Clay Shirky: How cellphones, Twitter, Facebook can make history

152,507 views ใƒป 2009-06-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yifat Adler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
I want to talk about the transformed media landscape,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
00:20
and what it means for anybody who has a message that they want to get out
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ื•ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื”
00:24
to anywhere in the world.
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ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:26
And I want to illustrate that by telling a couple of stories
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
00:28
about that transformation.
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ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
00:30
I'll start here. Last November there was a presidential election.
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ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช.
00:33
You probably read something about it in the papers.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืงืจืืชื ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื.
00:36
And there was some concern that in some parts of the country
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืื’ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
00:39
there might be voter suppression.
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ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”.
00:41
And so a plan came up to video the vote.
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ื’ื•ื‘ืฉื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืฆืœื ื‘ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”.
00:43
And the idea was that individual citizens
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™
00:46
with phones capable of taking photos or making video
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ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื•
00:49
would document their polling places,
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ื™ืชืขื“ื• ื‘ืงืœืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
00:51
on the lookout for any kind of voter suppression techniques,
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ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”.
00:54
and would upload this to a central place.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื˜ืขื ื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™,
00:56
And that this would operate as a kind of citizen observation --
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื™ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช.
01:00
that citizens would not be there just to cast individual votes,
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ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™,
01:04
but also to help ensure the sanctity of the vote overall.
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ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™.
01:08
So this is a pattern that assumes we're all in this together.
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
01:12
What matters here
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ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ
01:14
isn't technical capital,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™,
01:16
it's social capital.
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ืืœื ื”ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
01:18
These tools don't get socially interesting
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ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
01:21
until they get technologically boring.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
01:24
It isn't when the shiny new tools show up
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื
01:28
that their uses start permeating society.
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ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื—ืœื—ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”.
01:30
It's when everybody is able to take them for granted.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืืœื™ื”ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘.
01:34
Because now that media is increasingly social,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื,
01:37
innovation can happen anywhere
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ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
01:40
that people can take for granted the idea that we're all in this together.
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ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”.
01:44
And so we're starting to see a media landscape
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
01:47
in which innovation is happening everywhere,
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ื‘ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
01:50
and moving from one spot to another.
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื”.
01:52
That is a huge transformation.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืฆื•ื.
01:56
Not to put too fine a point on it, the moment we're living through --
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ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•,
01:59
the moment our historical generation is living through --
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืจื‘ื”
02:02
is the largest increase in expressive capability
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ื•ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
02:06
in human history.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
02:08
Now that's a big claim. I'm going to try to back it up.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืื ื™ ืื ืกื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”.
02:10
There are only four periods in the last 500 years
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ื‘-500 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืจืง ืืจื‘ืข ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช
02:14
where media has changed enough to qualify for the label "revolution."
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืžื”ืคื›ื”".
02:17
The first one is the famous one, the printing press:
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก.
02:20
movable type, oil-based inks, that whole complex of innovations
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ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก, ื“ื™ื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉืžืŸ - ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช
02:23
that made printing possible
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืœืืคืฉืจื™ืช
02:25
and turned Europe upside-down, starting in the middle of the 1400s.
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ื•ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžื”ืงืฆื” ืืœ ื”ืงืฆื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1400.
02:28
Then, a couple of hundred years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”
02:30
there was innovation in two-way communication,
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ื—ืœื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช.
02:32
conversational media: first the telegraph, then the telephone.
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ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื™ื—ืชื™ื™ื - ื”ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
02:35
Slow, text-based conversations,
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ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜,
02:38
then real-time voice based conversations.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื•ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช.
02:40
Then, about 150 years ago,
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ื•ืื–, ืœืคื ื™ ื›-150 ืฉื ื”,
02:42
there was a revolution in recorded media other than print:
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ืืจืขื” ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืงืœื˜ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื“ืคื•ืก.
02:45
first photos, then recorded sound,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืื—"ื› ืงื•ืœ ืžื•ืงืœื˜,
02:48
then movies, all encoded onto physical objects.
