Life lessons from an ad man | Rory Sutherland

456,284 views ใƒป 2009-10-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yana Zhivin ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
This is my first time at TED. Normally, as an advertising man,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘-TED. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื™ืฉ ืคืจืกื•ื,
00:18
I actually speak at TED Evil, which is TED's secret sister
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘-TED ื”ืจืข, ืฉื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ TED
00:21
that pays all the bills.
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ืฉืžืฉืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช
00:24
It's held every two years in Burma.
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ื•ืžืชื›ื ืก ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืžื”.
00:27
And I particularly remember a really good speech
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ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื ืื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
00:30
by Kim Jong Il on how to get teens smoking again.
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ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ื’'ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืœ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืฉืŸ.
00:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:35
But, actually, it's suddenly come to me after years working in the business,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ื—ืช ืขืœื™ ืคืชืื•ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
00:37
that what we create in advertising,
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ื,
00:40
which is intangible value -- you might call it perceived value,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ืœื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ -- ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ืชืคืก,
00:42
you might call it badge value, subjective value,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ืขืจืš ืกืžืœื™, ืขืจืš ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
00:45
intangible value of some kind --
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ืขืจืš ืœื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืžืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• -
00:47
gets rather a bad rap.
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ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืข.
00:49
If you think about it, if you want to live in a world in the future
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
00:51
where there are fewer material goods, you basically have two choices.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื, ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:55
You can either live in a world which is poorer,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:57
which people in general don't like.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
00:59
Or you can live in a world where actually intangible value
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ืื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืœื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™
01:02
constitutes a greater part of overall value,
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื—ืœืง ื”ืืจื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืœืœื™,
01:06
that actually intangible value, in many ways
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืœื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
01:08
is a very, very fine substitute
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ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
01:10
for using up labor or limited resources
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื
01:13
in the creation of things.
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:15
Here is one example. This is a train which goes from London to Paris.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉื ื•ืกืขืช ืžืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืคืจื™ืก.
01:18
The question was given to a bunch of engineers,
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ืฉืืœื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืฉืืœื”,
01:20
about 15 years ago, "How do we make the journey to Paris better?"
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื”, "ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืœืคืจื™ื– ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ? "
01:24
And they came up with a very good engineering solution,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืžืขื•ืœื”,
01:26
which was to spend six billion pounds
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื ื’
01:28
building completely new tracks
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืกื™ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™
01:30
from London to the coast,
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ืžืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ
01:32
and knocking about 40 minutes off a three-and-half-hour journey time.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืงืฆืจ ื‘ื›-40 ื“ืงื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืช.
01:36
Now, call me Mister Picky. I'm just an ad man ...
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื™ ื‘ืจืจืŸ, ืื ื™ ืกืชื ืื™ืฉ ืคืจืกื•ื...
01:38
... but it strikes me as a slightly unimaginative way of improving a train journey
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ืงืฆืช ืœื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช,
01:42
merely to make it shorter.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:44
Now what is the hedonic opportunity cost
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื“ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
01:47
on spending six billion pounds on those railway tracks?
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ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ืคืกื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืืœื”?
01:49
Here is my naive advertising man's suggestion.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืชืžื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ืื™ืฉ ืคืจืกื•ื.
01:52
What you should in fact do is employ all of the world's top male
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ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™
01:54
and female supermodels,
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ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:56
pay them to walk the length of the train, handing out free Chateau Petrus
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ืœืฉืœื ืœื”ื ืœืœื›ืช ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื•ืœื—ืœืง ืฉืื˜ื• ืคื˜ืจื•ืก.
02:00
for the entire duration of the journey.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”.
02:02
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:04
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
02:05
Now, you'll still have about three billion pounds left in change,
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ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉืืจ ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“,
02:09
and people will ask for the trains to be slowed down.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช.
02:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:13
Now, here is another naive advertising man's question again.
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืคืจืกื•ื ืชืžื™ื.
02:17
And this shows that engineers,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืฉืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื,
02:19
medical people, scientific people,
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ืื ืฉื™ ืจืคื•ืื”, ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ืข,
02:21
have an obsession with solving the problems of reality,
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
02:24
when actually most problems, once you reach a basic level of wealth
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ื›ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื“ืจื’ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฉืจ
02:27
in society, most problems are actually problems of perception.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกื”.
