Clay Shirky: How cellphones, Twitter, Facebook can make history

152,507 views

2009-06-16 ใƒป TED


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Clay Shirky: How cellphones, Twitter, Facebook can make history

152,507 views ใƒป 2009-06-16

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Nakho Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jun Seop Lee
00:16
I want to talk about the transformed media landscape,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ง€ํ˜•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ,
00:20
and what it means for anybody who has a message that they want to get out
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
00:24
to anywhere in the world.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
And I want to illustrate that by telling a couple of stories
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์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
00:28
about that transformation.
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ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:30
I'll start here. Last November there was a presidential election.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ . ์ง€๋‚œ 11์›”์—, ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
You probably read something about it in the papers.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
And there was some concern that in some parts of the country
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์šฐ๋ ค๋Š”
00:39
there might be voter suppression.
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ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์œ„์ถ•์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
And so a plan came up to video the vote.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํˆฌํ‘œ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
And the idea was that individual citizens
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์ฆ‰ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด
00:46
with phones capable of taking photos or making video
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์‚ฌ์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ 
00:49
would document their polling places,
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋‚จ๊ธด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:51
on the lookout for any kind of voter suppression techniques,
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ํ˜น ์–ด๋–ค ํˆฌํ‘œ ์œ„์ถ• ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
and would upload this to a central place.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•ด์„œ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
And that this would operate as a kind of citizen observation --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
that citizens would not be there just to cast individual votes,
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์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์  ํˆฌํ‘œ๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํˆฌํ‘œ์†Œ์— ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
01:04
but also to help ensure the sanctity of the vote overall.
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๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์กฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
So this is a pattern that assumes we're all in this together.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ”๋‹ค"๋Š” ์ „์ œ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
What matters here
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ž๋ณธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
01:14
isn't technical capital,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
it's social capital.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:18
These tools don't get socially interesting
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋‚œ ํ›„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
until they get technologically boring.
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๋ฐ˜์ง์ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—
01:24
It isn't when the shiny new tools show up
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์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์Šค๋ฉฐ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
that their uses start permeating society.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธธ ๋•Œ์— ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์Šค๋ฉฐ๋“ค์ฃ .
01:30
It's when everybody is able to take them for granted.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ด ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
01:34
Because now that media is increasingly social,
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ํ˜์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
innovation can happen anywhere
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
01:40
that people can take for granted the idea that we're all in this together.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ง€ํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š”
01:44
And so we're starting to see a media landscape
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ˜์‹ ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ 
01:47
in which innovation is happening everywhere,
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๊ทธ ํ˜์‹ ์ด ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
and moving from one spot to another.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ฃ .
01:52
That is a huge transformation.
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๋…ธ๊ณจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜์€
01:56
Not to put too fine a point on it, the moment we're living through --
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์‹ค๋กœ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ์€
01:59
the moment our historical generation is living through --
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ฒŒ
02:02
is the largest increase in expressive capability
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ํ‘œํ˜„๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
in human history.
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์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:08
Now that's a big claim. I'm going to try to back it up.
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์ง€๋‚œ 500๋…„๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ์•„๋ณด๋ฉด
02:10
There are only four periods in the last 500 years
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'ํ˜๋ช…'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆ„๋ถ™์ผ ๋งŒํผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
where media has changed enough to qualify for the label "revolution."
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜์ฃ . ์ธ์‡„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
The first one is the famous one, the printing press:
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ํ™œ์ž, ์œ ์„ฑ์ž‰ํฌ ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ๋“ค ๋•๋ถ„์—
02:20
movable type, oil-based inks, that whole complex of innovations
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์ธ์‡„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:23
that made printing possible
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1400๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์„ ์†ก๋‘๋ฆฌ์งธ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
and turned Europe upside-down, starting in the middle of the 1400s.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 200๋…„์ฏค ์ „์—
02:28
Then, a couple of hundred years ago,
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์Œ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
there was innovation in two-way communication,
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๋Œ€ํ™”ํ˜• ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์ „์‹ , ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์ „ํ™”์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์ฃ .