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ื•ืื—"ื› ืกืจื˜ื™ื - ื›ื•ืœื ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื.
02:51
And finally, about 100 years ago, the harnessing of electromagnetic spectrum
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืขื ืจืชื™ืžืช ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™
02:54
to send sound and images through the air -- radio and television.
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ืœืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืงื•ืœ ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ - ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
02:58
This is the media landscape as we knew it in the 20th century.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื›ืจื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20.
03:02
This is what those of us of a certain age
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ืืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืชืื™ื
03:05
grew up with, and are used to.
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ื’ื“ืœื• ืื™ืชื ื•ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื.
03:08
But there is a curious asymmetry here.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืื™-ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
03:10
The media that is good at creating conversations
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ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช
03:13
is no good at creating groups.
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ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
03:15
And the media that's good at creating groups
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ื•ืืœื• ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
03:17
is no good at creating conversations.
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ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช.
03:19
If you want to have a conversation
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” -
03:21
in this world, you have it with one other person.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืจืง ืขื ืื“ื ืื—ื“.
03:23
If you want to address a group, you get the same message
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ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื–ื”ื”
03:26
and you give it to everybody in the group,
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ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
03:28
whether you're doing that with a broadcasting tower or a printing press.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืœ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก -
03:32
That was the media landscape
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฃ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
03:34
as we had it in the twentieth century.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20.
03:36
And this is what changed.
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ื ื•ืฃ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
03:38
This thing that looks like a peacock hit a windscreen
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื˜ื•ื•ืก ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ืฉืžืฉื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช,
03:40
is Bill Cheswick's map of the Internet.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืœ ืฆ'ื–ื•ื•ื™ืง.
03:42
He traces the edges of the individual networks
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ื”ื•ื ืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช
03:44
and then color codes them.
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ื•ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.
03:46
The Internet is the first medium in history
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
03:48
that has native support for groups
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื’ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
03:50
and conversation at the same time.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช.
03:53
Whereas the phone gave us the one-to-one pattern,
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ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื“-ืžื•ืœ-ืื—ื“,
03:56
and television, radio, magazines, books,
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ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื”ืจื“ื™ื•, ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืกืคืจื™ื
03:58
gave us the one-to-many pattern,
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ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื“-ืžื•ืœ-ืจื‘ื™ื,
04:00
the Internet gives us the many-to-many pattern.
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ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื-ืžื•ืœ-ืจื‘ื™ื.
04:02
For the first time,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”
04:04
media is natively good at supporting these kinds of conversations.
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ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืœื“ืช ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช.
04:08
That's one of the big changes.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
04:11
The second big change
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื
04:13
is that, as all media gets digitized,
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ืฉื›ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื
04:15
the Internet also becomes the mode of carriage
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ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”
04:18
for all other media,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
04:20
meaning that phone calls migrate to the Internet,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
04:22
magazines migrate to the Internet, movies migrate to the Internet.
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ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
04:25
And that means that every medium
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ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
04:27
is right next door to every other medium.
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื—ืจ.
04:32
Put another way,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืื—ืจ,
04:35
media is increasingly less just a source of information,
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ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
04:38
and it is increasingly more a site of coordination,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœืชื™ืื•ื ื•ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
04:41
because groups that see or hear or watch or listen to something
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืื•ืช ืื• ืฉื•ืžืขื•ืช ืื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืื• ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช -
04:44
can now gather around and talk to each other as well.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’ื ืœื”ืชืืกืฃ ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช.
04:48
And the third big change
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื
04:51
is that members of the former audience, as Dan Gilmore calls them,
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ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืข"ื™ ื“ืŸ ื’ื™ืœืžื•ืจ,
04:53
can now also be producers and not consumers.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฆืจื›ืŸ.
04:57
Every time a new consumer
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆืจื›ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ
04:59
joins this media landscape
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ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœ ื ื•ืฃ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
05:01
a new producer joins as well,
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ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื’ื ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.
