Yasheng Huang: Does democracy stifle economic growth?

80,584 views ใƒป 2011-09-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
My topic
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœื™
00:17
is economic growth in China and India.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•.
00:20
And the question I want to explore with you
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื›ื
00:23
is whether or not
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืื
00:25
democracy has helped or has hindered
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืื• ื”ืคืจื™ืขื”
00:28
economic growth.
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ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
00:30
You may say this is not fair,
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ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ,
00:32
because I'm selecting two countries
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
00:35
to make a case against democracy.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
00:38
Actually, exactly the opposite
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
00:41
is what I'm going to do.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš.
00:43
I'm going to use these two countries
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
00:45
to make an economic argument for democracy,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื“ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
00:48
rather than against democracy.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื ื’ื“ื”.
00:51
The first question there
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื
00:53
is why China has grown so much faster
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืกื™ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš
00:55
than India.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžื”ื•ื“ื•.
00:57
Over the last 30 years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
00:59
in terms of the GDP growth rates,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืฆื‘ ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’),
01:02
China has grown at twice the rate of India.
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ืกื™ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื” ืคื™-2 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
01:06
In the last five years,
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ื‘-5 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
01:08
the two countries have begun to converge somewhat
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
01:11
in economic growth.
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ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
01:13
But over the last 30 years,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
01:15
China undoubtedly
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ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœืœื ืกืคืง
01:17
has done much better than India.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
01:20
One simple answer
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืื—ืช
01:22
is China has Shanghai and India has Mumbai.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืกื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื—ืื™ ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™.
01:25
Look at the skyline of Shanghai.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืงื• ื”ืจืงื™ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื ื—ืื™.
01:28
This is the Pudong area.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ื“ื•ื ื’.
01:30
The picture on India
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•
01:32
is the Dharavi slum of Mumbai
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ื–ื” ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื“ื”ืจืื•ื•ื™
01:34
in India.
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
01:36
The idea there
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™
01:38
behind these two pictures
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
01:40
is that the Chinese government
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืกื™ืŸ
01:42
can act above rule of law.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
01:44
It can plan
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืขืœ-ืคื™
01:46
for the long-term benefits of the country
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ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš
01:48
and in the process,
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ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”,
01:50
evict millions of people --
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ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื --
01:52
that's just a small technical issue.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ืกืชื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ.
01:55
Whereas in India, you cannot do that,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
01:57
because you have to listen to the public.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
02:00
You're being constrained by the public's opinion.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ.
02:02
Even Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืืฉ-ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื ืžื•ื”ืŸ ืกื™ื ื’
02:05
agrees with that view.
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ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื–ื•.
02:07
In an interview
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ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืก
02:09
printed in the financial press of India,
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ื‘-financial press ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
02:11
He said that he wants to make Mumbai
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™
02:14
another Shanghai.
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ืœืฉื ื—ืื™ ืฉื ื™ื”.
02:16
This is an Oxford-trained economist
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“
02:19
steeped in humanistic values,
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ื”ืกืคื•ื’ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื™ื,
02:23
and yet he agrees
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžืกื›ื™ื
02:25
with the high-pressure tactics of Shanghai.
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ืขื ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื—ื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉื ื—ืื™.
02:29
So let me call it the Shanghai model of economic growth,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื ื—ืื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
02:32
that emphasizes the following features
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ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื
02:36
for promoting economic development:
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ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœืงื“ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช:
02:38
infrastructures, airports,
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ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ื ืžืœื™-ืชืขื•ืคื”,
02:40
highways, bridges, things like that.
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ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื, ื’ืฉืจื™ื, ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
02:43
And you need a strong government to do that,
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช,
02:46
because you cannot respect private property rights.
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
02:49
You cannot be constrained by the public's opinion.
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืžื™ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืขืช ืงื”ืœ.
