Clay Shirky: How cellphones, Twitter, Facebook can make history

152,395 views ・ 2009-06-16

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Prevoditelj: Ivana Bosnić Recezent: Marko Rakar
00:16
I want to talk about the transformed media landscape,
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Želim govoriti o izmijenjenom medijskom prostoru,
00:20
and what it means for anybody who has a message that they want to get out
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o tome što on znači svakome tko želi raširiti neku poruku
00:24
to anywhere in the world.
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posvuda po svijetu.
00:26
And I want to illustrate that by telling a couple of stories
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I želim to objasniti ispričavši nekoliko priča
00:28
about that transformation.
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o toj promjeni.
00:30
I'll start here. Last November there was a presidential election.
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Počet ću ovdje. Prošlog studenog održani su predsjednički izbori.
00:33
You probably read something about it in the papers.
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Vjerojatno ste čuli nešto o tome u novinama.
00:36
And there was some concern that in some parts of the country
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Postojala je određena zabrinutost u nekom dijelovima zemlje
00:39
there might be voter suppression.
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da bi moglo doći do sprječavanja glasovanja.
00:41
And so a plan came up to video the vote.
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Tako je smišljen plan o snimanju glasovanja.
00:43
And the idea was that individual citizens
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Ideja je bila da sami građani
00:46
with phones capable of taking photos or making video
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koristeći mobitele s mogućnošću snimanja slika ili videa
00:49
would document their polling places,
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snime svoja glasačka mjesta,
00:51
on the lookout for any kind of voter suppression techniques,
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kako bi uočili bilo kakav način sprječavanja glasovanja.
00:54
and would upload this to a central place.
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To bi prenijeli na središnji poslužitelj.
00:56
And that this would operate as a kind of citizen observation --
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I bilo bi to nešto poput građanskog nadgledanja.
01:00
that citizens would not be there just to cast individual votes,
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Građani ne bi bili tamo samo kako bi pojedinačno glasovali.
01:04
but also to help ensure the sanctity of the vote overall.
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Već i kako bi pomogli osigurati nepovredivost ukupnog glasovanja
01:08
So this is a pattern that assumes we're all in this together.
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Dakle, to je predložak koji pretpostavlja da smo u ovome svi zajedno.
01:12
What matters here
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Ono što je važno
01:14
isn't technical capital,
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nije tehnička vrijednost.
01:16
it's social capital.
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Već društvena vrijednost.
01:18
These tools don't get socially interesting
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Ovi alati ne postaju društveno zanimljivi
01:21
until they get technologically boring.
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dok ne postanu tehnološki dosadni.
01:24
It isn't when the shiny new tools show up
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Kada se sjajni novi alati pojave
01:28
that their uses start permeating society.
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njihovo se korištenje još ne počinje širiti u društvu.
01:30
It's when everybody is able to take them for granted.
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Prodiru tek kada ih svi shvaćaju "zdravo za gotovo".
01:34
Because now that media is increasingly social,
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Zbog činjenice da su danas mediji sve društveniji,
01:37
innovation can happen anywhere
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inovacija se može dogoditi bilo gdje
01:40
that people can take for granted the idea that we're all in this together.
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gdje ljudi prihvaćaju ideju da smo u ovome svi skupa.
01:44
And so we're starting to see a media landscape
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I tako počinjemo uviđati medijski prostor
01:47
in which innovation is happening everywhere,
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u kojom se inovacija događa posvuda.
01:50
and moving from one spot to another.
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Prelazeći s jednog mjesta na drugo.
01:52
That is a huge transformation.
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Ovo je ogromna promjena.
01:56
Not to put too fine a point on it, the moment we're living through --
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Bez prevelike preciznosti, trenutak u kojem živimo,
01:59
the moment our historical generation is living through --
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vrijeme koje naša povijesna generacija proživljava
02:02
is the largest increase in expressive capability
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ima najveći porast u mogućnosti izražavanja
02:06
in human history.
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u ljudskoj povijesti.
02:08
Now that's a big claim. I'm going to try to back it up.
