Ivan Krastev: Can democracy exist without trust?

56,693 views ใƒป 2012-08-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Nir Bibi ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
I'm afraid I'm one of those speakers
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉืื ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื
00:18
you hope you're not going to meet at TED.
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ืฉืืชื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื‘-TED.
00:21
First, I don't have a mobile,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™,
00:22
so I'm on the safe side.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
00:24
Secondly, a political theorist
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
00:26
who's going to talk about the crisis of democracy
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
00:29
is probably not the most exciting topic you can think about.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืื™ื ื• ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื•.
00:33
And plus, I'm not going to give you any answers.
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ื™ ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืกืคืง ืœื›ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
00:36
I'm much more trying to add to some of the questions we're talking about.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื.
00:39
And one of the things that I want to question
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืคืงืคืง
00:42
is this very popular hope these days
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•
00:44
that transparency and openness
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ืฉืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช
00:46
can restore the trust in democratic institutions.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
00:50
There is one more reason for you to be suspicious about me.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ื™.
00:54
You people, the Church of TED, are a very optimistic community.
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ืืชื, ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช TED, ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช.
00:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:00
Basically you believe in complexity, but not in ambiguity.
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ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ืืš ืœื ื‘ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช.
01:05
As you have been told, I'm Bulgarian.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื›ื, ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™.
01:08
And according to the surveys,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืกืงืจื™ื,
01:10
we are marked the most pessimistic people in the world.
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ืื ื• ืžื–ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:15
The Economist magazine recently wrote an article
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ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ ืคืจืกื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืืžืจ
01:19
covering one of the recent studies on happiness,
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ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืฉืจ,
01:21
and the title was "The Happy, the Unhappy and the Bulgarians."
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ื•ื›ื•ืชืจืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” "ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื, ื”ืœื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื."
01:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:28
So now when you know what to expect,
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ืื– ื›ืขืช ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช,
01:32
let's give you the story.
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ืื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
01:33
And this is a rainy election day in a small country --
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” --
01:38
that can be my country, but could be also your country.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™, ืืš ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
01:41
And because of the rain until four o'clock in the afternoon,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ืฉื, ืขื“ ืœืฉืขื” 4 ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื,
01:45
nobody went to the polling stations.
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ืืฃ ืื“ื ืœื ื”ืœืš ืœืงืœืคื™ื•ืช.
01:48
But then the rain stopped,
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ืืš ืื– ืคืกืง ื”ื’ืฉื,
01:50
people went to vote.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข.
01:52
And when the votes had been counted,
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ื•ื›ืฉื ืกืคืจื• ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช,
01:55
three-fourths of the people have voted with a blank ballot.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื‘ืขื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžื• ืคืชืง ืœื‘ืŸ.
02:02
The government and the opposition,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”,
02:05
they have been simply paralyzed.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉื•ืชืงื•ืช.
02:07
Because you know what to do about the protests.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื.
02:10
You know who to arrest, who to negotiate with.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ืžื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ, ืขื ืžื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ.
02:12
But what to do about people who are voting with a blank ballot?
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ืืš ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉืžื™ื ืคืชืง ืœื‘ืŸ?
02:17
So the government decided to have the elections once again.
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ืื– ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช.
02:21
And this time even a greater number,
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ื”ืคืขื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:24
83 percent of the people, voted with blank ballots.
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83 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžื• ืคืชืง ืœื‘ืŸ.
02:29
Basically they went to the ballot boxes
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืงืœืคื™ื•ืช
02:32
to tell that they have nobody to vote for.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืœืžื™ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข.
02:35
This is the opening of a beautiful novel by Jose Saramago
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคืชื™ื— ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื™ืคื”ืคื” ืžืืช ื–'ื•ื–ื” ืกืืจืืžืื’ื•
02:40
called "Seeing."
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ื‘ืฉื "ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืงื—ื•ืŸ."
02:41
But in my view it very well captures
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ืืš ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื›ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
02:44
part of the problem that we have with democracy in Europe these days.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”.
02:48
On one level nobody's questioning
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ื‘ืจืžื” ืื—ืช ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง
02:51
that democracy is the best form of government.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:55
Democracy is the only game in town.
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
02:57
The problem is that many people start to believe
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
03:00
that it is not a game worth playing.
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ืœื ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื—ืง.
03:02
For the last 30 years, political scientists have observed
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ื‘-30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•
03:07
that there is a constant decline in electoral turnout,
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช,
03:11
and the people who are least interested to vote
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข
03:15
are the people whom you expect are going to gain most out of voting.
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ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืขื•.
03:20
I mean the unemployed, the under-privileged.