02:32
conversational media: first the telegraph, then the telephone.
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๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ž์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ,
02:35
Slow, text-based conversations,
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์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์Œ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
then real-time voice based conversations.
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๋‹ค์Œ์€ 150๋…„ ์ •๋„ ์ „์—
02:40
Then, about 150 years ago,
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์ธ์‡„ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋งค์ฒด์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
there was a revolution in recorded media other than print:
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๋จผ์ € ์‚ฌ์ง„, ๊ทธ ๋’ค์— ์†Œ๋ฆฌ,
02:45
first photos, then recorded sound,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™์˜์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ ์œ„์— ๋ถ€ํ˜ธํ™”๋˜์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
02:48
then movies, all encoded onto physical objects.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ 100๋…„ ์ „, ์ „์ž๊ธฐ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
02:51
And finally, about 100 years ago, the harnessing of electromagnetic spectrum
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๊ณต์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋””์˜ค์™€ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์ด์ฃ .
02:54
to send sound and images through the air -- radio and television.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด 20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ง€ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
This is the media landscape as we knew it in the 20th century.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ํŠน์ • ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋Š” ์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ 
03:02
This is what those of us of a certain age
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
grew up with, and are used to.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์ง€ํ˜•์—๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
But there is a curious asymmetry here.
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๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ํƒ์›”ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š”
03:10
The media that is good at creating conversations
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์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ์“ธ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
is no good at creating groups.
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์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š”
03:15
And the media that's good at creating groups
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๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์ฃ .
03:17
is no good at creating conversations.
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์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ๋ฉด,
03:19
If you want to have a conversation
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ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์™€ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
in this world, you have it with one other person.
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์ง‘๋‹จ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์„ ๊ฑธ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋ฉด,
03:23
If you want to address a group, you get the same message
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์†์˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
and you give it to everybody in the group,
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๋ฐฉ์†กํƒ‘์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋“  ์ธ์‡„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋“  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:28
whether you're doing that with a broadcasting tower or a printing press.
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋…”๋˜
03:32
That was the media landscape
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๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ง€ํ˜•์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
as we had it in the twentieth century.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
And this is what changed.
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์ž๋™์ฐจ ์•ž์œ ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํžŒ ๊ณต์ž‘์ƒˆ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€,
03:38
This thing that looks like a peacock hit a windscreen
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Bill Cheswick์ด ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ง€๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
is Bill Cheswick's map of the Internet.
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๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋„คํŠธ์›์˜ ๋ชจ์„œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•ด์„œ
03:42
He traces the edges of the individual networks
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์ƒ‰๊น”๋กœ ์ฝ”๋”ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:44
and then color codes them.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚  ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
03:46
The Internet is the first medium in history
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์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์  ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š”
03:48
that has native support for groups
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋งค์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
and conversation at the same time.
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์ „ํ™”๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ๋Œ€ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
Whereas the phone gave us the one-to-one pattern,
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ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ ผ, ๋ผ๋””์˜ค, ์žก์ง€, ์ฑ…์€
03:56
and television, radio, magazines, books,
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์ผ๋Œ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋ผ๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:58
gave us the one-to-many pattern,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋ผ๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
the Internet gives us the many-to-many pattern.
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์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ
04:02
For the first time,
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๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋“ค์„ ํƒ์›”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€์›ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
media is natively good at supporting these kinds of conversations.
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์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ์ฃ .
04:08
That's one of the big changes.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”,
04:11
The second big change
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
04:13
is that, as all media gets digitized,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ
04:15
the Internet also becomes the mode of carriage
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์‹ค์–ด๋‚˜๋ฅด๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
for all other media,
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์ „ํ™”ํ†ตํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
meaning that phone calls migrate to the Internet,
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์žก์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
magazines migrate to the Internet, movies migrate to the Internet.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š”, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ€
04:25
And that means that every medium
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด์›ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
is right next door to every other medium.