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E, to je velika tvrdnja. Pokušat ću je poduprijeti.
02:10
There are only four periods in the last 500 years
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Postoje samo četiri razdoblja u posljednjih 500 godina
02:14
where media has changed enough to qualify for the label "revolution."
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gdje su se mediji dovoljno promijenili da bi nosili oznaku Revolucija.
02:17
The first one is the famous one, the printing press:
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Prvo je razdoblje ono čuveno, tiskarski stroj.
02:20
movable type, oil-based inks, that whole complex of innovations
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Pomična slova, s tintom temeljenom na ulju, cijeli sustav inovacija
02:23
that made printing possible
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koji je omogućio tiskanje
02:25
and turned Europe upside-down, starting in the middle of the 1400s.
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i preokrenuo Europu naglavačke, počevši sredinom 15. stoljeća.
02:28
Then, a couple of hundred years ago,
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Zatim, prije nekoliko stotina godina
02:30
there was innovation in two-way communication,
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dogodila se inovacija u dvosmjernoj komunikaciji.
02:32
conversational media: first the telegraph, then the telephone.
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Mediji za razgovor, prvo telegraf, zatim telefon.
02:35
Slow, text-based conversations,
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Spori, pisani razgovori,
02:38
then real-time voice based conversations.
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a zatim glasovni razgovori u stvarnom vremenu.
02:40
Then, about 150 years ago,
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Tada, prije oko 150 godina,
02:42
there was a revolution in recorded media other than print:
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dogodila se revolucija u snimljenim medijima osim tiskanja.
02:45
first photos, then recorded sound,
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Prvo fotografije, zatim snimljeni zvuk,
02:48
then movies, all encoded onto physical objects.
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pa filmovi, sve je to bilo zapisano u fizičkim predmetima.
02:51
And finally, about 100 years ago, the harnessing of electromagnetic spectrum
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I konačno, prije oko 100 godina, iskorištavanje elektromagnetskog spektra
02:54
to send sound and images through the air -- radio and television.
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za slanje zvuka i slike kroz zrak, za radio i televiziju.
02:58
This is the media landscape as we knew it in the 20th century.
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To je medijski prostor kakvim smo ga smatrali u 20. stoljeću.
03:02
This is what those of us of a certain age
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S time su neki od nas, određene starosti
03:05
grew up with, and are used to.
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odrasli, i na to se navikli.
03:08
But there is a curious asymmetry here.
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No, ovdje postoji zanimljiva asimetrija.
03:10
The media that is good at creating conversations
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Medij koji je dobar za stvaranje razgovora
03:13
is no good at creating groups.
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nije dobar za stvaranje grupa.
03:15
And the media that's good at creating groups
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A onaj koji je dobar za stvaranje grupa
03:17
is no good at creating conversations.
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nije dobar za stvaranje razgovora.
03:19
If you want to have a conversation
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Ako želite razgovarati,
03:21
in this world, you have it with one other person.
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na ovom svijetu, razgovarate s jednom osobom.
03:23
If you want to address a group, you get the same message
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Ako se želiti obratiti grupi, istu poruku
03:26
and you give it to everybody in the group,
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prenesete svakome u grupi.
03:28
whether you're doing that with a broadcasting tower or a printing press.
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Bilo to pomoću tornja za odašiljanje ili tiskarskog stroja.
03:32
That was the media landscape
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Tako je izgledao medijski prostor
03:34
as we had it in the twentieth century.
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kojega smo imali u dvadesetom stoljeću.
03:36
And this is what changed.
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I to se promijenilo.
03:38
This thing that looks like a peacock hit a windscreen
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Ovo što izgleda kao da je paun udario u ekran
03:40
is Bill Cheswick's map of the Internet.
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je karta Interneta Billa Cheswicka.
03:42
He traces the edges of the individual networks
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On prati rubova pojedinih mreža
03:44
and then color codes them.
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i označava ih bojama.