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื, ืœืžืงื•ืคื—ื™ื.
03:23
And this is a major issue.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื”.
03:25
Because especially now with the economic crisis,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืขืช ืขื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
03:28
you can see that the trust in politics,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
03:30
that the trust in democratic institutions,
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ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
03:33
was really destroyed.
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ืžืžืฉ ื ื—ืจื‘.
03:34
According to the latest survey being done by the European Commission,
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ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืกืงืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช,
03:38
89 percent of the citizens of Europe believe that there is a growing gap
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89 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืื–ืจื—ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืคืขืจ ื’ื“ืœ
03:43
between the opinion of the policy-makers and the opinion of the public.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืžื“ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
03:49
Only 18 percent of Italians and 15 percent of Greeks
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ืจืง 18 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื•-15 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื
03:53
believe that their vote matters.
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฉื ื”.
03:56
Basically people start to understand that they can change governments,
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช,
04:01
but they cannot change policies.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:03
And the question which I want to ask is the following:
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื–ืืช:
04:06
How did it happen that we are living in societies
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ืื™ืš ืงืจื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
04:10
which are much freer than ever before --
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขื --
04:12
we have more rights, we can travel easier,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:15
we have access to more information --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข --
04:17
at the same time that trust in our democratic institutions
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ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
04:21
basically has collapsed?
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืงืจืก?
04:23
So basically I want to ask:
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ:
04:25
What went right and what went wrong in these 50 years
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ืžื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ื‘- 50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:29
when we talk about democracy?
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”?
04:31
And I'll start with what went right.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
04:35
And the first thing that went right was, of course,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื”ื™ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
04:38
these five revolutions which, in my view,
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ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™
04:41
very much changed the way we're living and deepened our democratic experience.
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ืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืงื• ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
04:45
And the first was the cultural and social revolution of 1968 and 1970s,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 1968 ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70,
04:50
which put the individual at the center of politics.
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ืฉืฉืžื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
04:53
It was the human rights moment.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
04:56
Basically this was also a major outbreak, a culture of dissent,
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ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช,
05:00
a culture of basically non-conformism,
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ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช,
05:03
which was not known before.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
05:06
So I do believe that even things like that
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
05:08
are very much the children of '68 --
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ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ 1968 --
05:11
nevertheless that most of us had been even not born then.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ ืื–.
05:15
But after that you have the market revolution of the 1980s.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80.
05:18
And nevertheless that many people on the left try to hate it,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืืœ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ื ืื•ืชื”,
05:22
the truth is that it was very much the market revolution that sent the message:
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ:
05:26
"The government does not know better."
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"ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘."
05:28
And you have more choice-driven societies.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
05:31
And of course, you have 1989 -- the end of Communism, the end of the Cold War.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื ืช 1989 -- ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื, ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”.
05:37
And it was the birth of the global world.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
05:40
And you have the Internet.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
05:42
And this is not the audience to which I'm going to preach
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืœื ืงื”ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœื•
05:45
to what extent the Internet empowered people.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:47
It has changed the way we are communicating
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื
05:50
and basically we are viewing politics.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
05:52
The very idea of political community totally has changed.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
05:55
And I'm going to name one more revolution,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืื—ืช,
05:57
and this is the revolution in brain sciences,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
05:59
which totally changed the way
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ืฉืฉื™ื ืชื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•
06:01
we understand how people are making decisions.
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
06:04
So this is what went right.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
06:07
But if we're going to see what went wrong,
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ืืš ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ,
06:09
we're going to end up with the same five revolutions.
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ืื ื• ื ืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช.
06:13
Because first you have the 1960s and 1970s,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื•ื”-70,
06:16
cultural and social revolution,
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ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
06:18
which in a certain way destroyed the idea of a collective purpose.
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ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ืจืกื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
06:22
The very idea, all these collective nouns that we have been taught about --
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื --
06:27
nation, class, family.
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ืื•ืžื”, ืžืขืžื“, ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
06:29
We start to like divorcing, if we're married at all.
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ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ื‘ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ืื ืื ื• ื ืฉื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
06:32
All this was very much under attack.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืชื—ืช ืžืชืงืคื”.
06:35
And it is so difficult to engage people in politics
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœืขืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”
06:40
when they believe that what really matters
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
06:42
is where they personally stand.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™.
06:45
And you have the market revolution of the 1980s
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80
06:48
and the huge increase of inequality in societies.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
06:54
Remember, until the 1970s,
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ื–ื›ืจื•, ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70,
06:56
the spread of democracy has always been accompanied
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ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืชืžื™ื“
07:00
by the decline of inequality.
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ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
07:03
The more democratic our societies have been,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช,
07:05
the more equal they have been becoming.
