Saul Griffith: High-altitude wind energy from kites!

46,988 views ใƒป 2009-03-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yifat Adler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Arnon Cahen
00:22
If you're at all like me,
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ืื ืืชื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื™,
00:23
this is what you do with the sunny summer weekends in San Francisco:
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ื‘ืกื•ืค"ืฉ ืงื™ื™ืฆื™ ืžืœื ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•
00:26
you build experimental kite-powered hydrofoils
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ืชืฉื•ื˜ื• ื‘ืจื—ืคืช ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื ืขืช ืข"ื™ ืขืคื™ืคื•ืŸ
00:29
capable of more than 30 knots.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืž-55 ืงืž"ืฉ.
00:31
And you realize that there is incredible power in the wind,
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ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืœืจื•ื— ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืขืฆื•ื
00:34
and it can do amazing things.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
00:36
And one day, a vessel not unlike this
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื”
00:38
will probably break the world speed record.
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ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:40
But kites aren't just toys like this.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื.
00:43
Kites: I'm going to give you a brief history,
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ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ื - ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงืฆืจื”
00:45
and tell you about the magnificent future
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ื•ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ
00:47
of every child's favorite plaything.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“.
00:50
So, kites are more than a thousand years old,
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ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”.
00:52
and the Chinese used them for military applications,
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ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช
00:55
and even for lifting men.
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ื•ืœื”ืจืžืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
00:56
So they knew at that stage they could carry large weights.
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ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ื‘ื“.
00:59
I'm not sure why there is a hole in this particular man.
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ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ืจ.
01:01
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:03
In 1827, a fellow called George Pocock
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1827, ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืคื•ืงื•ืง
01:06
actually pioneered the use of kites for towing buggies
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ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื›ืจื›ืจื•ืช
01:09
in races against horse carriages across the English countryside.
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ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื›ืจื›ืจื•ืช ืกื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
01:14
Then of course, at the dawn of aviation,
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”,
01:16
all of the great inventors of the time --
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
01:18
like Hargreaves, like Langley,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืืจื’ืจื™ื‘ืก ื•ืœืื ื’ืœื™,
01:20
even Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, who was flying this kite --
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื’ืจื”ื ื‘ืœ, ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืขื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขืคื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
01:23
were doing so in the pursuit of aviation.
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ื”ืขื™ืคื• ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืื™ืคื” ืืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”.
01:26
Then these two fellows came along,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื”
01:28
and they were flying kites to develop the control systems
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ื•ื”ืขื™ืคื• ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
01:31
that would ultimately enable powered human flight.
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ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืชืขื•ืคื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืžื•ื ืขืช.
01:34
So this is of course Orville and Wilbur Wright,
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ืืœื” ื”ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœื‘ื•ืจ ืจื™ื™ื˜
01:37
and the Wright Flyer.
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืฉืœื”ื.
01:39
And their experiments with kites led to this
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื•
01:41
momentous occasion, where we powered up and took off for the
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ืœืžืื•ืจืข ืจื‘ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื” - ื‘ื• ื”ืชื ืขื ื• ื•ื”ืžืจืื ื•
01:44
first-ever 12-second human flight.
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ืœื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” 12 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
01:48
And that was fantastic for the future of commercial aviation.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืœื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช
01:52
But unfortunately, it relegated kites once again to be considered children's toys.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
01:56
That was until the 1970s, where we had the last energy crisis.
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื‘ื”ื ื—ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
02:00
And a fabulous man called Miles Loyd
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ืื“ื ื ืคืœื ื‘ืฉื ืžื™ื™ืœืก ืœื•ื™ื“,
02:02
who lives on the outskirts of San Francisco,
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ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืคืจื‘ืจื™ ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•,
02:04
wrote this seminal paper that was completely ignored
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ืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™, ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘,
02:07
in the Journal of Energy
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ื‘ื’'ื•ืจื ืœ ืื•ืฃ ืื ืจื’'ื™
02:08
about how to use basically an airplane on a piece of string
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ืฉื ื•ืฉืื•: ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืœ
02:12
to generate enormous amounts of electricity.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
02:15
The real key observation he made is that
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ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื”
02:17
a free-flying wing can sweep through more sky and generate more power
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ืฉื›ื ืฃ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
02:21
in a unit of time than a fixed-wing turbine.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื” ืขื ื›ื ืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.
02:25
So turbines grew. And they can now span up to three hundred feet at the hub height,
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ื”ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื”ื• ื•ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” 90 ืžื˜ืจ.
02:29
but they can't really go a lot higher,
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ืืš ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:31
and more height is where the more wind is, and more power --
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ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื•ื— ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— -
02:34
as much as twice as much.
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ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:36
So cut to now. We still have an energy crisis,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื
02:39
and now we have a climate crisis as well. You know,
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ื•ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืืงืœื™ื.
02:42
so humans generate about 12 trillion watts,
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ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื›-12 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื˜,
02:45
or 12 terawatts, from fossil fuels.