03:46
The Internet is the first medium in history
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Internet je prvi medij u povijesti
03:48
that has native support for groups
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koji ima prirodnu potporu za grupe
03:50
and conversation at the same time.
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i razgovore u isto vrijeme.
03:53
Whereas the phone gave us the one-to-one pattern,
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Dok nam je telefon davao predložak jedan-na-jedan,
03:56
and television, radio, magazines, books,
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I televizija, radio, časopisi, knjige,
03:58
gave us the one-to-many pattern,
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predložak jedan-na-više,
04:00
the Internet gives us the many-to-many pattern.
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Internet nam daje predložak više-na-više.
04:02
For the first time,
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Po prvi puta
04:04
media is natively good at supporting these kinds of conversations.
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jedan medij po svojoj prirodi dobro podržava obje ove vrste razgovora.
04:08
That's one of the big changes.
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To je jedna od velikih promjena.
04:11
The second big change
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Druga velika promjena
04:13
is that, as all media gets digitized,
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je da kako svi mediji postaju digitalizirani
04:15
the Internet also becomes the mode of carriage
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Internet postaje i način prijenosa
04:18
for all other media,
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svih drugih medija.
04:20
meaning that phone calls migrate to the Internet,
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To znači da telefonski razgovori prelaze na Internet.
04:22
magazines migrate to the Internet, movies migrate to the Internet.
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Časopisi prelaze na Internet.
04:25
And that means that every medium
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I to znači da je svaki medij
04:27
is right next door to every other medium.
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odmah pored svakog drugog medija.
04:32
Put another way,
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Recimo to na drugi način,
04:35
media is increasingly less just a source of information,
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medij je sve manje i manje samo izvor informacija.
04:38
and it is increasingly more a site of coordination,
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A sve više i više mjesto koordinacije.
04:41
because groups that see or hear or watch or listen to something
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Jer grupe koje nešto vide ili čuju ili gledaju ili slušaju
04:44
can now gather around and talk to each other as well.
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sada mogu okupiti i također razgovarati jedni s drugima.
04:48
And the third big change
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Treća velika promjena
04:51
is that members of the former audience, as Dan Gilmore calls them,
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jest da članovi bivše publike, kako ih Dan Gilmore naziva,
04:53
can now also be producers and not consumers.
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sada mogu biti i proizvođači, a ne samo potrošači.
04:57
Every time a new consumer
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Svaki put kada se novi potrošač
04:59
joins this media landscape
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pridruži medijskom prostoru
05:01
a new producer joins as well,
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pridružen je također i novi proizvođač.
05:03
because the same equipment --
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Jer vam ista oprema,
05:05
phones, computers --
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telefoni, računala,
05:07
let you consume and produce.
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omogućuju i primanje i izradu.
05:09
It's as if, when you bought a book, they threw in the printing press for free;
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Kao kada bi vam, pri kupnji knjige, ubacili besplatno i tiskarski stroj.
05:12
it's like you had a phone that could turn into a radio
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Kao kada bi se telefon mogao pretvoriti u radio
05:14
if you pressed the right buttons.
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ako stisnete prave gumbe.
05:16
That is a huge change
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To je velika promjena
05:19
in the media landscape we're used to.
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u medijskom prostoru na kojeg smo navikli.
05:21
And it's not just Internet or no Internet.
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I nije to samo pitanje postojanja Interneta.
05:24
We've had the Internet in its public form
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Imamo Internet, u svom javnom obliku
05:26
for almost 20 years now,
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već gotovo 20 godina.
05:28
and it's still changing
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I još se mijenja
05:30
as the media becomes more social.
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kako medij postaje društveniji.
05:32
It's still changing patterns
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Još uvijek mijenja predloške
05:34
even among groups who know how to deal with the Internet well.
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čak i u grupama koje znaja kako se dobro koristiti Internetom.
05:37
Second story.
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Druga priča,
05:39
Last May, China in the Sichuan province
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prošlog svibnja, Kina je u provinciji Sichuan
05:41
had a terrible earthquake, 7.9 magnitude,
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doživjela strašan potres, magnitude 7.9 stupnjeva,
05:44
massive destruction in a wide area, as the Richter Scale has it.
