Ivan Krastev: Can democracy exist without trust?

55,625 views ใƒป 2012-08-13

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Woo Hwang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Mira Park
00:15
I'm afraid I'm one of those speakers
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์œ ๊ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด TED์—์„œ
00:18
you hope you're not going to meet at TED.
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๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ช…์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
First, I don't have a mobile,
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ์ €๋Š” ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
so I'm on the safe side.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:24
Secondly, a political theorist
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์—
00:26
who's going to talk about the crisis of democracy
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๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ธฐํ•  ์ •์น˜์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€๋Š”
00:29
is probably not the most exciting topic you can think about.
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์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋•Œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šธ ๋งŒํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
And plus, I'm not going to give you any answers.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๋Œ€๋‹ต๋„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
I'm much more trying to add to some of the questions we're talking about.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋”ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
And one of the things that I want to question
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
00:42
is this very popular hope these days
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์š”์ฆ˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐ”๋žจ์ธ๋ฐ
00:44
that transparency and openness
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ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ œ๋„์˜
00:46
can restore the trust in democratic institutions.
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์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
There is one more reason for you to be suspicious about me.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ €์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
You people, the Church of TED, are a very optimistic community.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๊ฐ™์€ TED ์‹ ๋ด‰์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:00
Basically you believe in complexity, but not in ambiguity.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์€ ๋ฏฟ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
As you have been told, I'm Bulgarian.
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๋“ค์œผ์‹ ๋ฐ๋กœ, ์ €๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
And according to the surveys,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด,
01:10
we are marked the most pessimistic people in the world.
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๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„๊ด€์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:15
The Economist magazine recently wrote an article
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์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏธ์ŠคํŠธ์ง€๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ
01:19
covering one of the recent studies on happiness,
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ํ–‰๋ณต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ œ๋ชฉ์ด
01:21
and the title was "The Happy, the Unhappy and the Bulgarians."
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"ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ์ž, ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ์ž, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค" ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:26
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:28
So now when you know what to expect,
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์ž ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ๋Œ€์ถฉ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋‹ˆ
01:32
let's give you the story.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
And this is a rainy election day in a small country --
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์ž‘์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋น„์˜ค๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ผ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
that can be my country, but could be also your country.
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์ €๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:41
And because of the rain until four o'clock in the afternoon,
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์„ ๊ฑฐ์ผ์— ๋น„๊ฐ€์™€์„œ ์˜คํ›„ 4์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€
01:45
nobody went to the polling stations.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ํˆฌํ‘œ์†Œ๋กœ ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
But then the rain stopped,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์น˜์ž,
01:50
people went to vote.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
And when the votes had been counted,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ
01:55
three-fourths of the people have voted with a blank ballot.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ 75%๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋นˆ ํˆฌํ‘œ์šฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
The government and the opposition,
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์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์•ผ๋‹น,
02:05
they have been simply paralyzed.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹นํ™ฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
Because you know what to do about the protests.
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์ฐจ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ• ์ง€ ์•Œํ…๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:10
You know who to arrest, who to negotiate with.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฒดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์™€ ํ˜‘์ƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
But what to do about people who are voting with a blank ballot?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๊ถŒํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํˆฌํ‘œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊นŒ์š”?
02:17
So the government decided to have the elections once again.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
And this time even a greater number,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
02:24
83 percent of the people, voted with blank ballots.
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๋ฌด๋ ค 83%๊ฐ€ ๋นˆ ํˆฌํ‘œ์šฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
Basically they went to the ballot boxes
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ฝ‘๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
02:32
to tell that they have nobody to vote for.
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ํˆฌํ‘œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
This is the opening of a beautiful novel by Jose Saramago
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜ธ์„ธ ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋งˆ๊ณ (Jose Saramago)์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์†Œ์„ค,
02:40
called "Seeing."
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"๋ˆˆ๋œฌ ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋„์‹œ(Seeing)"์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
But in my view it very well captures
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋‹ฅ์นœ
02:44
part of the problem that we have with democracy in Europe these days.
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๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์„ ์ž˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
On one level nobody's questioning
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์–ด๋–ค ์ ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€
02:51
that democracy is the best form of government.