02:30
So I'll ask you another question.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืืฉืืœ ืืชื›ื ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
02:32
What on earth is wrong with placebos?
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ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืคืœืืกื‘ื•?
02:34
They seem fantastic to me. They cost very little to develop.
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ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืœื™ ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืœืคืชื— ืื•ืชื.
02:36
They work extraordinarily well.
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ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจ.
02:39
They have no side effects,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™,
02:41
or if they do, they're imaginary, so you can safely ignore them.
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืŸ.
02:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:45
So I was discussing this. And I actually went to the Marginal Revolution blog
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ืื– ื“ื ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• "ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžืจื’ื™ื ืืœื™ืช",
02:47
by Tyler Cowen. I don't know if anybody knows it.
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ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืจ ื›ื”ืŸ. ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•..
02:49
Someone was actually suggesting that you can take this concept further,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืžืฉ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืœืื”
02:52
and actually produce placebo education.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืคืœืืกื™ื‘ื•.
02:54
The point is that education doesn't actually work by teaching you things.
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:58
It actually works by giving you the impression
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืฆืœืš ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื
03:00
that you've had a very good education, which gives you an insane sense
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช
03:02
of unwarranted self-confidence,
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก,
03:04
which then makes you very, very successful in later life.
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ืžื” ืฉืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชืš ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:07
So, welcome to Oxford, ladies and gentlemen.
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ืื–, ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“, ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™.
03:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:12
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:13
But, actually, the point of placebo education is interesting.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืคืœืืกื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
03:16
How many problems of life can be solved
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ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ
03:18
actually by tinkering with perception,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ืชืคื™ืกื”,
03:20
rather than that tedious, hardworking and messy business
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืคืจืš ื”ืžื™ื™ื’ืขืช
03:22
of actually trying to change reality?
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ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช?
03:25
Here's a great example from history. I've heard this attributed to several other kings,
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื›ืžื” ืžืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:28
but doing a bit of historical research,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืงืฆืจ,
03:30
it seems to be Fredrick the Great.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:32
Fredrick the Great of Prussia was very, very keen
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ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžืœืš ืคืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืœื”ื‘
03:34
for the Germans to adopt the potato and to eat it,
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ืฉื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื™ืืžืฆื• ืืช ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื•ื™ืื›ืœื• ืื•ืชื•.
03:37
because he realized that if you had two sources of carbohydrate,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช,
03:39
wheat and potatoes, you get less price volatility in bread.
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ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื”, ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืœื—ื.
03:43
And you get a far lower risk of famine,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื›ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืœืจืขื‘,
03:45
because you actually had two crops to fall back on, not one.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื ืื—ื“.
03:47
The only problem is: potatoes, if you think about it, look pretty disgusting.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื”, ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื ืจืื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื’ืขื™ืœ.
03:50
And also, 18th century Prussians ate very, very few vegetables --
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ื•ื’ื, ื”ืคืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”, ืื›ืœื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืจืงื•ืช,
03:54
rather like contemporary Scottish people.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
03:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:58
So, actually, he tried making it compulsory.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœื—ื•ื‘ื”.
04:01
The Prussian peasantry said,
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ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ืกื™ื ืืžืจื•,
04:03
"We can't even get the dogs to eat these damn things.
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:05
They are absolutely disgusting and they're good for nothing."
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ื”ื ืžื’ืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ื."
04:07
There are even records of people being executed
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ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’
04:09
for refusing to grow potatoes.
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื”.
04:11
So he tried plan B.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘'.
04:13
He tried the marketing solution, which is he declared the potato
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง, ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื”
04:15
as a royal vegetable, and none but the royal family could consume it.
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ื›ื™ืจืง ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื•.
04:18
And he planted it in a royal potato patch,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืชืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ืœืงืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช
04:20
with guards who had instructions
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ืขื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
04:22
to guard over it, night and day,
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื•, ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื”.
04:24
but with secret instructions not to guard it very well.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘.
04:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:28
Now, 18th century peasants know that there is one
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ
04:30
pretty safe rule in life, which is if something is worth guarding,
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ื—ื•ืง ืื—ื“ ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื•,
04:32
it's worth stealing.
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื•.
04:34
Before long, there was a massive underground
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืขืœ ืžื—ืชืจืชื™ ืขื ืง
04:36
potato-growing operation in Germany.
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ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
04:38
What he'd effectively done is he'd re-branded the potato.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืœืžืชื’ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื”.
04:42
It was an absolute masterpiece.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ืคืช.
04:44
I told this story and a gentleman from Turkey came up to me and said,
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ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื’ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืจื›ื™ ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ ื•ืืžืจ,
04:46
"Very, very good marketer, Fredrick the Great. But not a patch on Ataturk."
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"ืžืฉื•ื•ืง ื˜ื•ื‘, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉืชื•ื•ื” ืœืืชื-ื˜ื•ืจืง."
04:50
Ataturk, rather like Nicolas Sarkozy,
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ืืชื-ื˜ื•ืจืง, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื™ืงื•ืœื ืกืจืงื•ื–ื™,
04:52
was very keen to discourage the wearing of a veil,
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ืžืื•ื“ ืจืฆื” ืœืžื’ืจ ืืช ืขื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืขืœื”
04:54
in Turkey, to modernize it.
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ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
04:56
Now, boring people would have just simply banned the veil.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืขืœื”.
04:59
But that would have ended up with a lot of awful kickback
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืจื™ืงื•ืฉื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื
05:01
and a hell of a lot of resistance.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช.
05:03
Ataturk was a lateral thinker.
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ืืชื-ื˜ื•ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฆื™ื“ื™ืช.
05:05
He made it compulsory for prostitutes to wear the veil.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ืœืฅ ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ืจืขืœื”.
05:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:13
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:15
I can't verify that fully, but it does not matter.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืžืช ื–ืืช ืœื’ืžืจื™. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
05:17
There is your environmental problem solved, by the way, guys:
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ื”ื ื” ืœื›ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”:
05:19
All convicted child molesters
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื˜ืจื“ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื
05:21
have to drive a Porsche Cayenne.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืขืœ ืคื•ืจืฉื” ืงืื™ื™ืŸ.
05:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:28
What Ataturk realized actually is two very fundamental things.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื-ื˜ื•ืจืง ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.
05:31
Which is that, actually, first one,
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ืžื” ื”ื? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื
05:33
all value is actually relative.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืขืจืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™.
05:36
All value is perceived value.
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ื›ืœ ืขืจืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจืš ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื”.
05:38
For those of you who don't speak Spanish, jugo de naranja -- it's actually the Spanish for "orange juice."
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ืœืžื™ ืžื›ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช, "ื—ื•ื’ื• ื“ื” ื ืจื ื—ื”" ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืœ"ืžื™ืฅ ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื".
05:40
Because actually it's not the dollar. It's actually the peso
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืืœื ื”ืคืกื•,
05:42
in Buenos Aires. Very clever Buenos Aires street vendors
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ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก. ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก
05:45
decided to practice price discrimination
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ืืคืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื
05:47
to the detriment of any passing gringo tourists.
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ืœืฆืขืจื ืฉืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื.
05:50
As an advertising man, I have to admire that.
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ื›ืื™ืฉ ืคืจืกื•ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ื–ืืช.
05:52
But the first thing is that all value is subjective.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืขืจืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™.
05:56
Second point is that persuasion is often better than compulsion.
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืฉื›ื ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืœื•ืฅ.
05:59
These funny signs that flash your speed at you,
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ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจืš ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืš,
06:01
some of the new ones, on the bottom right,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ,
06:03
now actually show a smiley face or a frowny face,
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ืžืจืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืžื— ืื• ืขืฆื•ื‘,
06:06
to act as an emotional trigger.
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ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื™.
06:08
What's fascinating about these signs is they cost about 10 percent
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ืžื” ืฉืžืจืชืง ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืื—ื•ื–
06:10
of the running cost of a conventional speed camera,
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ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืœืžืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
06:13
but they prevent twice as many accidents.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช.