02:52
You need also state ownership,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
02:54
especially of land assets,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช,
02:57
in order to build and roll out infrastructures
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืคืจื•ืก ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช
03:00
very quickly.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
03:02
The implication of that model
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ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ื“ืœ
03:04
is that democracy
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
03:06
is a hindrance for economic growth,
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ืžืขื›ื‘ืช ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
03:08
rather than a facilitator of economic growth.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืžืจื™ืฆื” ืื•ืชื”.
03:12
Here's the key question.
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ื”ื ื” ืฉืืœืช ืžืคืชื—.
03:14
Just how important are infrastructures
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
03:17
for economic growth?
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ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช?
03:19
This is a key issue.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžืคืชื—.
03:21
If you believe that infrastructures are very important for economic growth,
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ืื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
03:25
then you would argue a strong government is necessary
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื–ืงื”
03:28
to promote growth.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
03:30
If you believe
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ืื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช
03:32
that infrastructures are not as important as many people believe,
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ืื™ื ืŸ ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ,
03:35
then you will put less emphasis
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ืื– ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื’ืฉ
03:37
on strong government.
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ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื–ืงื”.
03:39
So to illustrate that question,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•,
03:41
let me give you two countries.
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ืืฆื™ื’ ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
03:43
And for the sake of brevity,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฆืจ,
03:45
I'll call one country Country 1
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ืืงืจื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช "ืžื“ื™ื ื” 1"
03:47
and the other country Country 2.
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ื•ืœืฉื ื™ื” "ืžื“ื™ื ื” 2".
03:49
Country 1
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” 1
03:51
has a systematic advantage over Country 2
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ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” 2
03:54
in infrastructures.
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ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช.
03:56
Country 1 has more telephones,
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” 1 ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื,
03:59
and Country 1 has a longer system of railways.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ืช.
04:02
So if I were to ask you,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืชื›ื,
04:05
"Which is China
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"ืžื™ ื›ืืŸ ืกื™ืŸ
04:07
and which is India,
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ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•,
04:09
and which country has grown faster?"
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ื•ืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฆืžื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ?",
04:11
if you believe in the infrastructure view,
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ืžื™ ืฉืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช,
04:14
then you will say, "Country 1 must be China.
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ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ, "ืžื“ื™ื ื” 1 ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืกื™ืŸ.
04:17
They must have done better, in terms of economic growth.
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ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื” ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
04:19
And Country 2 is possibly India."
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” 2 ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ื“ื•."
04:23
Actually the country with more telephones
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื
04:26
is the Soviet Union,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืช-ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช,
04:28
and the data referred to 1989.
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ื•ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœ-1989.
04:31
After the country reported very impressive statistics on telephones,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ืขืœ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”,
04:36
the country collapsed.
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงืจืกื”.
04:39
That's not too good.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘.
04:41
The picture there is Khrushchev.
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื–ื” ื›ืจื•ืฉืฆ'ื‘.
04:43
I know that in 1989
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื‘-1989
04:45
he no longer ruled the Soviet Union,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช-ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช,
04:47
but that's the best picture that I can find.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื™.
04:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:52
Telephones, infrastructures
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ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื, ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช
04:54
do not guarantee you economic growth.
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ืœื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
04:56
Country 2, that has fewer telephones,
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” 2, ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื,
04:59
is China.
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืŸ.
05:01
Since 1989,
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ืž-1989,
05:03
the country has performed at a double-digit rate
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ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื“ื•-ืกืคืจืชื™,
05:05
every year for the last 20 years.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
05:08
If you know nothing about China and the Soviet Union
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ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืœื•ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช-ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช
05:11
other than the fact about their telephones,
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
05:14
you would have made a poor prediction
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ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
05:16
about their economic growth
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ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื
05:18
in the next two decades.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
05:20
Country 1, that has a longer system of railways,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” 1 ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ืช,
05:23
is actually India.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื“ื•.
05:25
And Country 2 is China.
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” 2 ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืŸ.