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๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
04:32
Put another way,
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๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ทธ์ € ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์›์ฒœ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:35
media is increasingly less just a source of information,
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์ ์  ๋” ์กฐ์ •์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
and it is increasingly more a site of coordination,
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋“ฃ๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค์ด ์ด์ œ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ
04:41
because groups that see or hear or watch or listen to something
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์„œ๋กœ์™€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:44
can now gather around and talk to each other as well.
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”,
04:48
And the third big change
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Dan Gilmore์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋นŒ์ž๋ฉด "ํ•œ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ฒญ์ค‘"์— ์†ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด๋“ค์ด
04:51
is that members of the former audience, as Dan Gilmore calls them,
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๋„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
can now also be producers and not consumers.
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ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€
04:57
Every time a new consumer
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์ด ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ง€ํ˜•์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:59
joins this media landscape
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ช… ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
a new producer joins as well,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ
05:03
because the same equipment --
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ๋น„๋“ค์ด
05:05
phones, computers --
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์†Œ๋น„์™€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
05:07
let you consume and produce.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ฑ…์„ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด ๊ณต์งœ๋กœ ์ธ์‡„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ผ์›Œ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
It's as if, when you bought a book, they threw in the printing press for free;
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด
05:12
it's like you had a phone that could turn into a radio
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๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
if you pressed the right buttons.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง„ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ง€ํ˜•์—
05:16
That is a huge change
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์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
in the media landscape we're used to.
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๊ทธ์ € ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ๋„˜์–ด์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
And it's not just Internet or no Internet.
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๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ์ด์ œ
05:24
We've had the Internet in its public form
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 20๋…„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
for almost 20 years now,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:28
and it's still changing
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๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ด ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
as the media becomes more social.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์ž˜ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„
05:32
It's still changing patterns
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
even among groups who know how to deal with the Internet well.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
Second story.
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์ง€๋‚œ 5์›”, ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์ง€์—ญ์—๋Š”
05:39
Last May, China in the Sichuan province
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์ง„๋„ 7.9์งœ๋ฆฌ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
had a terrible earthquake, 7.9 magnitude,
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๋ฆฌํžˆํ„ฐ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ ๋ณด๋“ฏ, ๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…ํ˜”์ฃ .
05:44
massive destruction in a wide area, as the Richter Scale has it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ง€์ง„์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋˜ ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋ณด๋„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
And the earthquake was reported as it was happening.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
People were texting from their phones. They were taking photos of buildings.
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๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ๋…นํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
They were taking videos of buildings shaking.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ QQ์— ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
They were uploading it to QQ, China's largest Internet service.
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ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
They were Twittering it.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ค‘์—
06:05
And so as the quake was happening
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๋‰ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋„๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:08
the news was reported.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
06:10
And because of the social connections,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์— ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋“ฑ๊ต ์ค‘์ด๋˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ
06:12
Chinese students coming elsewhere, and going to school,
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์ค‘๊ตญ์— ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ์‹์ด ์ „ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
or businesses in the rest of the world opening offices in China --
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
there were people listening all over the world, hearing this news.
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BBC๋Š” ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€์ง„์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
The BBC got their first wind of the Chinese quake from Twitter.
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ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ง€์ง„์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:28
Twitter announced the existence of the quake
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ง€์งˆ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ตญ์ด
06:31
several minutes before the US Geological Survey
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์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์— ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„ ์ „์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
had anything up online for anybody to read.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ง€์ง„์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ฒˆ์—๋Š”
06:37
The last time China had a quake of that magnitude
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‹œ์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 3๊ฐœ์›”์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
it took them three months to admit that it had happened.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:45
(Laughter)
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
06:46
Now they might have liked to have done that here,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์— ํ’€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
rather than seeing these pictures go up online.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
06:51
But they weren't given that choice,
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์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ํŽ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋จน์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
because their own citizens beat them to the punch.