05:03
because the same equipment --
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ -
05:05
phones, computers --
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ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
05:07
let you consume and produce.
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ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ื’ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื•ื’ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ.
05:09
It's as if, when you bought a book, they threw in the printing press for free;
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืงื ื• ืกืคืจ ื•ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืืช ืžื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก.
05:12
it's like you had a phone that could turn into a radio
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืจื“ื™ื•
05:14
if you pressed the right buttons.
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ืื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
05:16
That is a huge change
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืฆื•ื
05:19
in the media landscape we're used to.
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ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืœื ื• ืืœื™ื•.
05:21
And it's not just Internet or no Internet.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืงื™ื•ื ืื• ืื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
05:24
We've had the Internet in its public form
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ
05:26
for almost 20 years now,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ 20 ืฉื ื™ื,
05:28
and it's still changing
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื”
05:30
as the media becomes more social.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
05:32
It's still changing patterns
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ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื,
05:34
even among groups who know how to deal with the Internet well.
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ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืžื—ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื•.
05:37
Second story.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ -
05:39
Last May, China in the Sichuan province
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ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืกื™ืฆ'ื•ืืŸ,
05:41
had a terrible earthquake, 7.9 magnitude,
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื ื•ืจืื™ืช, ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ 7.9 -
05:44
massive destruction in a wide area, as the Richter Scale has it.
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ื”ืจืก ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื ืจื—ื‘, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกื•ืœื ืจื™ื›ื˜ืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืืช.
05:48
And the earthquake was reported as it was happening.
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชื”.
05:54
People were texting from their phones. They were taking photos of buildings.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืžืกืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื ืฆื™ืœืžื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
05:57
They were taking videos of buildings shaking.
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ื”ื ืฆื™ืœืžื• ืกืจื˜ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืขื“ื™ื.
06:00
They were uploading it to QQ, China's largest Internet service.
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ื”ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœ-QQ, ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:03
They were Twittering it.
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ื”ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ.
06:05
And so as the quake was happening
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ื•ื›ืš ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื•
06:08
the news was reported.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืขืฆืžื”.
06:10
And because of the social connections,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื -
06:12
Chinese students coming elsewhere, and going to school,
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืกืขื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
06:15
or businesses in the rest of the world opening offices in China --
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ืื• ืขืกืงื™ื ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืคืชื—ื• ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
06:19
there were people listening all over the world, hearing this news.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
06:23
The BBC got their first wind of the Chinese quake from Twitter.
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ื”ื‘ื™.ื‘ื™.ืกื™. ืฉืžืขื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ.
06:28
Twitter announced the existence of the quake
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ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”
06:31
several minutes before the US Geological Survey
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ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
06:33
had anything up online for anybody to read.
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ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืจืฉืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื.
06:37
The last time China had a quake of that magnitude
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื”
06:40
it took them three months to admit that it had happened.
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ืœืงื— ืœื”ื 3 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”.
06:45
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
06:46
Now they might have liked to have done that here,
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ื’ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
06:48
rather than seeing these pictures go up online.
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ื•ืœื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจืฉืช.
06:51
But they weren't given that choice,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช,
06:54
because their own citizens beat them to the punch.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื.
06:57
Even the government learned of the earthquake from their own citizens,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืžื“ื” ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
07:01
rather than from the Xinhua News Agency.
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ื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื—ืื™.
07:04
And this stuff rippled like wildfire.
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื›ืžื• ืืฉ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืงื•ืฆื™ื.
07:06
For a while there
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
07:08
the top 10 most clicked links on Twitter,
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10 ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ,
07:10
the global short messaging service --
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ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
07:12
nine of the top 10 links were about the quake.
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9 ืžืชื•ืš 10 ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”.
07:15
People collating information,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”,
07:17
pointing people to news sources,
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ืžืคื ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
07:19
pointing people to the US geological survey.
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ืžืคื ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
07:21
The 10th one was kittens on a treadmill, but that's the Internet for you.
