯μ„± μ€‘μ—μ„œ
12:45
to prefer one of countless variants,
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νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 이유 없이 νŠΉμ •ν•œ 이야기 ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œμ„
12:51
advocating one of them in preference to the others
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μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λŠ” 것은 논리적이지
12:53
is irrational.
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μ•ŠμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
12:55
So, for the essence of what makes the difference to enable progress,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ, 진보λ₯Ό κ°€λŠ₯μΌ€ ν•˜λŠ”
κ·Έ 차이λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 핡심은
13:00
seek good explanations,
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λˆˆμ•žμ˜ ν˜„μƒμ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„
13:02
the ones that can't be easily varied,
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λ‚΄μš©μ€ μ‰½κ²Œ λ°”κΏ€ 수 μ—†λŠ”
13:05
while still explaining the phenomena.
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그런 쒋은 μ„€λͺ…을 μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:10
Now our current explanation of seasons
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κ³„μ ˆμ˜ 변동에 λŒ€ν•œ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ μ„€λͺ…은
13:13
is that the Earth's axis is tilted like that,
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μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 좕이 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κΈ°μšΈμ–΄μ Έ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
13:17
so each hemisphere tilts towards the sun for half the year,
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맀년 μ ˆλ°˜λ™μ•ˆμ€ λ‚¨λ°˜κ΅¬μ™€ λΆλ°˜κ΅¬κ°€ 각각
13:20
and away for the other half.
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햇빝을 더 λ°›κ±°λ‚˜ λ˜λŠ” 덜 λ°›λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:23
[Not to scale!]
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λ„λ‘œ μ„Έμ›Œλ†“λŠ”κ²Œ μ’‹κ² λŠ”λ°μš”.
13:24
Better put that up.
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13:25
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
13:26
That's a good explanation:
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이것은 쒋은 μ„€λͺ…μ΄μ§€μš”. 이 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜ 각 뢀뢄은
13:30
hard to vary,
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13:31
because every detail plays a functional role.
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λͺ¨λ‘ μš©λ„κ°€ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ‰½κ²Œ λ°”λ€” 수 μ—†μ§€μš”.
13:34
For instance, we know, independently of seasons,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ³„μ ˆκ³ΌλŠ” 상관 없이
13:37
that surfaces tilted away from radiant heat are heated less,
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열을 λ°©μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” μ—΄μ›μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„°
λΉ„μŠ€λ“¬ν•˜κ²Œ κΈ°μšΈμ–΄μ§„ ν‘œλ©΄μ€ 열을 적게 λ°›κ³ ,
13:42
and that a spinning sphere, in space,
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ꡬ체가 κ³΅κ°„μ—μ„œ νšŒμ „ν•˜λ©΄
13:45
points in a constant direction.
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μΌμ •ν•œ λ°©ν–₯을 ν–₯ν•˜κ³ ,
13:48
And the tilt also explains
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μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 지좕이 κΈ°μšΈμ–΄μ§„ 것은
13:51
the sun's angle of elevation at different times of year,
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κ³„μ ˆμ— 따라 νƒœμ–‘μ˜ 각도가 λ³€ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것과
13:55
and predicts that the seasons will be out of phase in the two hemispheres.
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λΆλ°˜κ΅¬μ™€ λ‚¨λ°˜κ΅¬μ˜ κ³„μ ˆμ΄
μ •λ°˜λŒ€κ°€ λ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” 것도 μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•΄ μ£Όμ§€μš”.
14:00
If they'd been observed in phase,
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λ§Œμ•½μ— λΆλ°˜κ΅¬μ™€ λ‚¨λ°˜κ΅¬μ˜ κ³„μ ˆμ΄ κ°™λ‹€λ©΄
14:02
the theory would have been refuted.
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지좕이 κΈ°μšΈμ–΄μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ” 섀이 λΆ€μ •λ˜μ§€μš”.