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์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ฐจ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€์ง„๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:57
Even the government learned of the earthquake from their own citizens,
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์‹ ํ™” ๋‰ด์Šคํ†ต์‹ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์š”.
07:01
rather than from the Xinhua News Agency.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋“ค๋ถˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฒˆ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
And this stuff rippled like wildfire.
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ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ
07:06
For a while there
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์ „์ง€๊ตฌ์  ๋‹จ๋ฌธ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ธ
07:08
the top 10 most clicked links on Twitter,
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ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ํด๋ฆญ๋œ 10๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งํฌ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ
07:10
the global short messaging service --
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9๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ง„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
nine of the top 10 links were about the quake.
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
07:15
People collating information,
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๊ด€๋ จ ๋‰ด์Šค ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
07:17
pointing people to news sources,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ง€์งˆ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค.
07:19
pointing people to the US geological survey.
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10์œ„๋Š” ์ณ‡๋ฐ”ํ€ด ํƒ€๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ  ๋ญ.
07:21
The 10th one was kittens on a treadmill, but that's the Internet for you.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:25
(Laughter)
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 10๊ฐœ ์ค‘ 9๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
But nine of the 10 in those first hours.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋‚˜์ ˆ ์•ˆ์—, ๋ชจ๊ธˆ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋“ค์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™”์ฃ .
07:29
And within half a day donation sites were up,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ชจ๊ธˆ์ด ์Ÿ์•„์ ธ๋“ค์–ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
and donations were pouring in from all around the world.
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๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ •๋„์˜, ์ž˜ ์กฐ์ •๋œ ์ „์ง€๊ตฌ์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
This was an incredible, coordinated global response.
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๊ฐ€๋” ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€๋˜ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š”
07:41
And the Chinese then, in one of their periods of media openness,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
decided that they were going to let it go,
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์‹œ๋ฏผ ๋ณด๋„๋ฅผ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋‘์ž๊ณ  ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:45
that they were going to let this citizen reporting fly.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
And then this happened.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ ์  ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š”
07:52
People began to figure out, in the Sichuan Provence,
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์‚ฌ์ฒœ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™๊ต๋“ค์ด ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€,
07:54
that the reason so many school buildings had collapsed --
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...์ง€์ง„์ด ๋น„๊ทน์ ์ด๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜์—…์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:57
because tragically the earthquake happened during a school day --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํ•™๊ต๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง„ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
08:01
the reason so many school buildings collapsed
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๋ถ€ํŒจํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๋“ค์ด ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
08:03
is that corrupt officials had taken bribes
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๋ถ€์‹ค๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
to allow those building to be built to less than code.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์€
08:09
And so they started, the citizen journalists started
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๊ทธ ์ด์Šˆ๋„ ๋ณด๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ํ•œ ์žฅ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
reporting that as well. And there was an incredible picture.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๋‰ด์š•ํƒ€์ž„์ฆˆ ์ผ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด์…จ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
You may have seen in on the front page of the New York Times.
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์ง€์—ญ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ๋ฌธ์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€ ์•ž์—์„œ
08:17
A local official literally prostrated himself in the street,
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๊ธธ ์œ„์— ์—Ž๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
in front of these protesters,
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์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:23
in order to get them to go away.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ : "์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์ง„์ •์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
Essentially to say, "We will do anything to placate you,
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์ œ๋ฐœ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์œ„๋งŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”."
08:28
just please stop protesting in public."
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผ๊ฒฉํ•ด์ง„ ์ด๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
But these are people who have been radicalized,
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์•„์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋‚ณ๊ธฐ ์ •์ฑ… ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
08:33
because, thanks to the one child policy,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:35
they have lost everyone in their next generation.