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teško razaranje šireg područja, po Richterovoj ljestvici.
05:48
And the earthquake was reported as it was happening.
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O potresu je izvještavano dok se događao.
05:54
People were texting from their phones. They were taking photos of buildings.
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Ljudi su pisali SMS-ove. Snimali fotografije građevina.
05:57
They were taking videos of buildings shaking.
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Snimali video zapise podrhtavanja zgrada.
06:00
They were uploading it to QQ, China's largest Internet service.
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Slali su ih na QQ, najveću Internet uslugu u Kini.
06:03
They were Twittering it.
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Tweetali su o tome.
06:05
And so as the quake was happening
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Kako se potres događao
06:08
the news was reported.
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obavijesti su slane.
06:10
And because of the social connections,
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I zbog društvenih veza,
06:12
Chinese students coming elsewhere, and going to school,
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kineskih studenata koji se školuju drugdje,
06:15
or businesses in the rest of the world opening offices in China --
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ili poslovnjaka u drugim dijelovima svijeta koji otvaraju urede u Kini.
06:19
there were people listening all over the world, hearing this news.
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Ljudi po cijelom svijetu su slušali, slušali ove vijesti.
06:23
The BBC got their first wind of the Chinese quake from Twitter.
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BBC je prvi glas o potresu u Kini dobio s Twittera.
06:28
Twitter announced the existence of the quake
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Twitter je obavijestio o potresu
06:31
several minutes before the US Geological Survey
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nekoliko minuta prije nego što je Američki geološki ured
06:33
had anything up online for anybody to read.
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imao online bilo što o tome.
06:37
The last time China had a quake of that magnitude
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Kada je posljednji put u Kini bio potres takve jačine
06:40
it took them three months to admit that it had happened.
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trebalo im je tri mjeseca da priznaju da se dogodio.
06:45
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:46
Now they might have liked to have done that here,
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E sad, neki bi voljeli da su to mogli napraviti i sada,
06:48
rather than seeing these pictures go up online.
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umjesto gledati kako se te slike pojavljuju online.
06:51
But they weren't given that choice,
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No taj im izbor nije dan.
06:54
because their own citizens beat them to the punch.
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Dotukli su ih njihovi vlastiti građani.
06:57
Even the government learned of the earthquake from their own citizens,
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Čak je i vlada doznala za potres od svojih vlastitih građana,
07:01
rather than from the Xinhua News Agency.
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umjesto od novinske agencije Shinhan.
07:04
And this stuff rippled like wildfire.
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Ovo se raširilo kao vatra.
07:06
For a while there
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Neko vrijeme
07:08
the top 10 most clicked links on Twitter,
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10 najčešće odabranih linkova na Twitteru,
07:10
the global short messaging service --
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globalnoj usluzi za kratke poruke,
07:12
nine of the top 10 links were about the quake.
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9 od 10 linkova su bili o potresu.
07:15
People collating information,
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Ljudi su skupljali informacije,
07:17
pointing people to news sources,
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upućivali na izvore vijesti,
07:19
pointing people to the US geological survey.
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upućivali na Američki geografski ured.
07:21
The 10th one was kittens on a treadmill, but that's the Internet for you.
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10. link je bio o mačičima na spravi za vježbanje, no to je Internet.
07:25
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:26
But nine of the 10 in those first hours.
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No, 9 od 10 linkova u tim prvim satima.
07:29
And within half a day donation sites were up,
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U pola dana podignute su stranice za donacije.
07:33
and donations were pouring in from all around the world.
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Donacije su se slijevale iz cijelog svijeta.
07:37
This was an incredible, coordinated global response.
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Bio je to nevjerojatan, koordiniran globalni odgovor.
07:41
And the Chinese then, in one of their periods of media openness,
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Kinezi su onda, u jednom od svojih trenutaka otvorenosti medija
07:43
decided that they were going to let it go,
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odlučili odustati.