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ืื• 12 ื˜ืจื”-ื•ืื˜ ืžื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
02:47
And Al Gore has spoken to why we need to hit one of these targets,
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ืืœ ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
02:51
and in reality what that means is in the next 30 to 40 years,
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืชื•ืš 30-40 ืฉื ื™ื,
02:55
we have to make 10 trillion watts or more of new clean energy somehow.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ, ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ืœืคื—ื•ืช 10 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื˜ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ืงื™ื”.
03:01
Wind is the second-largest renewable resource after solar:
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ืจื•ื— ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
03:05
3600 terawatts, more than enough to supply humanity 200 times over.
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ืขื ื”ืกืคืง ืฉืœ 3,600 ื˜ืจื”-ื•ืื˜ - ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœืกืคืง ืคื™ 200 ืžืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
03:09
The majority of it is in the higher altitudes, above 300 feet,
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ืจื•ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-90 ืžื˜ืจ,
03:13
where we don't have a technology as yet to get there.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
03:17
So this is the dawn of the new age of kites.
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ื–ื”ื•, ืื ื›ืš, ืฉื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ื.
03:19
This is our test site on Maui, flying across the sky.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืื•ื•ื™, ื˜ืก ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื.
03:23
I'm now going to show you
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ืืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื
03:25
the first autonomous generation of power
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ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
03:28
by every child's favorite plaything.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“.
03:31
As you can tell, you need to be a robot to fly this thing for thousands of hours.
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ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืจื•ืื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื˜ื•ืก ื›ืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืช.
03:35
It makes you a little nauseous.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืœื”...
03:37
And here we're actually generating about 10 kilowatts --
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›-10 ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜,
03:39
so, enough to power probably five United States households --
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ื”ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›-5 ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
03:42
with a kite not much larger than this piano.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืคื™ืคื•ืŸ ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ื–ื”.
03:45
And the real significant thing here
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื
03:47
is we're developing the control systems,
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ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
03:49
as did the Wright brothers, that would enable sustained, long-duration flight.
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ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ื˜ื™ืกื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื• ื”ืื—ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื˜.
03:54
And it doesn't hurt to do it in a location like this either.
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ื“ื™ ื ื—ืžื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื›ื–ื”...
03:59
So this is the equivalent for a kite flier of peeing in the snow --
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ื–ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืงื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื’.
04:02
that's tracing your name in the sky.
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ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื ืฉืœืš ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
04:04
And this is where we're actually going.
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขืชื™ื“ -
04:06
So we're beyond the 12-second steps.
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ 12 ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
04:08
And we're working towards megawatt-scale machines
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ืื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื”-ื•ืื˜ื™ื
04:10
that fly at 2000 feet and generate tons of clean electricity.
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ืฉื˜ืกื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 600 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื ืงื™.
04:14
So you ask, how big are those machines?
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ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื, ืžื”ื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”?
04:16
Well, this paper plane would be maybe a -- oop!
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ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ...
04:19
That would be enough to power your cell phone.
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืืจื™.
04:22
Your Cessna would be 230 killowatts.
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ื”ืกืกื ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืคื™ืง ื›-230 ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜.
04:25
If you'd loan me your Gulfstream, I'll rip its wings off and generate you a megawatt.
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ืื ืชืฉืื™ืœื• ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื’ืืœืคืกื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ืื ื™ ืืชืœื•ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืžื’ื”-ื•ืื˜.
04:29
If you give me a 747, I'll make six megawatts,
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ืื ืชืชื ื• ืœื™ ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’ 747 - ืื™ื™ืฆืจ 6 ืžื’ื”-ื•ืื˜,
04:32
which is more than the largest wind turbines today.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
04:35
And the Spruce Goose would be a 15-megawatt wing.
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"ืื•ื•ื– ื”ืืฉื•ื—ื™ืช" ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ืฃ ืฉืœ 15 ืžื’ื”-ื•ืื˜.
04:38
So that is audacious, you say. I agree.
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ืื ืชื’ื™ื“ื• ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืขื– - ืืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื›ื.
04:41
But audacious is what has happened many times before in history.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืขื–ื•ืช.
04:44
This is a refrigerator factory,
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืœืžืงืจืจื™ื,
04:46
churning out airplanes for World War II.
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
04:49
Prior to World War II, they were making 1000 planes a year.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืืœืฃ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
04:52
By 1945, they were making 100,000.
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ื‘-1945 ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืื” ืืœืฃ.
04:55
With this factory and 100,000 planes a year,
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ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ื”ื–ื” ื•ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœืฉื ื”,
04:57
we could make all of America's electricity in about 10 years.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื›ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืชื•ืš ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
05:01
So really this is a story about the audacious plans of young people
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืขื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
05:04
with these dreams. There are many of us.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช. ื™ืฉื ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
05:06
I am lucky enough to work with 30 of them.
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ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื 30 ืžื”ื.
05:08
And I think we need to support all of the dreams
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื
05:10
of the kids out there doing these crazy things.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
05:13
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
05:14
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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