How architecture helped music evolve | David Byrne

498,527 views ใƒป 2010-06-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Gabriela Elazar ืžื‘ืงืจ: Amit Lampit
00:16
This is the venue
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื
00:18
where, as a young man,
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ื‘ื• ื›ืื™ืฉ ืฆืขื™ืจ,
00:20
some of the music that I wrote was first performed.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื ื•ื’ื ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
00:23
It was, remarkably,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช
00:25
a pretty good sounding room.
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ื—ื“ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™.
00:27
With all the uneven walls and all the crap everywhere,
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ืขื ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
00:29
it actually sounded pretty good.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืœื ืจืข.
00:31
This is a song that was recorded there.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
00:34
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
00:36
This is not Talking Heads,
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ืืœื” ืœื "ืจืืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื".
00:39
in the picture anyway.
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
00:41
(Music: "A Clean Break (Let's Work)" by Talking Heads)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: "ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื ืงื™ื™ื” (ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ื“)", ืžืืช "ืจืืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื")
00:49
So the nature of the room
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ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ
00:51
meant that words could be understood.
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ื’ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื.
00:53
The lyrics of the songs could be pretty much understood.
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ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ.
00:55
The sound system was kind of decent.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกืื•ื ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื™.
00:58
And there wasn't a lot of reverberation in the room.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื”ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ.
01:01
So the rhythms
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงืฆื‘
01:03
could be pretty intact too,
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ื’ื ื ื•ืชืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื,
01:05
pretty concise.
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ื“ื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™.
01:07
Other places around the country had similar rooms.
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ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
01:09
This is Tootsie's Orchid Lounge in Nashville.
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ื–ื”ื• "ื˜ืจืงืœื™ืŸ ื”ืกื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™" ื‘ื ืืฉื•ื•ื™ืœ.
01:12
The music was in some ways different,
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืžื ื ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
01:14
but in structure and form,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื”,
01:17
very much the same.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืžื”.
01:19
The clientele behavior was very much the same too.
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืžื”.
01:24
And so the bands at Tootsie's
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื‘"ื˜ื•ื˜ืกื™"
01:26
or at CBGB's
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ืื• ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”-CBGB
01:28
had to play loud enough --
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ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
01:31
the volume had to be loud enough to overcome
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ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ
01:33
people falling down, shouting out
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ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื•, ืฆืขืงื•
01:35
and doing whatever else they were doing.
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ื•ืขืฉื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•.
01:37
Since then, I've played other places
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ืžืื–, ื ื™ื’ื ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
01:39
that are much nicer.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื.
01:41
I've played the Disney Hall here
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ื ื™ื’ื ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืœื ื“ื™ืกื ื™,
01:44
and Carnegie Hall and places like that.
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ื‘- "ืงืจื ื’ื™ ื”ื•ืœ" ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
01:47
And it's been very exciting.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืœื”ื™ื‘.
01:49
But I also noticed that sometimes the music
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื,
01:51
that I had written,
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™,
01:53
or was writing at the time,
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ืื• ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”,
01:55
didn't sound all that great
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ืœื ื ืฉืžืขื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘
01:57
in some of those halls.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
01:59
We managed,
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ื”ืกืชื“ืจื ื• ืืžื ื,
02:01
but sometimes those halls didn't seem exactly suited
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื ืจืื• ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
02:04
to the music I was making
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ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™
02:06
or had made.
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ืื• ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
02:08
So I asked myself:
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ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™:
02:10
Do I write stuff
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ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช
02:11
for specific rooms?
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื?
02:13
Do I have a place, a venue,
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ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื• ื–ื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
02:15
in mind when I write?
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘?
02:17
Is that a kind of model for creativity?
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ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช?
02:19
Do we all make things with
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื
02:21
a venue, a context, in mind?
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ืžืงื•ื ืื• ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ?
02:25
Okay, Africa.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
02:27
(Music: "Wenlenga" / Various artists)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: "ื•ื•ื ืœื ื’ื”", ืื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื)
02:34
Most of the popular music that we know now
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
02:37
has a big part of its roots in West Africa.
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ืžื•ืฉืจืฉืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
02:40
And the music there,
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื,
02:42
I would say, the instruments,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ื”ื›ืœื™ื,
02:44
the intricate rhythms,
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ื”ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
02:46
the way it's played, the setting, the context,
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ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื ื’ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ,
02:49
it's all perfect. It all works perfect.