05:28
This is a very little known fact
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ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœืจื‘ื™ื
05:31
about the two countries.
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ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
05:33
Yes, today China has a huge infrastructure advantage
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืกื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืชืฉืชื™ืชื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
05:35
over India.
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ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
05:37
But for many years,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช,
05:39
until the late 1990s,
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช,
05:41
China had an infrastructure disadvantage
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ืกื™ืŸ ืคื™ื’ืจื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช
05:43
vis-a-vis India.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื•ื“ื•.
05:45
In developing countries,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
05:47
the most common mode of transportation
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ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:50
is the railways,
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
05:52
and the British built a lot of railways in India.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
05:55
India is the smaller of the two countries,
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื,
05:58
and yet it had a longer system of railways
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืืฆืœื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ื›ื”
06:01
until the late 1990s.
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช.
06:03
So clearly,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ
06:05
infrastructure doesn't explain
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ืฉืชืฉืชื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื”
06:07
why China did better before the late 1990s,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ื”,
06:10
as compared with India.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•.
06:12
In fact, if you look at the evidence worldwide,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
06:16
the evidence is more supportive of the view
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ื”ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ืขื” ื”ืื•ืžืจืช
06:19
that the infrastructure are actually the result of economic growth.
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ืฉื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
06:23
The economy grows,
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฆื•ืžื—ืช,
06:25
government accumulates more resources,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
06:27
and the government can invest in infrastructure --
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ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืช --
06:30
rather than infrastructure being a cause
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
06:33
for economic growth.
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ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
06:35
And this is clearly the story
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
06:37
of the Chinese economic growth.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
06:40
Let me look at this question more directly.
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ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
06:42
Is democracy bad for economic growth?
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ื”ืื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืจืขื” ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช?
06:45
Now let's turn to two countries,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืคื ื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
06:47
Country A and Country B.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” A ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” B.
06:50
Country A, in 1990,
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” A, ื‘-1990,
06:52
had about $300 per capita GDP
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ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’) ืฉืœ 300 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื ืคืฉ
06:55
as compared with Country B,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” B,
06:57
which had $460 in per capita GDP.
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ืฉื”ืชืž"ื’ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” 460 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื ืคืฉ.
07:00
By 2008,
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ื‘-2008,
07:02
Country A has surpassed Country B
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” A ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” B
07:05
with $700 per capita GDP
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ืขื 700 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืชืž"ื’ ืœื ืคืฉ
07:08
as compared with $650 per capita GDP.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœ-650 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืชืž"ื’ ืœื ืคืฉ.
07:12
Both countries are in Asia.
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืืกื™ื”.
07:14
If I were to ask you,
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ืื ืืฉืืœ ืืชื›ื,
07:16
"Which are the two Asian countries?
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"ืžื™ ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืกื™ื”?
07:18
And which one is a democracy?"
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ื•ืžื™ ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”?",
07:20
you may argue,
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ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ
07:22
"Well, maybe Country A is China
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” A ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืŸ
07:24
and Country B is India."
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” B ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื•.
07:26
In fact, Country A
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื” A
07:28
is democratic India,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช,
07:30
and Country B is Pakistan --
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” B ื”ื™ื ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ --
07:33
the country that has a long period
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”
07:35
of military rule.
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฆื‘ืื™.
07:37
And it's very common
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ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ
07:39
that we compare India with China.
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ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืกื™ืŸ.
07:43
That's because the two countries
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ื–ืืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
07:45
have about the same population size.
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื”.
07:48
But the more natural comparison
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
07:50
is actually between India and Pakistan.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
07:52
Those two countries are geographically similar.
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช.
07:55
They have a complicated, but shared common history.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
07:59
By that comparison,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื–ื•,
08:01
democracy looks very, very good
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจืช ื›ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช
08:03
in terms of economic growth.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
08:06
So why do economists fall in love
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืžืชืื”ื‘ื™ื
08:09
with authoritarian governments?