07:45
that they were going to let this citizen reporting fly.
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Da će dozvoliti da građani dojavljuju vijesti.
07:50
And then this happened.
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I tada se ovo dogodilo.
07:52
People began to figure out, in the Sichuan Provence,
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Ljudi su počeli shvaćati, u provinciji Sichuan,
07:54
that the reason so many school buildings had collapsed --
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da je razlog urušavanja tako mnogo školskih zgrada,
07:57
because tragically the earthquake happened during a school day --
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jer se, tragično, potres dogodio radnog dana,
08:01
the reason so many school buildings collapsed
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razlog zašto su se tolike školske zgrade urušile
08:03
is that corrupt officials had taken bribes
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je što korumpirana vlast uzimala mito
08:05
to allow those building to be built to less than code.
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kako bi dozvolila da se ove zgrade sagrade nekvalitetno.
08:09
And so they started, the citizen journalists started
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Tako su počeli, građani novinari su počeli
08:12
reporting that as well. And there was an incredible picture.
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izvještavati i o ovome. Objavljena je jedna nevjerojatna slika.
08:15
You may have seen in on the front page of the New York Times.
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Mogli ste ju vidjeti na naslovnici New York Timesa.
08:17
A local official literally prostrated himself in the street,
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Lokalni dužnosnik je doslovno legao na ulicu,
08:21
in front of these protesters,
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pred ovim prosvjednicima.
08:23
in order to get them to go away.
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Kako bi otišli.
08:26
Essentially to say, "We will do anything to placate you,
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U osnovi je rekao: "Učinit ćemo sve kako bismo vas smirili
08:28
just please stop protesting in public."
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samo molimo prestanite javno prosvjedovati."
08:31
But these are people who have been radicalized,
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No ti su ljudi radikalni.
08:33
because, thanks to the one child policy,
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Jer, zahvaljujući politici "jednog djeteta"
08:35
they have lost everyone in their next generation.
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izgubili su sve u sljedećoj generaciji.
08:38
Someone who has seen the death of a single child
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Netko tko je vidio smrt jedinog djeteta
08:40
now has nothing to lose.
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sada nema što izgubiti.
08:42
And so the protest kept going.
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I tako su se prosvjedi nastavili.
08:44
And finally the Chinese cracked down.
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I konačno su se Kinezi slomili.
08:47
That was enough of citizen media.
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Bilo im je na vrh glave građanskih medija.
08:50
And so they began to arrest the protesters.
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I tako su počeli uhićivati prosvjednike.
08:52
They began to shut down the media that the protests were happening on.
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Počeli su ukidati medije na kojima su se prosvjedi događali.
08:56
China is probably the most successful
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Kina je vjerojatno najuspješniji
09:00
manager of Internet censorship in the world,
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voditelj cenzure Interneta, na svijetu,
09:03
using something that is widely described as the Great Firewall of China.
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koristeći nešto što se često opisuje kao Veliki kineski vatrozid.
09:07
And the Great Firewall of China
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Veliki kineski vatrozid
09:09
is a set of observation points
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je skup promatračkih točaka
09:11
that assume that media is produced by professionals,
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na kojima se pretpostavlja da medije prave profesionalci,
09:15
it mostly comes in from the outside world,
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da većinom dolaze iz vanjskog svijeta
09:18
it comes in relatively sparse chunks,
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da dolaze relativno rijetko,
09:21
and it comes in relatively slowly.
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i relativno sporo.
09:24
And because of those four characteristics
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I zbog te četiri karakteristike
09:26
they are able to filter it as it comes into the country.
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mogu ih filtrirati kako dolaze u zemlju.
09:30
But like the Maginot Line,
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No kao Maginotova linija,
09:32
the great firewall of China was facing in the wrong direction
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Veliki kineski vatrozid je bio okrenut u krivom smjeru
09:35
for this challenge,
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za ovaj izazov.
09:37
because not one of those four things was true in this environment.
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Jer niti jedna od ove četiri stvari u ovom okruženju nije bila točna.