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ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ืžืžืฉ. ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
02:51
The music works perfectly in that setting.
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
02:54
There's no big room
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ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
02:56
to create reverberation and confuse the rhythms.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื“ื”ื•ื“ ื•ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืงืฆื‘ื™ื.
02:59
The instruments are loud enough
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ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื
03:01
that they can be heard without amplification, etc., etc.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื ืœืœื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื”, ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•'.
03:03
It's no accident.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืงืจื™.
03:05
It's perfect for that particular context.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
03:08
And it would be a mess
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื‘ืœื’ืŸ
03:10
in a context like this. This is a gothic cathedral.
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื›ื–ื”. ื–ื• ืงืชื“ืจืœื” ื’ื•ืชื™ืช.
03:13
(Music: "Spem In Alium" by Thomas Tallis)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: "ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ ื‘ืื—ืจ ืœื ืฉืžืชื™", ืžืืช ืชื•ืžืืก ื˜ืืœื™ืก)
03:19
In a gothic cathedral, this kind of music is perfect.
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ื‘ืงืชื“ืจืœื” ื’ื•ืชื™ืช, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
03:25
It doesn't change key, the notes are long,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
03:27
there's almost no rhythm whatsoever,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืงืฆื‘.
03:32
and the room flatters the music.
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ื•ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืžื—ืžื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
03:34
It actually improves it.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืคืจ ืื•ืชื”.
03:36
This is the room that Bach
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืืš
03:38
wrote some of his music for. This is the organ.
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ื›ืชื‘ ื—ืœืง ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขื•ื’ื‘.
03:41
It's not as big as a gothic cathedral,
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ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืงืชื“ืจืœื” ื’ื•ืชื™ืช,
03:43
so he can write things that are a little bit more intricate.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
03:46
He can, very innovatively,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™,
03:48
actually change keys
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ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
03:50
without risking huge dissonances.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™.
03:52
(Music: "Fantasia On Jesu, Mein Freunde" by Johann S. Bach)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: "ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉื•ืข, ืฉืžื—ืชื™", ืžืืช ื™ื•ื”ืŸ ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืืš)
04:00
This is a little bit later.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ.
04:02
This is the kind of rooms that Mozart wrote in.
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ืืœื• ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื›ืชื‘.
04:05
I think we're in like 1770, somewhere around there.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1770 ื‘ืขืจืš.
04:08
They're smaller, even less reverberant,
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ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช,
04:10
so he can write really frilly music
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื•ื˜ืจืช.
04:12
that's very intricate -- and it works.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ - ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
04:16
(Music: "Sonata in F," KV 13, by Wolfgang A. Mozart)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: "ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืžืก' 13 ื‘ืคื” (K.13)", ืžืืช ื•ื•ืœืคื’ื ื’ ื.ืžื•ืฆืจื˜)
04:19
It fits the room perfectly.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
04:25
This is La Scala.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ "ืœื” ืกืงืืœื”".
04:27
It's around the same time,
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ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”.
04:29
I think it was built around 1776.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1776.
04:31
People in the audience in these opera houses, when they were built,
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ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืคืจื” ืืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ื‘ื ื•,
04:34
they used to yell out to one another.
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ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืฆืขื•ืง ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
04:36
They used to eat, drink and yell out to people on the stage,
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ื”ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืœืฉืชื•ืช, ื•ืœืฆืขื•ืง ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”,
04:39
just like they do at CBGB's and places like that.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”-CBGB ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื•.
04:41
If they liked an aria,
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ืื ืืจื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžืฆืื” ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื,
04:43
they would holler and suggest
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ื”ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืฆืขื•ืง ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืข
04:45
that it be done again as an encore,
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ืฉื™ื‘ืฆืขื• ืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื”ื“ืจืŸ,
04:47
not at the end of the show, but immediately.
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ืœื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืคืข, ืืœื ืžื™ื“.
04:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:54
And well, that was an opera experience.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื”.
04:57
This is the opera house that Wagner built for himself.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ืฉื•ื’ื ืจ ื‘ื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื•.
05:01
And the size of the room is not that big.
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ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“.
05:04
It's smaller than this.
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ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
05:06
But Wagner made an innovation.
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ืื‘ืœ ื•ื’ื ืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ.
05:08
He wanted a bigger band.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืงื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:10
He wanted a little more bombast,
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ืžื‘ืกื˜ื™.