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ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื™ื?
08:12
One reason is the East Asian Model.
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”.
08:14
In East Asia,
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”,
08:16
we have had successful economic growth stories
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ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
08:19
such as Korea, Taiwan,
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ื˜ื™ื™ื•ืืŸ,
08:21
Hong Kong and Singapore.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ ื•ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ.
08:23
Some of these economies
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ
08:25
were ruled by authoritarian governments
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ืฉืœื˜ื• ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื•ืช
08:27
in the 60s and 70s
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ื”-70
08:29
and 1980s.
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ื•ื”-80.
08:31
The problem with that view
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืžื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื”,
08:33
is like asking all the winners of lotteries,
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืก,
08:36
"Have you won the lottery?"
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"ื”ืื ื–ื›ื™ืชื ื‘ืคื™ืก?"
08:39
And they all tell you, "Yes, we have won the lottery."
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืขื ื•,"ื›ืŸ, ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ื‘ืคื™ืก."
08:41
And then you draw the conclusion
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ื ืกื™ืง ืžื›ืš
08:43
the odds of winning the lottery
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ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื™ื” ื‘ืคื™ืก
08:46
are 100 percent.
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ื”ื 100 ืื—ื•ื–.
08:48
The reason is you never go
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื
08:50
and bother to ask the losers
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ื•ื˜ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื•
08:52
who also purchased lottery tickets
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืงื ื• ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืคื™ืก
08:54
and didn't end up winning the prize.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื™ื”.
08:58
For each of these successful authoritarian governments
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
09:01
in East Asia,
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”,
09:03
there's a matched failure.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืœื” ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืชื•ืื.
09:06
Korea succeeded, North Korea didn't.
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ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”, ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ืœื.
09:09
Taiwan succeeded, China under Mao Zedong didn't.
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ื˜ื™ื™ื•ืืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”, ืกื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืžืื• ืœื.
09:12
Burma didn't succeed.
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ื‘ื•ืจืžื” ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”.
09:14
The Philippines didn't succeed.
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ื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•.
09:16
If you look at the statistical evidence worldwide,
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
09:19
there's really no support for the idea
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืกื™ืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืกื‘ืจื”
09:22
that authoritarian governments
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ืฉืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื•ืช
09:24
hold a systematic edge over democracies
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ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช
09:27
in terms of economic growth.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
09:29
So the East Asian model
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ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”
09:31
has this massive selection bias --
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” --
09:33
it is known as selecting on a dependent variable,
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ืชืœื•ื™,
09:36
something we always tell our students to avoid.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื•.
09:40
So exactly why did China grow so much faster?
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืกื™ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื” ื›ื” ืžื”ืจ?
09:45
I will take you to the Cultural Revolution,
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ืืงื— ืืชื›ื ืœืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
09:47
when China went mad,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื’ืขื”,
09:49
and compare that country's performance with India
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ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื” ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•
09:52
under Indira Gandhi.
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ืชื—ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื’ื ื“ื™.
09:54
The question there is: Which country did better,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื: ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
09:57
China or India?
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ืกื™ืŸ ืื• ื”ื•ื“ื•?
09:59
China was during the Cultural Revolution.
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ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
10:01
It turns out even during the Cultural Revolution,
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
10:03
China out-perfomed India
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ืกื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื•
10:05
in terms of GDP growth
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืž"ื’
10:07
by an average of about 2.2 percent every year
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 2.2 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
10:10
in terms of per capita GDP.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืž"ื’ ืœื ืคืฉ.
10:13
So that's when China was mad.
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื’ืขื”.
10:15
The whole country went mad.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืชื’ืขื”.
10:18
It must mean that the country
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ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš
10:20
had something so advantageous to itself in terms of economic growth
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ืฉืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
10:24
to overcome the negative effects
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ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™
10:27
of the Cultural Revolution.