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์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์˜์‹ฌ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
Democracy is the only game in town.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ์ œ๋„์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:57
The problem is that many people start to believe
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋”์ด์ƒ
03:00
that it is not a game worth playing.
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๊ทธ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹จ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:02
For the last 30 years, political scientists have observed
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์ง€๋‚œ 30๋…„๋™์•ˆ, ์ •์น˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์œจ์ด
03:07
that there is a constant decline in electoral turnout,
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์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
03:11
and the people who are least interested to vote
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํˆฌํ‘œ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
03:15
are the people whom you expect are going to gain most out of voting.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
03:20
I mean the unemployed, the under-privileged.
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์‹ค์ง์ž๋“ค์ด๋‚˜, ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
03:23
And this is a major issue.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
Because especially now with the economic crisis,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
03:28
you can see that the trust in politics,
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์ •์น˜๋‚˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
03:30
that the trust in democratic institutions,
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์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€
03:33
was really destroyed.
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์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Š๋ผ์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
According to the latest survey being done by the European Commission,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ๋ฐ”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด,
03:38
89 percent of the citizens of Europe believe that there is a growing gap
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ 89%๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€
03:43
between the opinion of the policy-makers and the opinion of the public.
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๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
Only 18 percent of Italians and 15 percent of Greeks
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18%์˜ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ๊ณผ, 15%์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด
03:53
believe that their vote matters.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
Basically people start to understand that they can change governments,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:01
but they cannot change policies.
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์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
And the question which I want to ask is the following:
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
04:06
How did it happen that we are living in societies
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ž์œ ๋กœ์›Œ์ง„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ
04:10
which are much freer than ever before --
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
04:12
we have more rights, we can travel easier,
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์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด
04:15
we have access to more information --
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๊นŒ์š”?
04:17
at the same time that trust in our democratic institutions
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌํ–‰๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
04:21
basically has collapsed?
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด์— ์ ‘๊ทผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
So basically I want to ask:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌป๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๊ฒƒ :
04:25
What went right and what went wrong in these 50 years
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์ง€๋‚œ 50๋…„๊ฐ„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ• ๋•Œ
04:29
when we talk about democracy?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์˜ณ์•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:31
And I'll start with what went right.
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๋จผ์ € ์ž˜ ํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
And the first thing that went right was, of course,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์˜ณ์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
04:38
these five revolutions which, in my view,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๊ณ 
04:41
very much changed the way we're living and deepened our democratic experience.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๊นŠ์ด๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•œ ๋‹ค์„ฏ๋ฒˆ์˜ ํ˜๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
And the first was the cultural and social revolution of 1968 and 1970s,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” 1968๋…„๊ณผ 1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ์ •์น˜์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ
04:50
which put the individual at the center of politics.
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์„ธ์›Œ์ค€ ๋ฌธํ™”์‚ฌํšŒํ˜๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
It was the human rights moment.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ผ๊นจ์›Œ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:56
Basically this was also a major outbreak, a culture of dissent,
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์ด์ „์—๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜
05:00
a culture of basically non-conformism,
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๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์ด๊ณ , ๋น„์ฒด์ œ์ˆœ์‘์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”
05:03
which was not known before.
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๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹œ์œ„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
So I do believe that even things like that
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
05:08
are very much the children of '68 --
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68๋…„ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
nevertheless that most of us had been even not born then.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:15
But after that you have the market revolution of the 1980s.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ 1980๋…„๋Œ€์— ์‹œ์žฅํ˜๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
And nevertheless that many people on the left try to hate it,
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์ขŒ์ต์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ํ˜๋ช…์ด ํƒํƒ์น˜ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
05:22
the truth is that it was very much the market revolution that sent the message:
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์‹œ์žฅํ˜๋ช…์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง„์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
05:26
"The government does not know better."
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"์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ž˜ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
05:28
And you have more choice-driven societies.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
And of course, you have 1989 -- the end of Communism, the end of the Cold War.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1989๋…„์— ๋ƒ‰์ „์ข…์‹๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋ฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋นผ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
05:37
And it was the birth of the global world.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
And you have the Internet.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
And this is not the audience to which I'm going to preach
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์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์€ ์–ผ๋งŒํผ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
05:45
to what extent the Internet empowered people.