05:12
so he increased the size of the orchestra pit
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืชื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช
05:14
so he could get more low-end instruments in there.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืขื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื.
05:17
(Music: "Lohengrin / Prelude to Act III" by Richard Wagner)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: "ืœื•ื”ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ/ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช", ืžืืช ืจื™ื›ืจื“ ื•ื’ื ืจ)
05:27
Okay.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™.
05:30
This is Carnegie Hall.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”"ืงืจื ื’ื™ ื”ื•ืœ".
05:33
Obviously, this kind of thing became popular.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:35
The halls got bigger. Carnegie Hall's fair-sized.
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ื”ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•. ื”"ืงืจื ื’ื™ ื”ื•ืœ" ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื•ืœื ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื•.
05:38
It's larger than some of the other symphony halls.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžื ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:41
And they're a lot more reverberant
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ื™ื
05:43
than La Scala.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”"ืœื” ืกืงืืœื”".
05:45
Around the same,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”,
05:47
according to Alex Ross who writes for the New Yorker,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืœื›ืก ืจื•ืก, ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”"ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืงืจ",
05:50
this kind of rule came into effect
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ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื–ื”,
05:53
that audiences had to be quiet --
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ืœืคื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงื˜,
05:55
no more eating, drinking and yelling at the stage,
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ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืฆืขื•ืง ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืžื”,
05:57
or gossiping with one another
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ืื• ืœืจื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™
05:59
during the show.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื•ืคืข.
06:01
They had to be very quiet.
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ื”ืงื”ืœ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืงื˜.
06:03
So those two things combined meant that
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ื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
06:05
a different kind of music
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ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืกื•ื’ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื•ื ื”
06:07
worked best in these kind of halls.
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ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
06:10
It meant that there could be extreme dynamics,
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ืช,
06:12
which there weren't in some of these
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
06:14
other kinds of music.
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ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:16
Quiet parts could be heard
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืงื˜ื™ื
06:18
that would have been drowned out
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื
06:20
by all the gossiping and shouting.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืขืงื•ืช.
06:22
But because of the reverberation
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ื“ื”ื•ื“
06:24
in those rooms like Carnegie Hall,
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ื‘ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”"ืงืจื ื’ื™ ื”ื•ืœ"
06:26
the music had to be maybe a little less rhythmic
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืงืฆื‘ื™ืช
06:28
and a little more textural.
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ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืจืงื ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:30
(Music: "Symphony No. 8 in E Flat Major" by Gustav Mahler)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: "ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ ืคืœืื˜ ืžื™ื™ื’'ื•ืจ", ืžืืช ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืžืื”ืœืจ)
06:33
This is Mahler.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืื”ืœืจ.
06:36
It looks like Bob Dylan, but it's Mahler.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ืœืŸ, ืืš ื–ื”ื• ืžืื”ืœืจ.
06:41
That was Bob's last record, yeah.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื‘, ื›ืŸ.
06:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:47
Popular music, coming along at the same time.
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช, ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”.
06:50
This is a jazz band.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื’'ืื–.
06:52
According to Scott Joplin, the bands were playing
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืงื•ื˜ ื’'ื•ืคืœื™ืŸ, ื”ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื ื™ื’ื ื•
06:55
on riverboats and clubs.
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ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ื.
06:57
Again, it's noisy. They're playing for dancers.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืจื•ืขืฉ. ื”ื ื ื™ื’ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืงื“ื ื™ื.
06:59
There's certain sections of the song -- the songs had different sections
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ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ- ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
07:02
that the dancers really liked.
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ืฉื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืื”ื‘ื•.
07:04
And they'd say, "Play that part again."
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืืžืจื• "ื ื’ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘"
07:06
Well, there's only so many times
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื
07:08
you can play the same section of a song over and over again for the dancers.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ืœืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ื.
07:11
So the bands started to improvise new melodies.
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ืื– ื”ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืืœืชืจ ืœื—ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
07:14
And a new form of music was born.
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ื•ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ื•ืœื“ื”.
07:16
(Music: "Royal Garden Blues" by W.C. Handy / Ethel Waters)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: "ื‘ืœื•ื– ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™", ืžืืช ื•ื•. ืกื™. ื”ื ื“ื™ / ืืช'ืœ ื•ื•ื˜ืจืก)
07:26
These are played mainly in small rooms.
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ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžื ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
07:30
People are dancing, shouting and drinking.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื, ืฆื•ืขืงื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื.