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ืฉืœ ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
10:29
The advantage the country had
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ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”
10:31
was human capital --
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ --
10:34
nothing else but human capital.
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
10:36
This is the world development index indicator data
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžื“ื“ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
10:40
in the early 1990s.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช.
10:42
And this is the earliest data that I can find.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™.
10:45
The adult literacy rate in China
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ืื—ื•ื– ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
10:48
is 77 percent
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ื”ื•ื 77 ืื—ื•ื–
10:50
as compared with 48 percent in India.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœ-48 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
10:53
The contrast in literacy rates
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ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘
10:56
is especially sharp
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
10:58
between Chinese women and Indian women.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•.
11:01
I haven't told you about the definition of literacy.
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ืœื ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘.
11:05
In China, the definition of literacy
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ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘
11:08
is the ability to read and write
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘
11:10
1,500 Chinese characters.
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ืืช 1,500 ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
11:13
In India, the definition of literacy,
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘,
11:16
operating definition of literacy,
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ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘,
11:18
is the ability, the grand ability,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื”,
11:21
to write your own name
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ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืฉืžืš ื”ืคืจื˜ื™
11:23
in whatever language you happen to speak.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืคื” ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”.
11:27
The gap between the two countries in terms of literacy
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ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขืช
11:29
is much more substantial
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ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
11:31
than the data here indicated.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืจืื™ื.
11:34
If you go to other sources of data
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ืื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืื—ืจื™ื
11:36
such as Human Development Index,
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
11:38
that data series,
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ืื•ืชืŸ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
11:40
go back to the early 1970s,
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ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช,
11:43
you see exactly the same contrast.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืคืขืจ.
11:45
China held a huge advantage
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ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜
11:47
in terms of human capital
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™
11:49
vis-a-vis India.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื•ื“ื•.
11:51
Life expectancies:
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ืชื•ื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื:
11:53
as early as 1965,
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ืขื•ื“ ื‘-1965,
11:55
China had a huge advantage in life expectancy.
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ืœืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขื ืง ื‘ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:59
On average, as a Chinese in 1965,
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘-1965,
12:02
you lived 10 years more
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ื—ื™ื™ืช 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:04
than an average Indian.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
12:06
So if you have a choice
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืœืš ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
12:08
between being a Chinese and being an Indian,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™,
12:10
you would want to become a Chinese
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™
12:12
in order to live 10 years longer.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:15
If you made that decision in 1965,
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ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ื‘-1965,
12:17
the down side of that
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ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš
12:19
is the next year we have the Cultural Revolution.
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
12:21
So you have to always think carefully
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ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™
12:24
about these decisions.
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ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•.
12:26
If you cannot chose your nationality,
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ืื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
12:29
then you will want to become an Indian man.
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื™.
12:32
Because, as an Indian man,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื™,
12:34
you have about two years of life expectancy advantage
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื
12:37
vis-a-vis Indian women.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
12:40
This is an extremely strange fact.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจื”.
12:43
It's very rare among countries
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
12:46
to have this kind of pattern.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืคื•ืก ื›ื–ื”.
12:48
It shows the systematic discrimination and biases
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ื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื” ื•ืืคืœื™ื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช
12:51
in the Indian society
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช
12:53
against women.
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ื ืฉื™ื.
12:55
The good news is, by 2006,
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืขื“ 2006,
12:57
India has closed the gap
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ืกื’ืจื” ืคืขืจ ื–ื”
12:59
between men and women
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื
13:01
in terms of life expectancy.
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ื‘ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
13:04
Today, Indian women have a sizable life expectancy edge
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื
13:07
over Indian men.
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ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
13:09
So India is reverting to the normal.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
13:12
But India still has a lot of work to do
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
13:14
in terms of gender equality.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื.
13:16
These are the two pictures
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
13:18
taken of garment factories in Guangdong Province
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ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืœื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื’ื•ืื ื’ื“ื•ื ื’
13:21
and garment factories in India.