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ื›ืš ื”ืคื›ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
07:10
Now we have the reverse tendency.
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ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื”.
07:12
The spread of democracy now is very much accompanied
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ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
07:15
by the increase in inequality.
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ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
07:16
And I find this very much disturbing
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื–ื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“
07:20
when we're talking about what's going on right and wrong
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื— ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืชื‘ืฉ
07:24
with democracy these days.
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ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
07:26
And if you go to 1989 --
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ื•ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœ- 1989 --
07:28
something that basically you don't expect that anybody's going to criticize --
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืชื ืœื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื‘ืงืจ --
07:31
but many are going to tell you, "Listen, it was the end of the Cold War
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ืืš ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื›ื, "ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื•, ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”
07:35
that tore the social contract between the elites and the people in Western Europe."
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืงืจืขื” ืืช ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”."
07:40
When the Soviet Union was still there,
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ื›ืฉื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
07:42
the rich and the powerful, they needed the people,
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ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื,
07:46
because they feared them.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืžืžื ื•.
07:48
Now the elites basically have been liberated.
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ื›ืขืช ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื•.
07:51
They're very mobile. You cannot tax them.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช. ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืกื™ื.
07:53
And basically they don't fear the people.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืŸ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืขื.
07:56
So as a result of it, you have this very strange situation
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ืื– ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ
07:59
in which the elites basically got out of the control of the voters.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื™ืฆืื• ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื.
08:03
So this is not by accident
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ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืงืจื™
08:05
that the voters are not interested to vote anymore.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:08
And when we talk about the Internet,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
08:10
yes, it's true, the Internet connected all of us,
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•,
08:12
but we also know that the Internet created these echo chambers and political ghettos
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ืืš ืื ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื™ืฆืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื’ื˜ืื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
08:19
in which for all your life you can stay with the political community you belong to.
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื” ืืชื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื.
08:24
And it's becoming more and more difficult
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”
08:26
to understand the people who are not like you.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื›ืžื•ื›ื.
08:29
I know that many people here
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ
08:31
have been splendidly speaking about the digital world and the possibility for cooperation,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
08:35
but [have you] seen what the digital world has done to American politics these days?
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ืืš ื”ืื ืจืื™ืชื ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•?
08:39
This is also partly a result of the Internet revolution.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
08:43
This is the other side of the things that we like.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
08:46
And when you go to the brain sciences,
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
08:48
what political consultants learned from the brain scientists
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืžืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื—
08:52
is don't talk to me about ideas anymore,
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ื”ื•ื: ืืœ ืชื“ื‘ืจื• ืื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:56
don't talk to me about policy programs.
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ืืœ ืชื“ื‘ืจื• ืื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
08:58
What really matters is basically to manipulate the emotions of the people.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื.
09:04
And you have this very strongly
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
09:06
to the extent that, even if you see when we talk about revolutions these days,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
09:10
these revolutions are not named anymore around ideologies or ideas.
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื–ื•ื”ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
09:16
Before, revolutions used to have ideological names.
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืœืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
09:19
They could be communist, they could be liberal,
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช,
09:21
they could be fascist or Islamic.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืืกืœืืžื™ื•ืช.
09:22
Now the revolutions are called under the medium which is most used.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื”ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
09:27
You have Facebook revolutions, Twitter revolutions.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ.
09:30
The content doesn't matter anymore, the problem is the media.
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ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืฉื ื”, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื”.
09:34
I'm saying this because one of my major points
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื—ืช ืžื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™
09:37
is what went right is also what went wrong.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ.
09:41
And when we're now trying to see how we can change the situation,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘,
09:45
when basically we're trying to see what can be done about democracy,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
09:48
we should keep this ambiguity in mind.
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
09:51
Because probably some of the things that we love most
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ื›ื™ ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื”ื›ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื
09:54
are going to be also the things that can hurt us most.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœื ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
09:57
These days it's very popular to believe
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
10:00
that this push for transparency,
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ืฉื”ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช,
10:02
this kind of a combination between active citizens, new technologies
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ื”ืฉืœื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
10:09
and much more transparency-friendly legislation
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ื•ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช
10:13
can restore trust in politics.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
10:16
You believe that when you have these new technologies and people who are ready to use this,
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ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
10:19
it can make it much more difficult for the governments to lie,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืฉืงืจ,
10:23
it's going to be more difficult for them to steal
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื’ื ื•ื‘
10:25
and probably even going to be more difficult for them to kill.
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ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’.
10:29
This is probably true.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
10:31
But I do believe that we should be also very clear
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื
10:34
that now when we put the transparency at the center of politics
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ืฉืื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”
10:39
where the message is, "It's transparency, stupid."