06:15
So, the bizarre thing, which is baffling
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ
06:17
to conventional, classically trained economists,
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ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืขื ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืช,
06:19
is that a weird little smiley face
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืžื—ื™ื™ืš ืžื•ื–ืจ
06:21
has a better effect on changing your behavior
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ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:23
than the threat of a ยฃ60 fine and three penalty points.
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ืžืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืงื ืก ืขืœ ืกืš ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื ื’ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช.
06:28
Tiny little behavioral economics detail:
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ืคืจื˜ ืงื˜ื  ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช:
06:30
in Italy, penalty points go backwards.
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ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื”.
06:33
You start with 12 and they take them away.
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ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืž-12 ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืžืš.
06:35
Because they found that loss aversion
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉืœื”ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืคืกื“
06:37
is a more powerful influence on people's behavior.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
06:39
In Britain we tend to feel, "Whoa! Got another three!"
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ, "ื•ื•ื”ื•! ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ!"
06:42
Not so in Italy.
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ืœื ื›ืš ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”.
06:44
Another fantastic case of creating intangible value
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ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืจืš ืœื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™,
06:47
to replace actual or material value, which remember, is what,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืขืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื• ืžื•ื—ืฉื™, ืฉื”ื•ื,
06:50
after all, the environmental movement needs to be about:
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืขืœื™ื•:
06:52
This again is from Prussia, from, I think, about 1812, 1813.
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืคืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1812, 1813,
06:55
The wealthy Prussians, to help in the war against the French,
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ื”ืคืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื,
06:58
were encouraged to give in all their jewelry.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœืชืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื”ื
07:00
And it was replaced with replica jewelry
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ืฉื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ื‘ื”ืขืชืงื™ื
07:03
made of cast iron.
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ืžื‘ืจื–ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืง.
07:05
Here's one: "Gold gab ich fรผr Eisen, 1813."
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ื”ื ื” ืื—ื“: "ื’ื•ืœื“ ื’ืื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืจ ืื™ื™ืกืŸ, 1813".
07:09
The interesting thing is that for 50 years hence,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
07:11
the highest status jewelry you could wear in Prussia
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ืกืžืœ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื ื•ื“ ื‘ืคืจื•ืกื™ื”
07:13
wasn't made of gold or diamonds.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื‘ ืื• ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื
07:15
It was made of cast iron.
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ืืœื ืžื‘ืจื–ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืง.
07:17
Because actually, never mind the actual intrinsic value
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขืจื›ื ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘
07:19
of having gold jewelry. This actually
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื”. ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื
07:21
had symbolic value, badge value.
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ืขืจืš ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™.
07:23
It said that your family had made a great sacrifice in the past.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชืš ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื” ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
07:26
So, the modern equivalent would of course be this.
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ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ืืช.
07:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:29
But, actually, there is a thing, just as there are Veblen goods,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื,
07:32
where the value of the good depends on it being expensive and rare --
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ืฉืขืจื›ื ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ื•ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื -
07:35
there are opposite kind of things
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš
07:37
where actually the value in them depends on them being
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ืฉืขืจื›ื ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื
07:39
ubiquitous, classless and minimalistic.
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ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ, ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืžืขืžื“ ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื.
07:42
If you think about it, Shakerism was a proto-environmental movement.
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืฉื™ื™ืงืจื™ื–ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช.
07:45
Adam Smith talks about 18th century America,
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ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช' ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18
07:47
where the prohibition against visible displays of wealth was so great,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื’ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ
07:51
it was almost a block in the economy in New England,
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ืขื“ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืžื—ืกื•ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•-ืื™ื ื’ืœื ื“,
07:53
because even wealthy farmers could find nothing to spend their money on
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื›ืกืคื
07:56
without incurring the displeasure of their neighbors.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื.
07:59
It's perfectly possible to create these social pressures
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ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
08:01
which lead to more egalitarian societies.
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ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื™ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
08:04
What's also interesting, if you look at products
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื
08:06
that have a high component
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
08:08
of what you might call messaging value,
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืขืจืš ืžืกืจื™,
08:10
a high component of intangible value, versus their intrinsic value:
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ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ืœื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืขืจื›ื ื”ืžืžืฉื™:
08:13
They are often quite egalitarian.