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ื•ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืœื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
13:24
In China, it's all women.
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ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ืฉื™ื.
13:26
60 to 80 percent of the workforce in China is women
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 60 ืœ-80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื
13:29
in the coastal part of the country,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
13:31
whereas in India, it's all men.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
13:34
Financial Times printed this picture
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ื”-ืคื™ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ืคื™ืจืกื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•
13:36
of an Indian textile factory
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ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื™
13:38
with the title, "India Poised to Overtake China in Textile."
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ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช, "ื”ื•ื“ื• ืžื•ืขืžื“ืช ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ."
13:42
By looking at these two pictures,
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ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•,
13:44
I say no, it won't overtake China for a while.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื, ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
13:48
If you look at other East Asian countries,
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”,
13:50
women there play a hugely important role
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืœืื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:54
in terms of economic take-off --
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช --
13:56
in terms of creating the manufacturing miracle
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคืœื ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™
13:59
associated with East Asia.
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ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”.
14:01
India still has a long way to go
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ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
14:03
to catch up with China.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืกื™ืŸ.
14:05
Then the issue is,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื,
14:07
what about the Chinese political system?
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ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ?
14:09
You talk about human capital,
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
14:11
you talk about education and public health.
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
14:13
What about the political system?
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ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช?
14:15
Isn't it true that the one-party political system
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ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
14:18
has facilitated economic growth in China?
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ืชืจืžื” ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ?
14:22
Actually, the answer is more nuanced and subtle than that.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”,ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื“ืงื”.
14:26
It depends on a distinction that you draw
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ื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื
14:29
between statics of the political system
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
14:32
and the dynamics of the political system.
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
14:34
Statically, China is a one-party system,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืงื™ื‘ืขื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”,
14:37
authoritarian -- there's no question about it.
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ืจื•ื“ื ื™ืช -- ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื‘ื›ืš.
14:40
Dynamically, it has changed over time
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ
14:43
to become less authoritarian and more democratic.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืจื•ื“ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช.
14:46
When you explain change --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• --
14:48
for example, economic growth;
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช;
14:50
economic growth is about change --
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ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ --
14:52
when you explain change,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
14:54
you use other things that have changed to explain change,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
14:57
rather than using the constant to explain change.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
15:01
Sometimes a fixed effect can explain change,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคืงื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
15:04
but a fixed effect only explains changes
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืงื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
15:07
in interaction with the things that change.
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ืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ืข ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื.
15:10
In terms of the political changes,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
15:12
they have introduced village elections.
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ื”ื ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื.
15:14
They have increased the security of proprietors.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ืจื›ื•ืฉ.
15:18
And they have increased the security
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
15:21
with long-term land leases.
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ื‘ื”ื—ื›ืจืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.
15:23
There are also financial reforms in rural China.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช.
15:26
There is also a rural entrepreneurial revolution in China.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื™ื–ืžื•ืช-ื›ืคืจื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
15:29
To me, the pace of political changes
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
15:32
is too slow, too gradual.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžื“ื™, ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืžื“ื™.
15:34
And my own view is the country
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ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
15:36
is going to face some substantial challenges,
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ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื,
15:38
because they have not moved further and faster on political reforms.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื ืขื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืขื ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
15:42
But nevertheless,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช,
15:44
the system has moved in a more liberal direction,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื ืขื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช,
15:47
moved in a more democratic direction.
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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
15:51
You can apply exactly the same dynamic perspective on India.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
15:55
In fact, when India was growing
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืฆืžื—ื”
15:57
at a Hindu rate of growth --
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื• --
15:59
about one percent, two percent a year --
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ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื” --
16:01
that was when India was least democratic.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช.
16:04
Indira Gandhi declared emergency rule in 1975.
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ืื™ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื’ื ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื—ืจื•ื ื‘-1975.
16:08
The Indian government owned and operated
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช
16:11
all the TV stations.