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ื‘ื” ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉ.
10:43
Transparency is not about restoring trust in institutions.
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ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช.
10:47
Transparency is politics' management of mistrust.
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ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืื™ ืืžื•ืŸ.
10:51
We are assuming that our societies are going to be based on mistrust.
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ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ.
10:56
And by the way, mistrust was always very important for democracy.
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืื™ ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
10:59
This is why you have checks and balances.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืœืžื™ื ื•ืื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื.
11:01
This is why basically you have all this creative mistrust
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™
11:05
between the representatives and those whom they represent.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื.
11:08
But when politics is only management of mistrust,
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ืืš ื›ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื™ ืืžื•ืŸ,
11:13
then -- I'm very glad that "1984" has been mentioned --
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ืื– -- ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืžื— ืฉ"1984" ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ --
11:16
now we're going to have "1984" in reverse.
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช "1984" ื‘ื’ืจืกืชื• ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื”.
11:20
It's not going to be the Big Brother watching you,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื›ื,
11:22
it's going to be we being the Big Brother
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ืืœื ืื ื• ื›ืื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
11:24
watching the political class.
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ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
11:26
But is this the idea of a free society?
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ืืš ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช?
11:30
For example, can you imagine
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
11:31
that decent, civic, talented people are going to run for office
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื ื™ื, ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื™ืœื›ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช
11:37
if they really do believe
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ืื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
11:39
that politics is also about managing mistrust?
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ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื’ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืื™ ืืžื•ืŸ?
11:43
Are you not afraid with all these technologies
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ืืชื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
11:46
that are going to track down
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช
11:48
any statement the politicians are going to make on certain issues,
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืชืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช,
11:52
are you not afraid that this is going to be a very strong signal to politicians
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ืืชื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืื™ืชื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื
11:55
to repeat their positions, even the very wrong positions,
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช,
12:00
because consistency is going to be more important than common sense?
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื?
12:04
And the Americans who are in the room,
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ื•ืœืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืœื,
12:06
are you not afraid that your presidents are going to govern
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืœ
12:09
on the basis of what they said in the primary elections?
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช?
12:12
I find this extremely important,
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“,
12:14
because democracy is about people changing their views
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื
12:18
based on rational arguments and discussions.
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื.
12:21
And we can lose this with the very noble idea
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ื–ืืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ืช
12:25
to keep people accountable
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ืœื•ื•ื“ื ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
12:27
for showing the people that we're not going to tolerate
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช
12:29
politicians the opportunism in politics.
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ื›ืœืคื™ ืื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื.
12:32
So for me this is extremely important.
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ืื– ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
12:34
And I do believe that when we're discussing politics these days,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
12:38
probably it makes sense
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™
12:40
to look also at this type of a story.
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
12:43
But also don't forget, any unveiling is also veiling.
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ืืš ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื—ื•, ื›ืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืกืชืจื”.
12:47
[Regardless of] how transparent our governments want to be,
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ื‘ื”ืชืขืœื ืžื›ืžื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื•ืช,
12:51
they're going to be selectively transparent.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื•ืช ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
12:53
In a small country that could be my country,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™,
12:55
but could be also your country,
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ืืš ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
12:57
they took a decision -- it is a real case story --
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” -- ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ --
12:59
that all of the governmental decisions,
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช,
13:01
discussions of the council of ministers,
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื,
13:04
were going to be published on the Internet
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ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
13:07
24 hours after the council discussions took place.
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24 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื•.
13:12
And the public was extremely all for it.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.
13:14
So I had the opportunity to talk to the prime minister,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”,
13:16
why he made this decision.
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ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.
13:18
He said, "Listen, this is the best way
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื”ืงืฉื‘, ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:20
to keep the mouths of my ministers closed.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฉืืจื• ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื.
13:24
Because it's going to be very difficult for them to dissent
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช,
13:27
knowing that 24 hours after
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ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉ-24 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
13:29
this is going to be on the public space,
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
13:31
and this is in a certain way going to be a political crisis."
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™."
13:35
So when we talk about transparency,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช,
13:37
when we talk about openness,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช,
13:38
I really do believe that what we should keep in mind
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
13:40
is that what went right is what went wrong.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ื ื’ื ืืœื• ืฉื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉื•.
13:44
And this is Goethe, who is neither Bulgarian nor a political scientist,
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืชื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
13:48
some centuries ago he said,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
13:51
"There is a big shadow where there is much light."
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"ื™ืฉื ื• ืฆืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืจ."
13:54
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
13:56
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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