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ื”ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
08:16
In terms of dress, denim is perhaps the perfect example of something
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ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ื’'ื™ื ืก ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœืžืฉื”ื•
08:19
which replaces material value with symbolic value.
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ืฉืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืขืจืš ืžืžืฉื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™.
08:23
Coca-Cola. A bunch of you may be a load of pinkos,
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ืงื•ืงื”-ืงื•ืœื”. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื™ืคื™ ื ืคืฉ
08:25
and you may not like the Coca-Cola company,
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ืฉืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงื•ืงื”-ืงื•ืœื”.
08:27
but it's worth remembering Andy Warhol's point about Coke.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืืžื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืจื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืงื•ืœื”.
08:29
What Warhol said about Coke is, he said,
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ืžื” ืฉื•ื•ืจื”ื•ืœ ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
08:31
"What I really like about Coca-Cola is the president of the United States
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"ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืงื” ืงื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘
08:33
can't get a better Coke than the bum on the corner of the street."
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืงื•ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื•ืžืœืก ื‘ืคื™ื ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘."
08:37
Now, that is, actually, when you think about it -- we take it for granted --
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• --
08:39
it's actually a remarkable achievement,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
08:41
to produce something that's that democratic.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™.
08:44
Now, we basically have to change our views slightly.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•.
08:47
There is a basic view that real value involves making things,
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ื™ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
08:50
involves labor. It involves engineering.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ื ื“ืกื”.
08:53
It involves limited raw materials.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื.
08:56
And that what we add on top is kind of false. It's a fake version.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ืฉืงืจื™. ื”ื•ื ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™.
08:59
And there is a reason for some suspicion and uncertainly about it.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”.
09:02
It patently veers toward propaganda.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืคื’ื ื“ื”.
09:05
However, what we do have now
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
09:07
is a much more variegated media ecosystem
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช
09:10
in which to kind of create this kind of value, and it's much fairer.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืš. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:13
When I grew up, this was basically the media environment of my childhood
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื’ื“ืœืชื™, ื–ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
09:15
as translated into food.
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ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืช ืœืื•ื›ืœ.
09:17
You had a monopoly supplier. On the left,
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ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืง ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืกื˜. ืžืฉืžืืœ,
09:19
you have Rupert Murdoch, or the BBC.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ืจื•ืคืจื˜ ืžืจื“ื•ืง, ืื• ืืช ื”-BBC.
09:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:22
And on your right you have a dependent public
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ื•ืžื™ืžื™ื ื›ื, ื™ืฉ ืงื”ืœ ืชืœื•ืชื™
09:24
which is pathetically grateful for anything you give it.
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ืฉืืกื™ืจ ืชื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืชื˜ื™, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•.
09:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:29
Nowadays, the user is actually involved.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื ื•, ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘.
09:32
This is actually what's called, in the digital world, "user-generated content."
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™, "ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ".
09:35
Although it's called agriculture in the world of food.
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
09:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:38
This is actually called a mash-up,
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ืœื–ื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžืืฉ-ืืค,
09:40
where you take content that someone else has produced
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ื›ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ืฆืจ
09:42
and you do something new with it.
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ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื™ืชื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ.
09:44
In the world of food we call it cooking.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
09:47
This is food 2.0,
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ื–ื”ื• ืื•ื›ืœ 2.0,
09:49
which is food you produce for the purpose of sharing it with other people.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื.
09:52
This is mobile food. British are very good at that.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ื ื™ื™ื“. ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“.
09:55
Fish and chips in newspaper, the Cornish Pasty,
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ืคื™ืฉ ืื ื“ ืฆ'ื™ืคืก ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ืžืืคื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื,
09:57
the pie, the sandwich.
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ื”ืคืื™, ื”ืกื ื“ื•ื™ืฅ'.
09:59
We invented the whole lot of them.
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ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื›ื•ืœื.
10:01
We're not very good at food in general. Italians do great food,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™. ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ,
10:03
but it's not very portable, generally.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืฉื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ.
10:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:10
I only learned this the other day. The Earl of Sandwich didn't invent the sandwich.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื™ ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื. ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืกื ื“ื•ื™ืฅ' ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื ื“ื•ื™ืฅ'.
10:12
He actually invented the toasty. But then, the Earl of Toasty would be a ridiculous name.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืกื˜, ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืกื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืžื’ื•ื—ืš.
10:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:16
Finally, we have contextual communication.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืชืœื•ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ,
10:18
Now, the reason I show you Pernod -- it's only one example.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืคืจื ื• -- ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช.
10:20
Every country has a contextual alcoholic drink. In France it's Pernod.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื” ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™. ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื–ื” ืคืจื ื•.
10:24
It tastes great within the borders of that country,
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ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื• ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
10:26
but absolute shite if you take it anywhere else.
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ื•ื—ืจื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
10:29
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:31
Unicum in Hungary, for example.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื.
10:33
The Greeks have actually managed to produce something called Retsina,
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืจื˜ืกื™ื ื”,
10:35
which even tastes shite when you're in Greece.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ื—ืจื ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
10:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:39
But so much communication now is contextual
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช
10:41
that the capacity for actually nudging people,
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ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืื ืฉื™ื,
10:43
for giving them better information -- B.J. Fogg,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ -- ื‘ื™.ื’'ื™ื™ ืคื•ื’,
10:45
at the University of Stanford, makes the point
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ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“, ื˜ื•ืขืŸ
10:47
that actually the mobile phone is --
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ืฉื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ื”ื•ื --
10:49
He's invented the phrase, "persuasive technologies."
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, "ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืขื•ืช".
10:51
He believes the mobile phone, by being location-specific,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™, ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืชืœื•ื™ ืžืงื•ื,
10:54
contextual, timely and immediate,
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ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™, ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžื™ื“ื™,
10:56
is simply the greatest persuasive technology device ever invented.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืข.
10:59
Now, if we have all these tools at our disposal,
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ืื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื "ืœ,
11:01
we simply have to ask the question,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
11:03
and Thaler and Sunstein have, of how we can use these more intelligently.
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ื•ืช'ืืœืจ ื•ืกื ืกื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื›ืŸ ืฉืืœื•, ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:06
I'll give you one example.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช.
11:09
If you had a large red button of this kind, on the wall of your home,
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”, ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชื›ื,
11:11
and every time you pressed it, it saved 50 dollars for you,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื›ื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืกืš ืœื›ื 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
11:14
put 50 dollars into your pension,
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืงืจืŸ ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
11:16
you would save a lot more.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:18
The reason is that the interface fundamentally determines
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืง ืงื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืฉื™
11:20
the behavior. Okay?
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ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช. ืื•ืงื™?
11:22
Now, marketing has done a very, very good job of creating
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช
11:25
opportunities for impulse buying.
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ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื ื™ื” ืื™ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.
11:27
Yet we've never created the opportunity for impulse saving.
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ืืš ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืื™ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™.
11:31
If you did this, more people would save more.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:34
It's simply a question of changing the interface
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืง
11:36
by which people make decisions,
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ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
11:38
and the very nature of the decisions changes.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื”.
11:40
Obviously, I don't want people to do this,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”
11:42
because as an advertising man I tend to regard saving as just
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ื›ื™, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื™ืฉ ืคืจืกื•ื, ืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจ
11:44
consumerism needlessly postponed.
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ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ื—ื™ืช ืœืœื ืกื™ื‘ื”.
11:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:47
But if anybody did want to do that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
11:50
that's the kind of thing we need to be thinking about, actually:
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•,
11:53
fundamental opportunities to change human behavior.
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ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
11:55
Now, I've got an example here from Canada.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืคื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืงื ื“ื”.
11:58
There was a young intern at Ogilvy Canada
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืžื—ื” ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื’ื™ืœื‘ื™ ืงื ื“ื”,
12:01
called Hunter Somerville,
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ืฉืฉืžื• ื”ืื ื˜ืจ ืกืืžืจื•ื•ื™ืœ,
12:03
who was working in improv in Toronto,
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืืœืชื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื•ื ื˜ื•,
12:05
and got a part-time job in advertising,
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืžืฉืจื” ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื,
12:07
and was given the job of advertising Shreddies.