09:43
The media was produced locally. It was produced by amateurs.
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Medije se proizvodilo lokalno. Proizvodili su ih amateri.
09:45
It was produced quickly. And it was produced at such an incredible abundance
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Proizvodio se brzo. I proizvodio se tako nevjerojatno obilato
09:50
that there was no way to filter it as it appeared.
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da nije bilo šanse filtrirati ga kada se pojavi.
09:54
And so now the Chinese government, who for a dozen years,
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I tako je kineska vlada, koja je već desetak godina,
09:57
has quite successfully filtered the web,
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prilično uspješno filtrirala web,
10:01
is now in the position of having to decide
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sada u poziciji gdje mora odabrati
10:03
whether to allow or shut down entire services,
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dozvoliti ili ukinuti cijele usluge.
10:07
because the transformation to amateur media
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Zato što je transformacija u amaterski medij
10:10
is so enormous that they can't deal with it any other way.
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toliko ogromna da se s njom ne mogu nositi ni na koji način.
10:14
And in fact that is happening this week.
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To se zapravo događa ovaj tjedan.
10:16
On the 20th anniversary of Tiananmen
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Na 20. obljetnicu Tiananmena
10:18
they just, two days ago, announced
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prije samo dva dana objavili su
10:21
that they were simply shutting down access to Twitter,
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da će jednostavno ukinuti pristup Twitteru.
10:24
because there was no way to filter it other than that.
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Jer nema drugog načina filtrirati ga osim toga.
10:28
They had to turn the spigot entirely off.
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Morali su potpuno zavrnuti slavinu.
10:32
Now these changes don't just affect people who want to censor messages.
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Takve promjene ne utječu samo na osobe koje žele cenzurirati poruke.
10:36
They also affect people who want to send messages,
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One također utječu i na osobe koje žele slati poruke.
10:39
because this is really a transformation of the ecosystem as a whole,
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Jer je to doista transformacija ekosustava u cjelini.
10:42
not just a particular strategy.
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Ne samo pojedina strategija.
10:44
The classic media problem, from the 20th century
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Klasični medijski problem, iz dvadesetog stoljeća
10:48
is, how does an organization have a message
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je kako organizacija s porukom
10:50
that they want to get out
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nju može poslati
10:52
to a group of people distributed at the edges of a network.
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grupi ljudi koji se nalaze na rubovima mreže.
10:54
And here is the twentieth century answer.
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Odgovor dvadesetog stoljeća:
10:57
Bundle up the message. Send the same message to everybody.
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Zapakirajte poruku. Pošaljite istu poruku svima.
11:01
National message. Targeted individuals.
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Nacionalna poruka. CIljani individualci.
11:03
Relatively sparse number of producers.
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Relativno mali broj proizvođača..
11:05
Very expensive to do,
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Vrlo skupo.
11:07
so there is not a lot of competition.
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Pa nema puno konkurencije.
11:09
This is how you reach people.
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Tako dolazite do ljudi.
11:11
All of that is over.
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Sve je to prošlo.
11:14
We are increasingly in a landscape where media is global,
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Sve smo više u okruženju gdje je medij globalan.
11:17
social, ubiquitous and cheap.
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Društveni, sveprisutan i jeftin.
11:20
Now most organizations that are trying to send messages
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Sada je većina organizacija koje pokušavaju poslati poruke
11:25
to the outside world, to the distributed collection of the audience,
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vanjskom svijetu, raspodijeljenoj publici,
11:29
are now used to this change.
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navikla na ovu promjenu.
11:31
The audience can talk back.
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Publika može odgovoriti.
11:33
And that's a little freaky. But you can get used to it after a while, as people do.
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I to pomalo straši. No možete se naviknuti nakon nekog vremena, kako to ljudi rade.
11:38
But that's not the really crazy change that we're living in the middle of.
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No to nije stvarno luda promjena usred koje živimo.
11:42
The really crazy change is here:
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Stvarno luda promjena je ova.
11:45
it's the fact that they are no longer disconnected from each other,
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To je činjenica da oni više nisu razdvojeni jedni od drugih.