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ํž˜์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
It has changed the way we are communicating
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ
05:50
and basically we are viewing politics.
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์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
The very idea of political community totally has changed.
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์ •์น˜์ง‘๋‹จ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋… ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
And I'm going to name one more revolution,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜๋ช… ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋” ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด,
05:57
and this is the revolution in brain sciences,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‡Œ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ํ˜๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
05:59
which totally changed the way
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”
06:01
we understand how people are making decisions.
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ๋œ ํ˜๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
So this is what went right.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
But if we're going to see what went wrong,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
06:09
we're going to end up with the same five revolutions.
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์—ญ์‹œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ˜๋ช…์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
Because first you have the 1960s and 1970s,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด 1960๋…„๋Œ€, 1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜
06:16
cultural and social revolution,
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๋ฌธํ™”์‚ฌํšŒํ˜๋ช…์€,
06:18
which in a certain way destroyed the idea of a collective purpose.
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์–ด๋–ค๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
The very idea, all these collective nouns that we have been taught about --
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ๊ณ„๊ธ‰, ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ฐ™์€
06:27
nation, class, family.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์™”๋˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
We start to like divorcing, if we're married at all.
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๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ดํ˜ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
All this was very much under attack.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
And it is so difficult to engage people in politics
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:40
when they believe that what really matters
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
06:42
is where they personally stand.
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์ •์น˜์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋…๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
And you have the market revolution of the 1980s
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1980๋…„๋Œ€์— ์‹œ์žฅํ˜๋ช…์€
06:48
and the huge increase of inequality in societies.
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ํšŒ์— ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
Remember, until the 1970s,
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”, 1970๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€
06:56
the spread of democracy has always been accompanied
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ
07:00
by the decline of inequality.
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
The more democratic our societies have been,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ๋” ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ,
07:05
the more equal they have been becoming.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋”์šฑ๋” ํ‰๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
Now we have the reverse tendency.
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์ž ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ญํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
The spread of democracy now is very much accompanied
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์€
07:15
by the increase in inequality.
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ํ™•์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
And I find this very much disturbing
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์ €๋Š” ์š”์ฆ˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ
07:20
when we're talking about what's going on right and wrong
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์˜ณ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆ„์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ๋•Œ
07:24
with democracy these days.
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
And if you go to 1989 --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด 1989๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ณด๋ฉด --
07:28
something that basically you don't expect that anybody's going to criticize --
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋น„ํ‰ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์ฃ  --
07:31
but many are going to tell you, "Listen, it was the end of the Cold War
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, "๋ณด์„ธ์š”, ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์™€
07:35
that tore the social contract between the elites and the people in Western Europe."
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์•ฝ์†์„ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ๋†“๋Š” ๋ƒ‰์ „์€ ๋๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
07:40
When the Soviet Union was still there,
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์†Œ๋ จ(Soviet Union)์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋•Œ,
07:42
the rich and the powerful, they needed the people,
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๋ถ€์ž์™€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
07:46
because they feared them.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ๋‘๋ ค์› ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:48
Now the elites basically have been liberated.
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์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
They're very mobile. You cannot tax them.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ๋™์ ์ด๋ผ์„œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
And basically they don't fear the people.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
So as a result of it, you have this very strange situation
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์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์€ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์„ ์–ด์ฉŒ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”
07:59
in which the elites basically got out of the control of the voters.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
So this is not by accident
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋”์ด์ƒ ํˆฌํ‘œ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด
08:05
that the voters are not interested to vote anymore.
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์šฐ์—ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
And when we talk about the Internet,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด,
08:10
yes, it's true, the Internet connected all of us,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
08:12
but we also know that the Internet created these echo chambers and political ghettos
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์†ํ•ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๋งŒ
08:19
in which for all your life you can stay with the political community you belong to.
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๊ฐ‡ํ˜€ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
And it's becoming more and more difficult
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
08:26
to understand the people who are not like you.