07:32
So the music has to be loud enough
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
07:34
to be heard above that.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขืฉ ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข.
07:36
Same thing goes true for -- that's the beginning of the century --
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื - ื–ื• ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื”-
07:39
for the whole of 20th-century popular music,
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ื›ื•ืœื”.
07:42
whether it's rock or Latin music or whatever.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื–ื” ืจื•ืง ืื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืื• ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
07:44
[Live music] doesn't really change that much.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉืชื ื”.
07:47
It changes about a third of the way into the 20th century,
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
07:50
when this became
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
07:53
one of the primary venues for music.
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ืื—ืช ื”ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
07:56
And this was one way
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื
07:58
that the music got there.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื.
08:00
Microphones enabled singers, in particular,
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื–ืžืจื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
08:03
and musicians and composers,
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ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื,
08:05
to completely change the kind of music
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
08:07
that they were writing.
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ืฉื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื•.
08:09
So far, a lot of the stuff that was on the radio was live music,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช,
08:12
but singers, like Frank Sinatra,
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ืืš ื–ืžืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืจื ืง ืกื™ื ื˜ืจื”,
08:15
could use the mic
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ
08:17
and do things
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
08:19
that they could never do without a microphone.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•.
08:22
Other singers after him
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ื–ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•,
08:24
went even further.
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ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื• ืœื›ืช ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:26
(Music: "My Funny Valentine" by Chet Baker)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: "ืžื™ื™ ืคืื ื™ ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ", ืžืืช ืฆ'ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืงืจ)
08:33
This is Chet Baker.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆ'ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืงืจ.
08:35
And this kind of thing
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”
08:37
would have been impossible without a microphone.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ.
08:39
It would have been impossible without recorded music as well.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืœื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืงืœื˜ืช.
08:42
And he's singing right into your ear.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืจ ืžืžืฉ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
08:44
He's whispering into your ears.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื—ืฉ ืœืื•ื–ื ื™ื›ื.
08:46
The effect is just electric.
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ื”ืืคืงื˜ ืžื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืžืฉ.
08:48
It's like the guy is sitting next to you,
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื›ื,
08:50
whispering who knows what into your ear.
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ืœื•ื—ืฉ ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืœืื•ื–ื ื›ื.
08:55
So at this point, music diverged.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืชืคืฆืœื”.
08:57
There's live music,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื—ื™ื”,
08:59
and there's recorded music.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืงืœื˜ืช.
09:01
And they no longer have to be exactly the same.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
09:04
Now there's venues like this, a discotheque,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื,
09:07
and there's jukeboxes in bars,
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ื™ืฉ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืืจื™ื,
09:09
where you don't even need to have a band.
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ืฉื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงื”.
09:11
There doesn't need to be any
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจืš
09:13
live performing musicians whatsoever,
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ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื—ื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’.
09:16
and the sound systems are good.
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืกืื•ื ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
09:19
People began to make music
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
09:21
specifically for discos
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืœื”
09:24
and for those sound systems.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืกืื•ื ื“ ื”ืืœื”.
09:26
And, as with jazz,
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ื’'ืื–,
09:29
the dancers liked certain sections
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ื”ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
09:32
more than they did others.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
09:34
So the early hip-hop guys would loop certain sections.
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ื ืขืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืค-ื”ื•ืค ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ืœื•ืคื™ื.
09:37
(Music: "Rapper's Delight" by The Sugarhill Gang)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: "ืจืืคืจืก ื“ื™ืœื™ื™ื˜", ืžืืช ื“ื” ืฉื•ื’ืจื”ื™ืœ ื’ืื ื’)
09:45
The MC would improvise lyrics
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ื”ืจืืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืืœืชืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื
09:47
in the same way that the jazz players would improvise melodies.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื’ื ื™ ื’'ืื– ืื™ืœืชืจื• ืœื—ื ื™ื.
09:50
And another new form of music was born.
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ื•ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ื•ืœื“ื”.
09:54
Live performance, when it was incredibly successful,
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ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืชืื•ืžืŸ,
09:57
ended up in what is probably, acoustically,
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ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื”, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืช,
10:00
the worst sounding venues on the planet:
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืกืื•ื ื“,
10:03
sports stadiums,
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ื‘ืื™ืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
10:05
basketball arenas and hockey arenas.
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ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ ื•ื”ื•ืงื™.
10:08
Musicians who ended up there did the best they could.
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื ืขืฉื• ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื.