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ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืคื ื” ืœื—ืชืœืชื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืจื˜ ืœืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืชืš.
07:25
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
07:26
But nine of the 10 in those first hours.
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ืื‘ืœ 9 ืžืชื•ืš 10 ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
07:29
And within half a day donation sites were up,
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื—ืฆื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืืชืจื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช.
07:33
and donations were pouring in from all around the world.
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ื•ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื–ืจืžื• ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
07:37
This was an incredible, coordinated global response.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืคืœืื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืืžืช.
07:41
And the Chinese then, in one of their periods of media openness,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
07:43
decided that they were going to let it go,
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
07:45
that they were going to let this citizen reporting fly.
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
07:50
And then this happened.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
07:52
People began to figure out, in the Sichuan Provence,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืกื™ืฆ'ื•ืืŸ,
07:54
that the reason so many school buildings had collapsed --
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ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืงืจืกื• -
07:57
because tragically the earthquake happened during a school day --
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืจื’ื™ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื -
08:01
the reason so many school buildings collapsed
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืงืจืกื•
08:03
is that corrupt officials had taken bribes
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืฉื•ื—ื“
08:05
to allow those building to be built to less than code.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืชืงืŸ.
08:09
And so they started, the citizen journalists started
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•, ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•
08:12
reporting that as well. And there was an incredible picture.
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ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
08:15
You may have seen in on the front page of the New York Times.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืจืื™ืชื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก.
08:17
A local official literally prostrated himself in the street,
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ืคืงื™ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืชื˜ื— ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘
08:21
in front of these protesters,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
08:23
in order to get them to go away.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืกืชืœืง.
08:26
Essentially to say, "We will do anything to placate you,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, "ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื™ื™ืก ืืชื›ื.
08:28
just please stop protesting in public."
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ืจืง ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™."
08:31
But these are people who have been radicalized,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื.
08:33
because, thanks to the one child policy,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
08:35
they have lost everyone in their next generation.
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ื”ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื”ื.
08:38
Someone who has seen the death of a single child
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ืœืื“ื ืฉืจืื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
08:40
now has nothing to lose.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“.
08:42
And so the protest kept going.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”.
08:44
And finally the Chinese cracked down.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ื ืฉื‘ืจื•.
08:47
That was enough of citizen media.
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ื ืžืืก ืœื”ื ืžื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช,
08:50
And so they began to arrest the protesters.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื.
08:52
They began to shut down the media that the protests were happening on.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื.
08:56
China is probably the most successful
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ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:00
manager of Internet censorship in the world,
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ืฉืœ ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
09:03
using something that is widely described as the Great Firewall of China.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื›ื ื•ืช "ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ".
09:07
And the Great Firewall of China
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ื•ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ
09:09
is a set of observation points
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื—
09:11
that assume that media is produced by professionals,
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ืฉืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื•ื ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข,
09:15
it mostly comes in from the outside world,
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
09:18
it comes in relatively sparse chunks,
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ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
09:21
and it comes in relatively slowly.
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ื•ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื“ื™ ืœืื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™.
09:24
And because of those four characteristics
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ 4 ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
09:26
they are able to filter it as it comes into the country.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
09:30
But like the Maginot Line,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื• ืžืื–'ื™ื ื•,
09:32
the great firewall of China was facing in the wrong direction
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ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
09:35
for this challenge,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
09:37
because not one of those four things was true in this environment.
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ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
09:43
The media was produced locally. It was produced by amateurs.
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™. ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืข"ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื.
09:45
It was produced quickly. And it was produced at such an incredible abundance
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืฉืคืข ืžื“ื”ื™ื
09:50
that there was no way to filter it as it appeared.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืกื ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื›ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื•.
09:54
And so now the Chinese government, who for a dozen years,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืฉื ื™ื
09:57
has quite successfully filtered the web,
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ืกื™ื ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื”,
10:01
is now in the position of having to decide
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
10:03
whether to allow or shut down entire services,
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ื”ืื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืื• ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
10:07
because the transformation to amateur media
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื
10:10
is so enormous that they can't deal with it any other way.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื•.