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ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ืื•ืชืŸ.
16:13
A little-known fact about India in the 1990s
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90
16:16
is that the country
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
16:18
not only has undertaken economic reforms,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ื™ืฉืžื” ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
16:21
the country has also undertaken political reforms
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ืืœื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื’ื ื™ื™ืฉืžื” ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
16:24
by introducing village self-rule,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื,
16:27
privatization of media
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ื”ืคืจื˜ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
16:30
and introducing freedom of information acts.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข.
16:34
So the dynamic perspective
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ื›ืš ืฉื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช
16:36
fits both with China and in India
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ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืœืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•
16:38
in terms of the direction.
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
16:40
Why do many people believe
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
16:43
that India is still a growth disaster?
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ืฉื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืฆืจื” ืฆืจื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฆืžื™ื—ื”?
16:46
One reason
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื
16:48
is they are always comparing India with China.
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ืฉื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืกื™ืŸ.
16:51
But China is a superstar
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืขืœ
16:53
in terms of economic growth.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
16:55
If you are a NBA player
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ืื ืืชื” ืฉื—ืงืŸ NBA
16:57
and you are always being compared to Michael Jordan,
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชืš ืœืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ,
17:00
you're going to look not so impressive.
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ืืชื” ืชื•ืฆื’ ื›ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืจืฉื™ื.
17:02
But that doesn't mean
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ
17:04
that you're a bad basketball player.
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ืฉืืชื” ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื’ืจื•ืข.
17:06
Comparing with a superstar
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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืขื ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืขืœ
17:08
is the wrong benchmark.
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืช-ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
17:10
In fact, if you compare India
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื•
17:12
with the average developing country,
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ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช,
17:14
even before the more recent period
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
17:17
of acceleration of Indian growth --
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ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžื•ืืฆืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• --
17:19
now India is growing between eight and nine percent --
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื• ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืœืชืฉืขื” ืื—ื•ื– --
17:22
even before this period,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื–ื”,
17:24
India was ranked fourth in terms of economic growth
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ื“ื•ืจื’ื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
17:27
among emerging economies.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืฆืžื•ื—.
17:30
This is a very impressive record indeed.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
17:34
Let's think about the future:
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“:
17:36
the dragon vis-a-vis the elephant.
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ื”ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืคื™ืœ.
17:39
Which country has the growth momentum?
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ืœืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ืชื ื•ืคืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”?
17:42
China, I believe, still has
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ืกื™ืŸ, ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื”
17:45
some of the excellent raw fundamentals --
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืœื™ื --
17:48
mostly the social capital,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
17:50
the public health,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช,
17:52
the sense of egalitarianism
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ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช
17:54
that you don't find in India.
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ืฉืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
17:56
But I believe that India has the momentum.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืคื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื”ื•ื“ื•.
17:58
It has the improving fundamentals.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื.
18:00
The government has invested in basic education,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
18:03
has invested in basic health.
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ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช.
18:05
I believe the government should do more,
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
18:07
but nevertheless, the direction it is moving in
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”
18:09
is the right direction.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
18:11
India has the right institutional conditions
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื
18:14
for economic growth,
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ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
18:16
whereas China is still struggling
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืกื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื‘ืงืช
18:18
with political reforms.
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ืขื ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื•ืช.
18:20
I believe that the political reforms are a must for China
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
18:23
to maintain its growth.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
18:26
And it's very important to have political reforms,
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
18:28
to have widely shared benefits of economic growth.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
18:31
I don't know whether that's going to happen or not,
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื• ืœื,
18:33
but I'm an optimist.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื™.
18:35
Hopefully, five years from now, I'm going to report to TEDGlobal
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ 5 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ื‘-TEDGlobal
18:38
that political reforms will happen in China.
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ืฉืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืชืชืจื—ืฉื ื” ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
18:40
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
18:42
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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