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์™ธ๋™์ž์‹์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ณธ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
08:38
Someone who has seen the death of a single child
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์ด์ œ ๋” ์žƒ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
now has nothing to lose.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹œ์œ„๋Š” ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:42
And so the protest kept going.
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
And finally the Chinese cracked down.
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์‹œ๋ฏผ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋งŒ, ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹์œผ๋กœ.
08:47
That was enough of citizen media.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฒดํฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
And so they began to arrest the protesters.
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์‹œ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋“ค์„ ํ์‡„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:52
They began to shut down the media that the protests were happening on.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„
08:56
China is probably the most successful
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ฒ€์—ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
manager of Internet censorship in the world,
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ํ”ํžˆ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋งŒ๋ฆฌ์žฅ์„ฑ(Great Firewall of China)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณค ํ•˜์ฃ .
09:03
using something that is widely described as the Great Firewall of China.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋งŒ๋ฆฌ์žฅ์„ฑ์€
09:07
And the Great Firewall of China
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€์ • ์œ„์— ์„ธ์›Œ์ง„ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ ๊ด€์ธก์†Œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
is a set of observation points
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๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ง์—…์  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ ,
09:11
that assume that media is produced by professionals,
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์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ณ ,
09:15
it mostly comes in from the outside world,
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๋น„๊ต์  ๋“œ๋ฌธ๋“œ๋ฌธ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉฐ,
09:18
it comes in relatively sparse chunks,
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๋น„๊ต์  ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:21
and it comes in relatively slowly.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ง• ๋•๋ถ„์—
09:24
And because of those four characteristics
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์ž๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
they are able to filter it as it comes into the country.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งˆ์ง€๋…ธ์„ ์˜ ์š”์ƒˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
09:30
But like the Maginot Line,
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๋งŒ๋ฆฌ์žฅ์„ฑ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค...
09:32
the great firewall of China was facing in the wrong direction
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์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:35
for this challenge,
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๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์ด๋ฒˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ๋งž์•„๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
because not one of those four things was true in this environment.
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๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ํ˜„์ง€์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด๋“ค์ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:43
The media was produced locally. It was produced by amateurs.
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๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ์„œ,
09:45
It was produced quickly. And it was produced at such an incredible abundance
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
that there was no way to filter it as it appeared.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๋‚œ ์‹ญ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ฝค ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ
09:54
And so now the Chinese government, who for a dozen years,
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์›น์„ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋งํ•ด์˜จ ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€,
09:57
has quite successfully filtered the web,
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์ด์ œ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ง€์ ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
is now in the position of having to decide
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์„œ๋น„์Šค๋“ค์„ ํ†ต์งธ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:03
whether to allow or shut down entire services,
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์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€์‹ ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜์„œ
10:07
because the transformation to amateur media
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
10:10
is so enormous that they can't deal with it any other way.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
And in fact that is happening this week.
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์ฒœ์•ˆ๋ฌธ 20์ฃผ๋…„์„ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์—ฌ,
10:16
On the 20th anniversary of Tiananmen
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์ค‘๊ตญ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ดํ‹€์ „
10:18
they just, two days ago, announced
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ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ์ ‘์†์„ ์•„์˜ˆ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
that they were simply shutting down access to Twitter,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋งํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
10:24
because there was no way to filter it other than that.
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์ž…๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์งธ๋กœ ํ‹€์–ด๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
They had to turn the spigot entirely off.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์—ดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
10:32
Now these changes don't just affect people who want to censor messages.
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๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
They also affect people who want to send messages,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
because this is really a transformation of the ecosystem as a whole,
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ „๋žต ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
not just a particular strategy.
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
10:44
The classic media problem, from the 20th century
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ
10:48
is, how does an organization have a message
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
10:50
that they want to get out
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ, ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
to a group of people distributed at the edges of a network.
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ด๋‹ต์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
10:54
And here is the twentieth century answer.