10:14
And in fact that is happening this week.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
10:16
On the 20th anniversary of Tiananmen
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”-20 ืœื˜ื™ืื ื ืžืŸ.
10:18
they just, two days ago, announced
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ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื•
10:21
that they were simply shutting down access to Twitter,
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ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ.
10:24
because there was no way to filter it other than that.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœืกื ืŸ,
10:28
They had to turn the spigot entirely off.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื– ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
10:32
Now these changes don't just affect people who want to censor messages.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฆื ื–ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
10:36
They also affect people who want to send messages,
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ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
10:39
because this is really a transformation of the ecosystem as a whole,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื”,
10:42
not just a particular strategy.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
10:44
The classic media problem, from the 20th century
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-20
10:48
is, how does an organization have a message
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื”
10:50
that they want to get out
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ
10:52
to a group of people distributed at the edges of a network.
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืช.
10:54
And here is the twentieth century answer.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20:
10:57
Bundle up the message. Send the same message to everybody.
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ืืจื•ื– ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืœื— ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœื›ื•ืœื.
11:01
National message. Targeted individuals.
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ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืื ืฉื™ ื™ืขื“.
11:03
Relatively sparse number of producers.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
11:05
Very expensive to do,
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืงืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข,
11:07
so there is not a lot of competition.
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
11:09
This is how you reach people.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
11:11
All of that is over.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืœืฃ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื.
11:14
We are increasingly in a landscape where media is global,
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ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื,
11:17
social, ubiquitous and cheap.
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ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื–ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
11:20
Now most organizations that are trying to send messages
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช
11:25
to the outside world, to the distributed collection of the audience,
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ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืœืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ,
11:29
are now used to this change.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
11:31
The audience can talk back.
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ื”ืงื”ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘.
11:33
And that's a little freaky. But you can get used to it after a while, as people do.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžืคื—ื™ื“. ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”.
11:38
But that's not the really crazy change that we're living in the middle of.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื ื• ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืขืช.
11:42
The really crazy change is here:
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืืŸ.
11:45
it's the fact that they are no longer disconnected from each other,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.
11:49
the fact that former consumers are now producers,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื”ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื.
11:52
the fact that the audience can talk directly to one another;
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”.
11:55
because there is a lot more amateurs than professionals,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข,
11:58
and because the size of the network,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืจืฉืช,
12:01
the complexity of the network is actually the square
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ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
12:04
of the number of participants,
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ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื.
12:06
meaning that the network, when it grows large,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจืฉืช ื’ื“ืœื”,
12:08
grows very, very large.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“.
12:10
As recently at last decade,
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ืจืง ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
12:12
most of the media that was available for public consumption
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ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ
12:15
was produced by professionals.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืข"ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข.
12:17
Those days are over, never to return.
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ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ืœืคื•, ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืขื•ืœื.
12:21
It is the green lines now, that are the source of the free content,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
12:24
which brings me to my last story.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
12:27
We saw some of the most imaginative use
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื™ืืžืŸ
12:29
of social media during the Obama campaign.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”.
12:32
And I don't mean most imaginative use in politics --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื™ืืžืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
12:34
I mean most imaginative use ever.
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ืืœื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื™ืืžืŸ ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื.
12:37
And one of the things Obama did, was they famously,
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ืื ืฉื™ ืชืขืžื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื”
12:39
the Obama campaign did, was they famously put up
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ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ืืช
12:41
MyBarackObama.com, myBO.com
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"ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื“ื•ื˜ ืงื•ื", myBO.com.
12:43
And millions of citizens rushed in to participate,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื™ื”ืจื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ,
12:47
and to try and figure out how to help.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ืข.
12:49
An incredible conversation sprung up there.
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ื”ืชืคืชื— ืฉื ืฉื™ื— ื ืคืœื.