14:04
But now, the fact that it's also a good explanation, hard to vary,
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이것이 쒋은 μ„€λͺ…이고 μ„ΈλΆ€ λ‚΄μš©λ„ λ³€κ²½ν•˜κΈ°
μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€λŠ” 사싀은 결정적인 차이λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ§€μš”.
14:10
makes the crucial difference.
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14:14
If the ancient Greeks had found out about seasons in Australia,
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λ§Œμ•½μ— κ³ λŒ€ κ·Έλ¦¬μŠ€μΈλ“€μ΄ 호주의
κ³„μ ˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ•Œμ•˜λ‹€λ©΄ κ³„μ ˆμ„
14:19
they could have easily varied their myth to predict that.
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μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ‹ ν™”λ₯Ό μ‰½κ²Œ λ°”κΏ€ 수
μžˆμ—ˆμ„μ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€μš”.
14:23
For instance, when Demeter's upset,
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예λ₯Όλ“€λ©΄, λ°λ©”ν…Œλ₯΄κ°€ ν™”κ°€ λ‚˜λ©΄
14:25
she banishes heat from her vicinity into the other hemisphere,
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자기 μ£Όμœ„μ˜ ν† μ§€μ—μ„œ 열을 λΉΌμ„œ
μ λ„μ˜ λ°˜λŒ€ λ°©ν–₯으둜 λ³΄λ‚΄μ„œ 그곳을 μ—¬λ¦„μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆκ² μ§€μš”.
14:30
where it makes summer.
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14:31
So, being proved wrong by observation
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λ”°λΌμ„œ, κ΄€μ°°ν•œ λ‚΄μš©μ΄ 사싀에 λΆ€ν•©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μ„œ
14:34
and changing their theory accordingly
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이둠을 λ°”κΎΌλ‹€ ν•˜λ”λΌλ„
14:36
still wouldn't have got the ancient Greeks one jot closer to understanding seasons,
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μ„€λͺ… μžμ²΄κ°€ λ‚˜μ˜κ³  이야기 λ‚΄μš©μ΄
μ‰½κ²Œ λ³€ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κ³ λŒ€ 그리슀 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
14:42
because their explanation was bad -- easy to vary.
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κ³„μ ˆμ˜ 변동을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” λ©΄μ—μ„œ λ°œμ „μ΄ μ „ν˜€ μ—†μ—ˆκ² μ§€μš”.
14:45
And it's only when an explanation is good
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그런데 μš°μ„  μ„€λͺ… μžμ²΄κ°€ μ’‹μ•„μ•Ό 그것을
14:48
that it even matters whether it's testable.
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μ‹œν—˜ν•  κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆμ§€μš”.
λ§Œμ•½μ— μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ 지좕이 κΈ°μšΈμ–΄μ Έ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 섀이 λΆ€μ •λ˜λ©΄
14:51
If the axis-tilt theory had been refuted,
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14:53
its defenders would have had nowhere to go.
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μœ„μ˜ μ„€λͺ…을 μ˜Ήν˜Έν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 갈곳이 μ—†κ²Œ λ˜κ² μ§€μš”.
14:55
No easily implemented change
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지좕이 κΈ°μšΈμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
14:58
could make that tilt cause the same seasons in both hemispheres.
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λ‚¨λ°˜κ΅¬μ™€ 뢁반ꡬ의 κ³„μ ˆμ΄ κ°™λ‹€κ³  μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” 것은
쉽지 μ•Šμ€ μΌμ΄κ² μ§€μš”.
15:05
The search for hard-to-vary explanations is the origin of all progress.
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μ‰½κ²Œ λ³€ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μš΄ μ„€λͺ…을 μ°ΎλŠ” 것이
μ§„λ³΄μ˜ μ‹œμž‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:11
It's the basic regulating principle of the Enlightenment.