11:49
the fact that former consumers are now producers,
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Činjenica da su mnogi potrošači sada proizvođači.
11:52
the fact that the audience can talk directly to one another;
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Činjenica da slušatelji sada mogu izravno govoriti jedni drugima.
11:55
because there is a lot more amateurs than professionals,
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Jer postoji mnogo više amatera nego profesionalaca.
11:58
and because the size of the network,
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I zbog veličine mreže,
12:01
the complexity of the network is actually the square
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složenost mreže je zapravo kvadrat
12:04
of the number of participants,
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broja sudionika.
12:06
meaning that the network, when it grows large,
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Što znači da mreža, kada raste,
12:08
grows very, very large.
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naraste jako, jako velika.
12:10
As recently at last decade,
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Donedavno, do prošlog desetljeća,
12:12
most of the media that was available for public consumption
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većinu medija koji su bili dostupni u javnosti
12:15
was produced by professionals.
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izradili su profesionalci.
12:17
Those days are over, never to return.
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Ovi su dani gotovi, nikad se neće vratiti.
12:21
It is the green lines now, that are the source of the free content,
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Zelene su linije sada izvor slobodnog sadržaja.
12:24
which brings me to my last story.
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Što me dovodi do moje zadnje priče.
12:27
We saw some of the most imaginative use
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Vidjeli smo neke od najmaštovitijih uporaba
12:29
of social media during the Obama campaign.
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društvenih medija tijekom Obamine kampanje.
12:32
And I don't mean most imaginative use in politics --
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Ne mislim samo najmaštovitije uporabe u politici.
12:34
I mean most imaginative use ever.
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Mislim najmaštovitije uporabe ikad.
12:37
And one of the things Obama did, was they famously,
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Jedna od stvari koju je Obama napravio, jest da su slavno,
12:39
the Obama campaign did, was they famously put up
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Obamina kampanja je znamenito složila
12:41
MyBarackObama.com, myBO.com
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stranicu Moj Barak Obama točka com, myBO.com
12:43
And millions of citizens rushed in to participate,
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Milijuni su građana požurili sudjelovati,
12:47
and to try and figure out how to help.
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pokušati smisliti kako pomoći.
12:49
An incredible conversation sprung up there.
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Tamo se razvila nevjerojatna rasprava.
12:52
And then, this time last year,
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I tada je, u ovo doba prošle godine,
12:55
Obama announced that he was going to change his vote on FISA,
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Obama objavio da će promijeniti svoj glas o FISA-i,
12:58
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.
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Zakon o nadzoru stranih obavještajaca (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act).
13:00
He had said, in January, that he would not sign a bill
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Rekao je, u siječnju, da neće potpisati račun
13:02
that granted telecom immunity for possibly warrantless spying
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koji je omogućavao teleoperaterima potencijalno prisluškivanje bez naloga
13:06
on American persons.
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američkih građana.
13:09
By the summer, in the middle of the general campaign,
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Do ljeta, usred opće kampanje,
13:11
He said, "I've thought about the issue more. I've changed my mind.
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rekao je: "Razmišljao sam dodatno o ovom pitanju. Predomislio sam se.
13:13
I'm going to vote for this bill."
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Glasovat ću za ovo."
13:15
And many of his own supporters
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I mnogi njegovi podupiratelji
13:17
on his own site went very publicly berserk.
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su na njegovoj vlastitoj stranici javno poludjeli.
13:22
It was Senator Obama when they created it. They changed the name later.
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Kada su napravili stranicu, zvala se Senator Obama. Kasnije su promijenili ime.
13:25
"Please get FISA right."
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Molimo dobro odlučite o FISA-i.
13:27
Within days of this group being created
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U par dana od osnivanja ove grupe
13:29
it was the fastest growing group on myBO.com;
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to je bila najbrže rastuća grupa na stranici myBO.com
13:32
within weeks of its being created it was the largest group.
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U par tjedana od osnivanja bila je to najveća grupa na stranici.