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๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌถ์œผ์„ธ์š”. ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด์„ธ์š”.
10:57
Bundle up the message. Send the same message to everybody.
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์ „๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€, ํ‘œ์ ํ™”๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค.
11:01
National message. Targeted individuals.
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๋น„๊ต์  ์ ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๋“ค.
11:03
Relatively sparse number of producers.
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์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋น„์šฉ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
Very expensive to do,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋„ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
11:07
so there is not a lot of competition.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
This is how you reach people.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
All of that is over.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ด๊ณ 
11:14
We are increasingly in a landscape where media is global,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตญ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
social, ubiquitous and cheap.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์ด ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—,
11:20
Now most organizations that are trying to send messages
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๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•  ๋•Œ
11:25
to the outside world, to the distributed collection of the audience,
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์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ตํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
are now used to this change.
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์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค์€ ๋ง์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:31
The audience can talk back.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ฃ . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋“ค ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
And that's a little freaky. But you can get used to it after a while, as people do.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋ณตํŒ์—์„œ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง„์งœ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
But that's not the really crazy change that we're living in the middle of.
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์ง„์งœ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:42
The really crazy change is here:
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์„œ๋กœ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
it's the fact that they are no longer disconnected from each other,
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ํ•œ ๋•Œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜€๋˜ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
the fact that former consumers are now producers,
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๊ทธ ์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
the fact that the audience can talk directly to one another;
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ํ”„๋กœ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด๋“ค์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
11:55
because there is a lot more amateurs than professionals,
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ,
11:58
and because the size of the network,
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๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค
12:01
the complexity of the network is actually the square
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์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์ˆซ์ž์˜ ์ œ๊ณฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
of the number of participants,
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์ฆ‰ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด
12:06
meaning that the network, when it grows large,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ปค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
grows very, very large.
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์ตœ๊ทผ 10์—ฌ๋…„ ์ •๋„๋งŒ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
12:10
As recently at last decade,
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๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ์†Œ๋น„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š”
12:12
most of the media that was available for public consumption
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์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
was produced by professionals.
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
Those days are over, never to return.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ด ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰ ์„ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ์†Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
It is the green lines now, that are the source of the free content,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
which brings me to my last story.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ํ™œ์šฉ๋ฒ•์„
12:27
We saw some of the most imaginative use
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ๋Œ€์„  ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
12:29
of social media during the Obama campaign.
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์ •์น˜๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฐฝ์˜์  ํ™œ์šฉ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
And I don't mean most imaginative use in politics --
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์•ผ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
I mean most imaginative use ever.
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์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘์— ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
And one of the things Obama did, was they famously,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ์ง„์˜์—์„œ๋Š”
12:39
the Obama campaign did, was they famously put up
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MyBarakobama.com, myBO.com์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
MyBarackObama.com, myBO.com
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž
12:43
And millions of citizens rushed in to participate,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ๊ถ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชฐ๋ ค์™”์ฃ .
12:47
and to try and figure out how to help.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
An incredible conversation sprung up there.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘๋…„ ์ด๋ง˜๋•Œ์ฏค
12:52
And then, this time last year,
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์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๋Š” FISA์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
Obama announced that he was going to change his vote on FISA,
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ํ•ด์™ธ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฒ• ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.
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1์›”์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ,
13:00
He had said, in January, that he would not sign a bill
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์˜์žฅ ์—†์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋„์ฒญํ•ด๋„ ํ†ต์‹ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”
13:02
that granted telecom immunity for possibly warrantless spying
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๋ฒ•์•ˆ์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
on American persons.
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์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์ฆˆ์Œ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์„  ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ํ•œ๋ณตํŒ์—์„œ
13:09
By the summer, in the middle of the general campaign,
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๊ทธ๋Š” "์ด ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
13:11
He said, "I've thought about the issue more. I've changed my mind.
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์ด ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
13:13
I'm going to vote for this bill."