10:10
They wrote what is now called arena rock,
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ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื "ืจื•ืง ืื™ืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื"
10:12
which is medium-speed ballads.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืœื” ื‘ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช.
10:14
(Music: "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" by U2)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: "ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ", ืžืืช ืœื”ืงืช U2)
10:22
They did the best they could
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื,
10:24
given that this is what they're writing for.
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ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœืฉื ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
10:27
The tempos are medium. It sounds big.
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ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™. ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
10:30
It's more a social situation
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
10:32
than a musical situation.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™.
10:34
And in some ways, the music
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
10:36
that they're writing for this place
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ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”
10:38
works perfectly.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
10:41
So there's more new venues.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
10:44
One of the new ones is the automobile.
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ืื—ืช ื”ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
10:46
I grew up with a radio in a car.
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ืื ื™ ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ืขื ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•.
10:48
But now that's evolved into something else.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“.
10:50
The car is a whole venue.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืืชืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•.
10:52
(Music: "Who U Wit" by Lil' Jon & the East Side Boyz)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: "Who U Wit", ืžืืช ืœื™ืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ืกื˜ ืกื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื™ื–)
10:57
The music that, I would say, is written
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ
11:00
for automobile sound systems
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืกืื•ื ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘,
11:02
works perfectly on it.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื.
11:04
It might not be what you want to listen to at home,
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
11:07
but it works great in the car --
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•-
11:09
has a huge frequency spectrum,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื ืขื“ ืชื“ืจื™ื ืขืฆื•ื,
11:12
you know, big bass and high-end
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืก ื•ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
11:14
and the voice kind of stuck in the middle.
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ื•ื”ืงื•ืœ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืข.
11:17
Automobile music, you can share with your friends.
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:21
There's one other kind of new venue,
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื–ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”,
11:23
the private MP3 player.
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ื ื’ืŸ ื” MP3 ื”ืคืจื˜ื™.
11:26
Presumably, this is just for Christian music.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืจืง ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช.
11:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:34
And in some ways it's like Carnegie Hall,
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘"ืงืจื ื’ื™ ื”ื•ืœ",
11:37
or when the audience had to hush up,
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ืื• ื›ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืชื•ืง,
11:39
because you can now hear every single detail.
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ื›ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื•ืคืจื˜.
11:42
In other ways, it's more like the West African music
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
11:44
because if the music in an MP3 player gets too quiet,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื ื’ืŸ ื” MP3 ืฉืงื˜ื” ืžื“ื™,
11:47
you turn it up, and the next minute,
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ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืœื™ื•ื, ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”,
11:49
your ears are blasted out by a louder passage.
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ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืงื˜ืข ืจื•ืขืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
11:52
So that doesn't really work.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
11:54
I think pop music, mainly,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ,
11:56
it's written today,
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ื ื›ืชื‘ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
11:58
to some extent, is written for these kind of players,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื ื›ืชื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
12:01
for this kind of personal experience
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
12:03
where you can hear extreme detail,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
12:05
but the dynamic doesn't change that much.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
12:08
So I asked myself:
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ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™,
12:11
Okay, is this
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ืื ื–ื”ื•
12:13
a model for creation,
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ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”,
12:15
this adaptation that we do?
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ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื?
12:18
And does it happen anywhere else?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื?
12:20
Well, according to David Attenborough and some other people,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื,
12:23
birds do it too --
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ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ืš.
12:25
that the birds in the canopy,
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื,
12:28
where the foliage is dense,
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ืฉื ื”ืขืœื•ื•ื” ืฆืคื•ืคื”,
12:30
their calls tend to be
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ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ื
12:32
high-pitched, short and repetitive.
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ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื.
12:36
And the birds on the floor
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข
12:38
tend to have lower pitched calls,
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ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:40
so that they don't get distorted
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขื•ื•ืชื•
12:42
when they bounce off the forest floor.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื ืชืจื• ืžืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ื”ื™ืขืจ.
12:45
And birds like this Savannah sparrow,
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ื•ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื”,
12:49
they tend to have a buzzing
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืงืจื™ืื”
12:51
(Sound clip: Savannah sparrow song)
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(ืงืœื™ืค ืฆืœื™ืœ: ืฉื™ืจืช ื“ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื”)
12:53
type call.
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ืžื–ืžื–ืžืช ื›ื–ืืช.