13:35
Obama had to issue a press release.
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Obama je morao objaviti priopćenje za javnost.
13:38
He had to issue a reply.
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Morao je odgovoriti.
13:41
And he said essentially, "I have considered the issue.
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I rekao je u suštini: "Razmotrio sam problem.
13:43
I understand where you are coming from.
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Razumijem odakle dolazite.
13:45
But having considered it all, I'm still going to vote the way I'm going to vote.
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No nakon razmišljanja, i dalje ću glasovati onako kako sam rekao.
13:49
But I wanted to reach out to you and say, I understand that you disagree with me,
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No htio sam vam se obratiti i reći, razumijem da se ne slažete sa mnom,
13:52
and I'm going to take my lumps on this one."
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i primam čvoruge za ovo."
13:55
This didn't please anybody. But then a funny thing happened in the conversation.
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Ovo se nikom nije svidjelo. No tada se u raspravi dogodila smiješna stvar.
13:59
People in that group realized
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Ljudi u toj grupi su shvatili
14:01
that Obama had never shut them down.
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da ih Obama nikad nije isključio.
14:05
Nobody in the Obama campaign had ever tried to hide the group
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Nitko u Obaminoj kampanji nikad nije pokušao sakriti grupu
14:09
or make it harder to join,
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ili ju učiniti težom za pristupanje,
14:11
to deny its existence, to delete it,
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zanijekati njeno postojanje, obrisati ju,
14:13
to take to off the site.
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maknuti ju sa stranice.
14:15
They had understood that their role
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Shvatili su da je njihova uloga
14:19
with myBO.com was to convene their supporters
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na stranici myBO.com, sakupiti svoje pristaše
14:22
but not to control their supporters.
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no ne upravljati njima.
14:25
And that is the kind of discipline
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I to je vrsta discipline
14:27
that it takes to make really mature use
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koja je potrebna za doista zrelu uporabu
14:31
of this media.
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ovog medija.
14:34
Media, the media landscape that we knew,
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Mediji, medijski prostor kojeg smo poznavali,
14:38
as familiar as it was, as easy conceptually as it was
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ma kako nam bio poznat, ma kako konceptualno jednostavno
14:41
to deal with the idea that professionals broadcast
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bilo nositi se s idejom da profesionalci odašilju
14:43
messages to amateurs,
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poruke amaterima,
14:45
is increasingly slipping away.
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sve brže izmiče.
14:48
In a world where media is global, social, ubiquitous and cheap,
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U svijetu gdje su mediji globalni, društveni, sveprisutni i jeftini,
14:52
in a world of media where the former audience
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u svijetu medija gdje su prijašnji slušatelji
14:54
are now increasingly full participants,
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sada sve više punopravni sudionici,
14:58
in that world, media is less and less often
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u tom svijeti, mediji su sve rjeđe i rjeđe
15:02
about crafting a single message
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izrada jedne poruke
15:05
to be consumed by individuals.
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koju će mnogi primiti.
15:08
It is more and more often
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Sve je češće i češće
15:10
a way of creating an environment for convening
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način stvaranja prostora za sakupljanje
15:13
and supporting groups.
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i podržavanje grupa.
15:15
And the choice we face,
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Izbor s kojim smo suočeni,
15:17
I mean anybody who has a message they want to have heard
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mislim na sve koji imaju poruku za koju žele da se čuje
15:19
anywhere in the world,
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svugdje u svijetu,
15:22
isn't whether or not that is the media environment we want to operate in.
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nije je li ovo ili nije medijski prostor u kojem želimo raditi.
15:25
That's the media environment we've got.
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To je medijski prostor kojeg imamo.
15:27
The question we all face now is,
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Pitanje s kojim se svi sada suočavamo je,
15:29
"How can we make best use of this media?
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"Kako najbolje iskoristiti ove medije?
15:31
Even though it means changing the way we've always done it."
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Iako to znači promjenu načina na koji smo to oduvijek radili."
15:35
Thank you very much.
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Puno vam hvala.
15:37
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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