Lessons from a solar storm chaser | Miho Janvier

70,101 views ใƒป 2018-01-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Igal Opendik ืžื‘ืงืจ: Roni Ravia
00:13
It is almost the end of the winter,
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ
00:16
and you've woken up to a cold house,
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ื•ืืชื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืงืจ,
00:19
which is weird, because you left the heater on all night.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ืœื•ืง ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
00:24
You turn on the light.
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ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
00:25
It's not working.
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ืœื ื ื“ืœืง.
00:27
Actually, the coffee maker, the TV -- none of them are working.
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืงืคื”, ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”- ื›ืœื•ื ืœื ื ื“ืœืง.
00:33
Life outside also seems to have stopped.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื ืขืฆืจื•.
00:36
There are no schools,
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ,
00:38
most of the businesses are shut,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื,
00:40
and there are no working trains.
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ื•ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืœื”.
00:43
This is not the opening scene of a zombie apocalypse movie.
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ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืกืฆื ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคื˜ื™.
00:48
This is what happened in March 1989 in the Canadian province of Quebec,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1989 ื‘ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื‘ืง ืฉื‘ืงื ื“ื”,
00:54
when the power grid lost power.
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ื›ืฉืงืจืกื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืืกืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ.
00:57
The culprit?
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ื”ืืฉื ื‘ื›ืš?
00:59
A solar storm.
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ืกืขืจื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช.
01:01
Solar storms are giant clouds of particles
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ืกืขืจื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขื ื ื™ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
01:04
escaping from the Sun from time to time,
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ืฉืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ -
01:06
and a constant reminder that we live in the neighborhood of an active star.
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- ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืคืขื™ืœ.
01:13
And I, as a solar physicist,
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ื›ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช,
01:15
I have a tremendous chance to study these solar storms.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืกืขืจื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช.
01:19
But you see, "solar storm chaser"
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ืื•ืœื, ืชื‘ื™ื ื•, "ืจื•ื“ืคืช ืกืขืจื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช"
01:22
is not just a cool title.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืชื•ืืจ ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
01:24
My research helps to understand where they come from,
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจืŸ,
01:28
how they behave
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชืŸ,
01:29
and, in the long run,
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš,
01:31
aims to mitigate their effects on human societies,
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ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœืžืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
01:34
which I'll get to in a second.
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ื•ืชื›ืฃ ืื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื”.
01:37
At the beginning of the space exploration age 50 years ago only,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
01:42
the probes we sent in space
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ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉืœื—ื ื• ืœื—ืœืœ
01:44
revealed that the planets in our Solar System
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•
01:47
constantly bathe in a stream of particles that are coming from the Sun
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ื ืฉื˜ืคื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื–ืจื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ,
01:52
and that we call the solar wind.
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ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ืจื•ื— ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช".
01:55
And in the same way that global wind patterns here on Earth
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:59
can be affected by hurricanes,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื,
02:01
the solar wind is sometimes affected by solar storms
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ื›ืš ืจื•ื— ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืขืจื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช.
02:05
that I like to call "space hurricanes."
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ืœื”ืŸ ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืงืจื•ื "ื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ".
02:09
When they arrive at planets,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช,
02:11
they can perturb the space environment,
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ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื,
02:13
which in turn creates the northern or southern lights,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘,
02:17
for example, here on Earth,
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:19
but also Saturn
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ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืชืื™,
02:21
and also Jupiter.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง.
02:25
Luckily, here on Earth,
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:27
we are protected by our planet's natural shield,
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ืื ื• ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”,
02:30
a magnetic bubble that we call the magnetosphere
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ื‘ื•ืขื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื•ืกืคืจื”,
02:34
and that you can see here on the right side.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชื” ื›ืืŸ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ.
02:37
Nonetheless, solar storms can still be responsible
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืกืขืจื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช
02:40
for disrupting satellite telecommunications and operations,
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ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื,
02:45
for disrupting navigation systems, such as GPS,
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ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜, ื›ืžื• GPS
02:48
as well as electric power transmission.
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ื•ื’ื ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
02:51
All of these are technologies on which us humans rely more and more.
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช.
02:58
I mean, imagine if you woke up tomorrow without a working cell phone --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
03:03
no internet on it,
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ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
03:05
which means no social media.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
03:07
I mean, to me that would be worse than the zombie apocalypse.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกืช ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื.
03:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:12
By constantly monitoring the Sun, though,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
03:14
we now know where the solar storms come from.
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ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืขืจื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช.
03:17
They come from regions of the Sun
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืช ืžืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืฉ
03:19
where a tremendous amount of energy is being stored.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืื’ืจื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
03:23
You have an example here,
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ืคื” ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
03:24
as a complex structure hanging above the solar surface,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
03:28
just on the verge of erupting.
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ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช.
03:31
Unfortunately, we cannot send probes
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ืœืฆืขืจื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
03:34
in the scorching hot atmosphere of the Sun,
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ืืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
03:38
where temperatures can rise up to around 10 million degrees Kelvin.
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ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื›-10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืงืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
03:44
So what I do is I use computer simulations
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช
03:48
in order to analyze but also to predict the behavior of these storms
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืชื—, ืืš ื’ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
03:53
when they're just born at the Sun.
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ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
03:57
This is only one part of the story, though.
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ืื•ืœื, ื–ื”ื• ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
04:01
When these solar storms are moving in space,
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ื›ืฉืกืขืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื ื•ืขื• ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
04:05
some of them will inevitably encounter space probes
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืชืคื’ืขื ื” ื‘ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
04:08
that we humans have sent in order to explore other worlds.
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ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:14
What I mean by other worlds is, for example, planets,
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"ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื" ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช
04:16
such as Venus or Mercury,
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื’ื” ืื• ื—ืžื”,
04:19
but also objects, such as comets.
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ืืš ื’ื ืขืฆืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
04:22
And while these space probes have been made
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื•ืขื“ื•
04:25
for different scientific endeavors,
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ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืœืœ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช,
04:27
they can also act like tiny cosmic meteorological stations
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ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช
04:33
and monitor the evolution of these space storms.
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ื•ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช.
04:36
So I, with a group of researchers, gather and analyze this data
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ืื ื™ ืื•ืกืคืช ื•ืžื ืชื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
04:42
coming from different locations of the Solar System.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
04:45
And by doing so, my research shows that, actually,
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ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื—ืฉืฃ
04:48
solar storms have a generic shape,
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ืฉืœืกืขืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื”,
04:50
and that this shape evolves as solar storms move away from the Sun.
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ื•ืฉืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืกืขืจื” ืžืชืจื—ืงืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
04:55
And you know what?
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”?
04:56
This is key for building tools to predict space weather.
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ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
05:03
I would like to leave you with this beautiful image.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื›ื ืขื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช.
05:06
This is us here on Earth,
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ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื•, ืคื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
05:09
this pale blue dot.
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืชื›ืœืช ื–ื•.
05:11
And while I study the Sun and its storms every day,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืืช ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
05:15
I will always have a deep love for this beautiful planet --
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืื—ื•ื•ื” ืื”ื‘ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื” -
05:20
a pale blue dot indeed,
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- ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืชื›ืœืช ืงื˜ื ื”,
05:21
but a pale blue dot with an invisible magnetic shield
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ืชื›ืœืช ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื’ืŸ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”
05:25
that helps to protect us.
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื•.
05:27
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
05:28
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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