12:55
And it turns out that
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ
12:58
a sound like this
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ืฉืฆืœื™ืœ ื›ื–ื”
13:00
is the most energy efficient and practical way
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:03
to transmit their call
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ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื”ื,
13:06
across the fields and savannahs.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื”.
13:10
Other birds, like this tanager,
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ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื ื’ืจ,
13:13
have adapted within the same species.
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ื”ืกืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ.
13:16
The tananger on the East Coast of the United States,
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ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื ื’ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
13:18
where the forests are a little denser,
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ืฉื ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:20
has one kind of call,
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ื™ืฉ ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“,
13:22
and the tananger on the other side, on the west
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื˜ื ื’ืจื™ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™,
13:25
(Sound clip: Scarlet tanager song)
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(ืงืœื™ืค ืฆืœื™ืœ: ืฉื™ืจืช ื˜ื ื’ืจื™ ืื“ื•ืžืช ื—ื–ื”)
13:27
has a different kind of call.
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ื™ืฉ ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ.
13:30
(Sound clip: Scarlet tanager song)
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(ืงืœื™ืค ืฆืœื™ืœ: ืฉื™ืจืช ื˜ื ื’ืจื™ ืื“ื•ืžืช ื—ื–ื”)
13:35
So birds do it too.
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ืื– ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื.
13:38
And I thought:
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™:
13:40
Well, if this is a model for creation,
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ืื ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
13:43
if we make music,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”,
13:45
primarily the form at least,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”,
13:48
to fit these contexts,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉืจ,
13:50
and if we make art to fit gallery walls or museum walls,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืชืชืื™ื ืœื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืื• ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ,
13:53
and if we write software to fit existing operating systems,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืชืชืื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœื”,
13:58
is that how it works?
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ื”ืื ื›ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
14:01
Yeah. I think it's evolutionary.
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ื›ืŸ. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™.
14:03
It's adaptive.
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ื–ื” ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืชื™.
14:05
But the pleasure and the passion and the joy
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื•ื”ื”ื ืื”
14:07
is still there.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื.
14:10
This is a reverse view of things
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ื–ื• ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
14:12
from the kind of traditional Romantic view.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช.
14:14
The Romantic view is that
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ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืกืช
14:16
first comes the passion
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ืฉืงื•ื“ื ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ืงื”,
14:18
and then the outpouring of emotion,
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืฆืคืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
14:20
and then somehow it gets shaped into something.
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ื•ืื–, ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื•.
14:23
And I'm saying,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ,
14:25
well, the passion's still there,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื,
14:27
but the vessel
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™
14:29
that it's going to be injected into and poured into,
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ืืœื™ื• ื ื–ืจืงืช ื•ื ืฉืคื›ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื”,
14:32
that is instinctively and intuitively
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™
14:34
created first.
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ื ื•ืฆืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
14:36
We already know where that passion is going.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช.
14:43
But this conflict of views is kind of interesting.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
14:46
The writer,
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ื”ืกื•ืคืจ,
14:48
Thomas Frank,
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ืชื•ืžืก ืคืจื ืง,
14:50
says that
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื”
14:52
this might be a kind of explanation
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข
14:54
why some voters vote
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื
14:56
against their best interests,
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ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืฆืžื,
14:58
that voters, like a lot of us,
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ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
15:01
assume, that if they hear something that sounds like it's sincere,
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ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืฉืžืข ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืจ,
15:04
that it's coming from the gut, that it's passionate,
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื, ื ืœื”ื‘,
15:06
that it's more authentic.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ.
15:08
And they'll vote for that.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.
15:10
So that, if somebody can fake sincerity,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื–ื™ื™ืฃ ื›ื ื•ืช,
15:12
if they can fake passion,
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื™ื™ืฃ ืชืฉื•ืงื”,
15:15
they stand a better chance
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:17
of being selected in that way,
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ืœื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช,
15:21
which seems a little dangerous.
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ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
15:25
I'm saying the two, the passion, the joy,
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื”, ื”ื”ื ืื”,
15:28
are not mutually exclusive.
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ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
15:30
Maybe what the world needs now is for us to realize
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื‘ื™ืŸ
15:33
that we are like the birds.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
15:35
We adapt.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื’ืœื™ื.
15:37
We sing.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืจื™ื.
15:39
And like the birds, the joy is still there,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื”ื ืื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื,
15:41
even though we have changed what we do
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
15:44
to fit the context.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชืื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉืจ.
15:46
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
15:48
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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