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์ ์  ๋” ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
I know that many people here
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ˜‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„
08:31
have been splendidly speaking about the digital world and the possibility for cooperation,
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ํ˜ธํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
but [have you] seen what the digital world has done to American politics these days?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •์น˜๊ณ„์— ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
08:39
This is also partly a result of the Internet revolution.
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์ด๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
This is the other side of the things that we like.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธก๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
And when you go to the brain sciences,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‡Œ๊ณผํ•™ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•˜๋ฉด,
08:48
what political consultants learned from the brain scientists
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์ •์น˜ ์ปจ์„คํ„ดํŠธ๋“ค์ด ๋‡Œ๊ณผํ•™์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ์ ์€
08:52
is don't talk to me about ideas anymore,
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๋”์ด์ƒ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
08:56
don't talk to me about policy programs.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์ฑ… ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
What really matters is basically to manipulate the emotions of the people.
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์ •๋ง ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
And you have this very strongly
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์„ ๋•Œ๋„
09:06
to the extent that, even if you see when we talk about revolutions these days,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
09:10
these revolutions are not named anymore around ideologies or ideas.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ˜๋ช…๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„์ง€์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
Before, revolutions used to have ideological names.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ํ˜๋ช…์€ ์ด๋…์ ์ธ ๋ช…์นญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
They could be communist, they could be liberal,
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๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜์ž ์ผ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž ์ผ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
09:21
they could be fascist or Islamic.
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ํŒŒ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ๋‚˜ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ๊ต์ธ ์ผ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
Now the revolutions are called under the medium which is most used.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ˜๋ช…๋“ค์€ ์œ ๋ ฅ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
You have Facebook revolutions, Twitter revolutions.
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ(Facebook) ํ˜๋ช…, ํŠธ์ดํ„ฐ(Twitter) ํ˜๋ช…์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:30
The content doesn't matter anymore, the problem is the media.
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๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋”์ด์ƒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
I'm saying this because one of my major points
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์ €์˜ ์š”์ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
09:37
is what went right is also what went wrong.
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์˜ณ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡๋œ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
And when we're now trying to see how we can change the situation,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
09:45
when basically we're trying to see what can be done about democracy,
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
09:48
we should keep this ambiguity in mind.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์†์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•จ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
Because probably some of the things that we love most
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ค‘์— ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”
09:54
are going to be also the things that can hurt us most.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ์ฒ˜์ž…๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
These days it's very popular to believe
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…๋ ค์™€
10:00
that this push for transparency,
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๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ,
10:02
this kind of a combination between active citizens, new technologies
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์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ด
10:09
and much more transparency-friendly legislation
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์ •์น˜๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณต ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
10:13
can restore trust in politics.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
You believe that when you have these new technologies and people who are ready to use this,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด,
10:19
it can make it much more difficult for the governments to lie,
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์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋”์šฑ๋” ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ,
10:23
it's going to be more difficult for them to steal
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋นผ์•—์•„ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋” ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ 
10:25
and probably even going to be more difficult for them to kill.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์–ด๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:29
This is probably true.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
But I do believe that we should be also very clear
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„
10:34
that now when we put the transparency at the center of politics
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์ •์น˜์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์–ด ๋„ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:39
where the message is, "It's transparency, stupid."
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์€ ํ–‰๋™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
Transparency is not about restoring trust in institutions.
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ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
Transparency is politics' management of mistrust.
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ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์€ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์„ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
We are assuming that our societies are going to be based on mistrust.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
And by the way, mistrust was always very important for democracy.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
This is why you have checks and balances.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด "๊ฒฌ์ œ์™€ ๊ท ํ˜•"์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
This is why basically you have all this creative mistrust
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—
11:05
between the representatives and those whom they represent.
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์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
But when politics is only management of mistrust,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
11:13
then -- I'm very glad that "1984" has been mentioned --
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-- ์ €๋Š” "1984"๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค --
11:16
now we're going to have "1984" in reverse.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์„ค"1984"์˜ ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
It's not going to be the Big Brother watching you,
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๋น…๋ธŒ๋ผ๋”(Big Brother)๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:22
it's going to be we being the Big Brother
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •์น˜๊ณ„๊ธ‰์„ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์‹œ์ž๊ฐ€
11:24
watching the political class.