12:52
And then, this time last year,
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ื•ืื–, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”,
12:55
Obama announced that he was going to change his vote on FISA,
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ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื FISA -
12:58
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.
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ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืชืจ.
13:00
He had said, in January, that he would not sign a bill
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ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื—ืชื•ื
13:02
that granted telecom immunity for possibly warrantless spying
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ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื” ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช
13:06
on American persons.
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ื”ืื–ื ื•ืช ืกืชืจ ืœื ืžื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
13:09
By the summer, in the middle of the general campaign,
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ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช,
13:11
He said, "I've thought about the issue more. I've changed my mind.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื. ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื“ืขืชื™.
13:13
I'm going to vote for this bill."
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง."
13:15
And many of his own supporters
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืฉืœื•
13:17
on his own site went very publicly berserk.
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ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœ ืžื–ืขื.
13:22
It was Senator Obama when they created it. They changed the name later.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืื” "ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืžื‘ื”". ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš.
13:25
"Please get FISA right."
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"ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชื˜ืคืœ ื‘-FISA ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš."
13:27
Within days of this group being created
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ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ืงืžืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
13:29
it was the fastest growing group on myBO.com;
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘-myBO.com.
13:32
within weeks of its being created it was the largest group.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืงืžืชื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:35
Obama had to issue a press release.
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ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช.
13:38
He had to issue a reply.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœื”ื.
13:41
And he said essentially, "I have considered the issue.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
13:43
I understand where you are coming from.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืžื ื• ืืชื ื‘ืื™ื.
13:45
But having considered it all, I'm still going to vote the way I'm going to vote.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื›ื ื ืชื™.
13:49
But I wanted to reach out to you and say, I understand that you disagree with me,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื™,
13:52
and I'm going to take my lumps on this one."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช."
13:55
This didn't please anybody. But then a funny thing happened in the conversation.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื“. ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืงืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
13:59
People in that group realized
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•
14:01
that Obama had never shut them down.
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ืฉืื•ื‘ืžื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืื•ืชื.
14:05
Nobody in the Obama campaign had ever tried to hide the group
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืœื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”,
14:09
or make it harder to join,
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ืื• ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืืœื™ื”,
14:11
to deny its existence, to delete it,
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ืื• ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื”, ืื• ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืื•ืชื”,
14:13
to take to off the site.
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ืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ืืชืจ.
14:15
They had understood that their role
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืชืคืงื™ื“
14:19
with myBO.com was to convene their supporters
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ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ myBO.com ื”ื•ื ืœื›ื ืก ืืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื
14:22
but not to control their supporters.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
14:25
And that is the kind of discipline
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ
14:27
that it takes to make really mature use
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
14:31
of this media.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื–ื”.
14:34
Media, the media landscape that we knew,
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ื ื•ืฃ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื•,
14:38
as familiar as it was, as easy conceptually as it was
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ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืงืœ
14:41
to deal with the idea that professionals broadcast
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื
14:43
messages to amateurs,
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ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื -
14:45
is increasingly slipping away.
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ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ืขืœื.
14:48
In a world where media is global, social, ubiquitous and cheap,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื–ื•ืœื™ื,
14:52
in a world of media where the former audience
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื•
14:54
are now increasingly full participants,
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ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืฉืชืชืฃ ืคืขื™ืœ,
14:58
in that world, media is less and less often
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:02
about crafting a single message
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ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช
15:05
to be consumed by individuals.
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ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
15:08
It is more and more often
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:10
a way of creating an environment for convening
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ื”ื ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
15:13
and supporting groups.
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ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ.
15:15
And the choice we face,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•,
15:17
I mean anybody who has a message they want to have heard
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ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื”
15:19
anywhere in the world,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉืžืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
15:22
isn't whether or not that is the media environment we want to operate in.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
15:25
That's the media environment we've got.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื•.
15:27
The question we all face now is,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื,
15:29
"How can we make best use of this media?
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"ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
15:31
Even though it means changing the way we've always done it."
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื”."
15:35
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:37
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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