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ื•ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืœืคืจืกื ืฉืจื“ื™ืก.
12:10
Now this is the most perfect case of creating
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช
12:12
intangible, added value,
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ืขืจืš ืœื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™,
12:14
without changing the product in the slightest.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื›ืœืœ.
12:17
Shreddies is a strange, square, whole-grain cereal,
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ืฉืจื“ื™ืก ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืชื™ืช ืžื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ืžื—ื™ื˜ื” ืžืœืื”,
12:20
only available in New Zealand, Canada and Britain.
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ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ืงื ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
12:24
It's Kraft's peculiar way of rewarding loyalty to the crown.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจืืคื˜ ืœืชื’ืžืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื›ืชืจ.
12:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:30
In working out how you could re-launch Shreddies,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืฉืจื“ื™ืก,
12:33
he came up with this.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
12:42
Video: (Buzzer)
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: (ื–ืžื–ื)
12:48
Man: Shreddies is supposed to be square.
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ื’ื‘ืจ: ืฉืจื“ื™ืก ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื.
12:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:52
Woman: Have any of these diamond shapes gone out?
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ืื™ืฉื”: ื”ืื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ืœื•ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆืื•?
12:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:57
Voiceover: New Diamond Shreddies cereal.
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ืงื•ืœ ืจืงืข: ืคืชื™ืชื™ ืฉืจื“ื™ืก ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื™ื”ืœื•ื.
12:59
Same 100 percent whole-grain wheat in a delicious diamond shape.
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ืื•ืชื ืžืื” ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ืœื•ื.
13:02
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:06
Rory Sutherland: I'm not sure this isn't the most perfect example
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ืจื•ืจื™ ืกืืช'ืจืœื ื“: ื–ืืช ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:08
of intangible value creation. All it requires is
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขืจืš ืœื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื
13:10
photons, neurons, and a great idea to create this thing.
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ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื, ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
13:13
I would say it's a work of genius.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืŸ.
13:15
But, naturally, you can't do this kind of thing without a little bit of market research.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื•ืง.
13:18
Man: So, Shreddies is actually producing a new product,
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ื’ื‘ืจ: ืฉืจื“ื™ืก ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืžื•ืฆืจ ื—ื“ืฉ,
13:21
which is something very exciting for them.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื.
13:24
So they are introducing new Diamond Shreddies.
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ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืจื“ื™ืก ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื™ื”ืœื•ื.
13:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:32
So I just want to get your first impressions when you see that,
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ื• ื”ืจื•ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื›ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
13:34
when you see the Diamond Shreddies box there.
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ื›ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืคืกืช ื”ืฉืจื“ื™ืก ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื™ื”ืœื•ื ืฉื.
13:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:38
Woman: Weren't they square?
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ืื™ืฉื”: ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื?
13:40
Woman #2: I'm a little bit confused. Woman #3: They look like the squares to me.
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ืื™ืฉื” 2: ืื ื™ ืงืฆืช ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœืช. ืื™ืฉื” 3: ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืœื™ ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื.
13:42
Man: They -- Yeah, it's all in the appearance.
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ื’ื‘ืจ: ื”ื -- ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืžืจืื”.
13:44
But it's kind of like flipping a six or a nine. Like a six,
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ืฉืฉ, ืื• ื”ืชืฉืข ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉ.
13:48
if you flip it over it looks like a nine.
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ืื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืชืฉืข,
13:50
But a six is very different from a nine.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืฉ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืฉืข.
13:52
Woman # 3: Or an "M" and a "W". Man: An "M" and a "W", exactly.
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ืื™ืฉื” 3: ืื• ื›ืžื• "M" ื•-"W". ืื™ืฉ:"M" ื•-"W", ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
13:54
Man #2: [unclear]
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ืื™ืฉ 2: [ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ]
13:56
You just looked like you turned it on its end. But when you see it like that
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ืš, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”,
13:59
it's more interesting looking.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
14:01
Man: Just try both of them.
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ืื™ืฉ: ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื ืกื” ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
14:03
Take a square one there, first.
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ืชื˜ืขื ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข.
14:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:18
Man: Which one did you prefer? Man #2: The first one.
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ืื™ืฉ: ืื™ื–ื” ืืชื” ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ? ืื™ืฉ 2: ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
14:20
Man: The first one?
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ืื™ืฉ: ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ?
14:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:24
Rory Sutherland: Now, naturally, a debate raged.
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ืจื•ืจื™ ืกืืช'ืจืœื ื“: ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ืžื”ื•ืžื”.
14:28
There were conservative elements in Canada, unsurprisingly,
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื“ื”, ืžื” ืฉืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
14:31
who actually resented this intrusion.
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ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช.
14:33
So, eventually, the manufacturers actually
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ืื– ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื
14:35
arrived at a compromise, which was the combo pack.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคืฉืจื”, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช.
14:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:54
If you think it's funny, bear in mind there is an organization called
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง, ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืจื
14:57
the American Institute of Wine Economics,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ื™ื™ืŸ,
15:00
which actually does extensive research into perception of things,
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
15:02
and discovers that except for among
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ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืฉืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื–
15:04
perhaps five or ten percent of the most knowledgeable people,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืŸ,
15:07
there is no correlation between quality and enjoyment
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงื•ืจืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืื”
15:09
in wine,
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ืžืžื ื•,
15:11
except when you tell the people how expensive it is,
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ืคืจื˜ ืœื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืงืจ,
15:13
in which case they tend to enjoy the more expensive stuff more.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:16
So drink your wine blind in the future.
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ืื– ืชืฉืชื• ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
15:19
But this is both hysterically funny --
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฆื—ื™ืง --
15:21
but I think an important philosophical point,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืคื” ื’ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
15:23
which is, going forward, we need more of this kind of value.
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ื•ื”ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืš.
15:26
We need to spend more time appreciating what already exists,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื
15:29
and less time agonizing over what else we can do.
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
15:31
Two quotations to more or less end with.
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ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ื ืื™ืชื.
15:33
One of them is, "Poetry is when you make new things
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื, "ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
15:35
familiar and familiar things new."
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ืœืžื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื•ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉื™ื".
15:37
Which isn't a bad definition of what our job is,
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ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืจืขื” ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
15:40
to help people appreciate what is unfamiliar, but also
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื
15:42
to gain a greater appreciation, and place a far higher value on
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœืชืช ืขืจืš ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:46
those things which are already existing.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
15:48
There is some evidence, by the way, that things like social networking help do that.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืœื›ืš ืฉืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
15:51
Because they help people share news.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืžื™ื“ืข.
15:53
They give badge value to everyday little trivial activities.
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ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืกืžืœื™ ื•ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื•ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช.
15:57
So they actually reduce the need for actually spending great money on display,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื”ืฆื’ื”
16:00
and increase the kind of third-party
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ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื”
16:02
enjoyment you can get from the smallest, simplest things in life. Which is magic.
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ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ืฉื–ื” ืงืกื.
16:06
The second one is the second G.K. Chesterton quote of this session,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’'ื™.ืงื™ื™. ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืขื,
16:09
which is, "We are perishing for want of wonder, not for want of wonders,"
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ืฉื”ื•ื "ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื ืžื”ืฉืงื™ืงื” ืœืคืœื™ืื”, ืœื ืžื”ืฉืงื™ืงื” ืœืคืœืื™ื".
16:12
which I think for anybody involved in technology, is perfectly true.
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ืžื” ืฉืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
16:15
And a final thing: When you place a value on things like health,
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ื•ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ: ื›ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืขืจืš ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
16:17
love, sex and other things,
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ืื”ื‘ื”, ืกืงืก, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
16:19
and learn to place a material value
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ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืชืช ืขืจืš ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื
16:21
on what you've previously discounted
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ื“ื ื”ืžืขื˜ืช ื‘ืขืจื›ื
16:23
for being merely intangible, a thing not seen,
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืœื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื, ืœื ื ืจืื™ื,
16:26
you realize you're much, much wealthier than you ever imagined.
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ื•ืžื’ืœื™ื ืคืชืื•ื ืฉืืชื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื.
16:29
Thank you very much indeed.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
16:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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