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๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:26
But is this the idea of a free society?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ด๋… ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
11:30
For example, can you imagine
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด,
11:31
that decent, civic, talented people are going to run for office
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์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
11:37
if they really do believe
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์žฌ๋Šฅ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
11:39
that politics is also about managing mistrust?
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๊ณต์ง์— ์ถœ๋งˆํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:43
Are you not afraid with all these technologies
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์ •์น˜๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ด์Šˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋“ค์„
11:46
that are going to track down
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์ถ”์ ํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด
11:48
any statement the politicians are going to make on certain issues,
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๋‘๋ ต์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์œผ์„ธ์š”?
11:52
are you not afraid that this is going to be a very strong signal to politicians
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์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ์‹๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
11:55
to repeat their positions, even the very wrong positions,
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์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
12:00
because consistency is going to be more important than common sense?
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๋‘๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:04
And the Americans who are in the room,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ถ„๋“ค์€
12:06
are you not afraid that your presidents are going to govern
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์˜ˆ๋น„์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณต์•ฝ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ
12:09
on the basis of what they said in the primary elections?
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์„ธ์š”?
12:12
I find this extremely important,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
12:14
because democracy is about people changing their views
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์Ÿ๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ
12:18
based on rational arguments and discussions.
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
And we can lose this with the very noble idea
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์ด
12:25
to keep people accountable
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๊ธฐํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋”์ด์ƒ
12:27
for showing the people that we're not going to tolerate
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์šฉ์ธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
12:29
politicians the opportunism in politics.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์„ ์žƒ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
So for me this is extremely important.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
And I do believe that when we're discussing politics these days,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์š”์ฆ˜ ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งํ• ๋•Œ,
12:38
probably it makes sense
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:40
to look also at this type of a story.
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๋‹น์—ฐํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
But also don't forget, any unveiling is also veiling.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋˜ํ•œ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ• ๊ฒƒ์€ ํญ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฎ์–ด ๊ฐ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:47
[Regardless of] how transparent our governments want to be,
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์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š”์ง€์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด
12:51
they're going to be selectively transparent.
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์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์€ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
In a small country that could be my country,
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๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋„,
12:55
but could be also your country,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋„
12:57
they took a decision -- it is a real case story --
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์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
that all of the governmental decisions,
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-- ์‹ค์ œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
13:01
discussions of the council of ministers,
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๊ฐ๋ฃŒํšŒ์˜์˜ ํ† ๋ก  ๋‚ด์šฉ๋„
13:04
were going to be published on the Internet
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24์‹œ๊ฐ„์•ˆ์—
13:07
24 hours after the council discussions took place.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ๋ฟŒ๋ ค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
And the public was extremely all for it.
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๋Œ€์ค‘์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
So I had the opportunity to talk to the prime minister,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
13:16
why he made this decision.
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
He said, "Listen, this is the best way
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”,
13:20
to keep the mouths of my ministers closed.
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"์žฅ๊ด€๋“ค์˜ ์ž…์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
13:24
Because it's going to be very difficult for them to dissent
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"์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์ด"
13:27
knowing that 24 hours after
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"์—ฌ๋ก ์— ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ํ›„์—๋Š”"
13:29
this is going to be on the public space,
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"๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ "
13:31
and this is in a certain way going to be a political crisis."
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"์ •์น˜์  ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
13:35
So when we talk about transparency,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์—
13:37
when we talk about openness,
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๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ๋•Œ,
13:38
I really do believe that what we should keep in mind
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๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๋ช…์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ๊ฒƒ์ด
13:40
is that what went right is what went wrong.
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๊ทธ๋ฆ‡๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
And this is Goethe, who is neither Bulgarian nor a political scientist,
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๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์ •์น˜ํ•™์ž๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€๋˜ ๊ดดํ…Œ๊ฐ€
13:48
some centuries ago he said,
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์ˆ˜์„ธ๊ธฐ์ „์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
13:51
"There is a big shadow where there is much light."
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"์•„์ฃผ ๋ฐ์€ ์–‘์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ํฐ ์Œ์ง€๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค."
13:54
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:56
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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