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그것은 유럽의 계λͺ½μš΄λ™μ„ κ·œμ œν–ˆλ˜
κΈ°λ³Έ μ›μΉ™μ΄μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
15:16
So, in science, two false approaches blight progress.
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κ³Όν•™μ˜ λ°œμ „μ„ λ§μΉ˜λŠ” 방법은 두가지가 μžˆμ§€μš”.
15:20
One's well-known: untestable theories.
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κ·Έ μ²«λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” 널리 μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆμ§€μš”. 즉, μ‹œν—˜ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” 이둠을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
15:23
But the more important one is explanationless theories.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이보닀 더 치λͺ…적인 것은 μ„€λͺ…이 μ—†λŠ” 이둠을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:27
Whenever you're told that some existing statistical trend will continue
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예λ₯Όλ“€λ©΄, μ–΄λ–€ κΈ°μ‘΄ 톡계적 κ²½ν–₯이 계속될 것이라고 λˆ„κ°€ 이야기λ₯Ό ν•˜λ©°
15:31
but you aren't given a hard-to-vary account of what causes that trend,
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μ™œ 그럴 κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ΅μ²΄ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μš΄ 이유λ₯Ό λ§ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄
λ§ˆμˆ μŸμ΄κ°€ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•  κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ”
15:37
you're being told a wizard did it.
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μ–˜κΈ°λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄λ‚˜ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μ΄μ§€μš”.
15:39
When you are told that carrots have human rights
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λˆ„κ°€ 당근이 인간 μœ μ „μžμ˜ μ ˆλ°˜μ„ 가지고 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
15:42
because they share half our genes,
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당근도 μΈκΆŒμ„ κ°€μ Έμ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯을 ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
15:44
but not how gene percentages confer rights -- wizard.
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μœ μ „μž μˆ˜κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μΈκΆŒμ„ λΆ€μ—¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄ 그것도 λš±λ”΄μ§€ 같은 μ†Œλ¦¬μ΄μ§€μš”.
15:50
When someone announces that the nature-nurture debate
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λˆ„κ°€ μ •μΉ˜μ  의견의 일뢀가 μœ μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ ν˜•μ„±λœλ‹€λŠ” 증거λ₯Ό
15:54
has been settled
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λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ†Œμœ„ λ§ν•˜λŠ”
15:55
because there's evidence that a given percentage of our political opinions
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λ³Έμ„± λŒ€ μ–‘μœ‘ λ…ΌμŸμ„ ν•΄κ²°ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ£Όμž₯을 ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
μœ μ „μžκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ˜κ²¬μ„ μƒμ„±ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄
16:00
are genetically inherited,
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16:02
but they don't explain how genes cause opinions,
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그것도 μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° μ˜μ–‘κ°€κ°€ μ—†λŠ” λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
16:06
they've settled nothing.
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그런 말은 우리의 μ˜κ²¬μ„ λ§ˆμˆ μŸμ΄κ°€ λ§Œλ“ λ‹€λŠ”
16:07
They're saying that our opinions are caused by wizards,
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λ§μ΄λ‚˜ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ©° μ•„λ§ˆ κ·Έλ“€μ˜
μ˜κ²¬λ„ λ§ˆμˆ μŸμ΄κ°€ λ§Œλ“ λ‹€λŠ” λ§μ΄κ² μ§€μš”.
16:11
and presumably, so are their own.
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16:12
(Laughter)
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16:13
That the truth consists of hard-to-vary assertions about reality
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물리적 세계에 λŒ€ν•œ
κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 사싀은
16:20
is the most important fact about the physical world.
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진싀은 싀체에 λŒ€ν•œ κ΅μ²΄ν•˜κΈ° νž˜λ“  μ£Όμž₯으둜
ꡬ성돼 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:25
It's a fact that is itself unseen,
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κ·Έ 사싀 μžμ²΄λŠ” λ³Ό 수 μ—†κ³ 
16:28
yet impossible to vary.
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λ³€κ²½ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:31
Thank you.
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16:32
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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