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๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š”
13:15
And many of his own supporters
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์ง€์ง€์ž ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
on his own site went very publicly berserk.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๋งŒ๋“  ์†Œ๋ชจ์ž„ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ '์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ์˜์›๋‹˜'์ด์—ˆ์ฃ . ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ช…์นญ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
It was Senator Obama when they created it. They changed the name later.
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'์ œ๋ฐœ FISA๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”'.
13:25
"Please get FISA right."
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ํ›„ ์ˆ˜์ผ ๋‚ด์—
13:27
Within days of this group being created
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myBO.com์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ์ž„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
it was the fastest growing group on myBO.com;
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ํ›„ ์ˆ˜ ์ฃผ ๋‚ด์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ชจ์ž„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:32
within weeks of its being created it was the largest group.
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์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๋Š” ๋ณด๋„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
Obama had to issue a press release.
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๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
13:38
He had to issue a reply.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ด ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
And he said essentially, "I have considered the issue.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
I understand where you are coming from.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚œ ์ง€๊ธˆ, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์›๋ž˜๋Œ€๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋˜์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
But having considered it all, I'm still going to vote the way I'm going to vote.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜์‹ฌ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ,
13:49
But I wanted to reach out to you and say, I understand that you disagree with me,
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์ด ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
13:52
and I'm going to take my lumps on this one."
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ปํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€ํ™” ์†์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
This didn't please anybody. But then a funny thing happened in the conversation.
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ์ž„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
13:59
People in that group realized
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์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์นจ๋ฌต์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
that Obama had never shut them down.
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์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ ์ง„์˜์˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์ž„์„ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
14:05
Nobody in the Obama campaign had ever tried to hide the group
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๊ฐ€์ž…์„ ๋” ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
14:09
or make it harder to join,
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์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง€์šฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
14:11
to deny its existence, to delete it,
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์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
14:13
to take to off the site.
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์„ ๊ฑฐ ์บ ํ”„ ์ง„์˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ myBO.com ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ด
14:15
They had understood that their role
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์ง€์ง€์ž๋“ค์„ ์†Œ์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€
14:19
with myBO.com was to convene their supporters
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ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
but not to control their supporters.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ทœ์œจ์ด
14:25
And that is the kind of discipline
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๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
14:27
that it takes to make really mature use
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ํ•„์ˆ˜์š”์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
of this media.
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๋ฏธ๋””์–ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ง€ํ˜•์€
14:34
Media, the media landscape that we knew,
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๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ต์ˆ™ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
14:38
as familiar as it was, as easy conceptually as it was
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์ง์—…์  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„
14:41
to deal with the idea that professionals broadcast
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š”
14:43
messages to amateurs,
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์ด์ œ ์ ์  ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
is increasingly slipping away.
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๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ „์ง€๊ตฌ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ,
14:48
In a world where media is global, social, ubiquitous and cheap,
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ํ•œ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค์ด ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ ์  ๋”
14:52
in a world of media where the former audience
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์˜จ์ „ํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ,
14:54
are now increasingly full participants,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ ์ 
14:58
in that world, media is less and less often
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๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ
15:02
about crafting a single message
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๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
to be consumed by individuals.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ ์  ๋”
15:08
It is more and more often
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์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ์†Œ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
15:10
a way of creating an environment for convening
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:13
and supporting groups.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์„ ํƒ์€,
15:15
And the choice we face,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋””๋ผ๋„
15:17
I mean anybody who has a message they want to have heard
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์คฌ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผํ•  ์„ ํƒ์€,
15:19
anywhere in the world,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
isn't whether or not that is the media environment we want to operate in.
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์ด ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
That's the media environment we've got.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”,
15:27
The question we all face now is,
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"์ด ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
15:29
"How can we make best use of this media?
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๋Š˜ ํ•ด์˜ค๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ." ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
Even though it means changing the way we've always done it."
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
Thank you very much.
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
15:37
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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