Dangerous memes | Dan Dennett

506,148 views ใƒป 2007-07-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Arnon Cahen
00:25
How many Creationists do we have in the room?
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ื›ืžื” ื‘ึผืจื™ืึทืชึธื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื?
00:28
Probably none. I think we're all Darwinians.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืืฃ ืœื ืื—ื“. ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื.
00:31
And yet many Darwinians are anxious, a little uneasy --
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื“ืื’ื” ื•ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
00:38
would like to see some limits on just how far the Darwinism goes.
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ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœื“ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื–ื.
00:43
It's all right.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
00:45
You know spiderwebs? Sure, they are products of evolution.
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ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืงื•ืจื™-ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ? ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
00:49
The World Wide Web? Not so sure.
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ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜? ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
00:53
Beaver dams, yes. Hoover Dam, no.
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ืกื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื - ื›ืŸ. ืกื›ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ืจ - ืœื.
00:55
What do they think it is that prevents the products of human ingenuity
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ืžื” ืœื“ืขืชื ืžื•ื ืข ืžื›ืš ืฉืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
01:01
from being themselves, fruits of the tree of life,
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ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:04
and hence, in some sense, obeying evolutionary rules?
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”?
01:10
And yet people are interestingly resistant
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ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื
ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ื•.
01:14
to the idea of applying evolutionary thinking to thinking -- to our thinking.
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01:21
And so I'm going to talk a little bit about that,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื–ื”,
01:25
keeping in mind that we have a lot on the program here.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช.
01:29
So you're out in the woods, or you're out in the pasture,
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืื• ื‘ืื—ื•,
ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืžืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžื˜ืคืกืช ืขืœ ืขืœื” ืขืฉื‘.
01:33
and you see this ant crawling up this blade of grass.
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01:36
It climbs up to the top, and it falls,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืคืกืช ืขื“ ืœืงืฆื”, ื•ื ื•ืคืœืช,
01:39
and it climbs, and it falls, and it climbs --
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืคืกืช ื•ื ื•ืคืœืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืคืกืช -
01:42
trying to stay at the very top of the blade of grass.
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ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ืขืœื” ื”ืขืฉื‘.
01:46
What is this ant doing? What is this in aid of?
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ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื ืžืœื”? ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘?
01:51
What goals is this ant trying to achieve by climbing this blade of grass?
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ืžื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื ืกื” ื”ื ืžืœื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืขืœื” ืขืฉื‘?
01:58
What's in it for the ant?
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ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื–ื” ืœื ืžืœื”?
02:00
And the answer is: nothing. There's nothing in it for the ant.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื: ื›ืœื•ื. ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื” ืžื–ื” ื›ืœื•ื.
02:06
Well then, why is it doing this?
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช?
02:09
Is it just a fluke?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืงืจืื™?
02:11
Yeah, it's just a fluke. It's a lancet fluke.
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ื›ืŸ. ื”ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœืขืช ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ืช. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ืœืขืช ืžื•ื— ืงื˜ื ื”.
02:18
It's a little brain worm.
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ื–ื• ืชื•ืœืขืช ืžื•ื— ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื™ื‘ืช ื›ื‘ืฉ ืื• ืคืจื”
02:20
It's a parasitic brain worm that has to get into the stomach of a sheep or a cow
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื”.
02:25
in order to continue its life cycle.
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02:28
Salmon swim upstream to get to their spawning grounds,
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ื“ื’ื™ ื”ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืจื ืืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืจืฆื” ืฉืœื”ื,
02:33
and lancet flukes commandeer a passing ant,
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ื•ืชื•ืœืขืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื ืžืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช-ืื•ืจื—,
ื–ื•ื—ืœืช ืœืชื•ืš ืžื•ื—ื” ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื” ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ืขืœื”-ืขืฉื‘ ื›ืžื• ืจื›ื‘-ืฉื˜ื—.
02:37
crawl into its brain, and drive it up a blade of grass like an all-terrain vehicle.
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02:42
So there's nothing in it for the ant.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืžืœื” ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื–ื” ื›ืœื•ื.
02:46
The ant's brain has been hijacked by a parasite that infects the brain,
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ืžื•ื— ื”ื ืžืœื” ื ื—ื˜ืฃ
ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืœ ืฉืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžื•ื—
02:54
inducing suicidal behavior.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ืช.
02:58
Pretty scary.
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ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืœืžื“ื™.
03:00
Well, does anything like that happen with human beings?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื?
03:05
This is all on behalf of a cause other than one's own genetic fitness, of course.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
03:10
Well, it may already have occurred to you
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื›ื
ืฉ"ืื™ืกืœื" ืžืฉืžืขื•
03:15
that Islam means "surrender," or "submission of self-interest to the will of Allah."
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"ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืžืขืŸ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืืœืœื”".
ื›ืš ืฉืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืชื•ืœืขื™ื, ื”ื ืฉื—ื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
03:25
Well, it's ideas -- not worms -- that hijack our brains.
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03:31
Now, am I saying that a sizable minority of the world's population
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ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
03:36
has had their brain hijacked by parasitic ideas?
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ืฉืžื•ื—ื ื ื—ื˜ืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื?
03:43
No, it's worse than that.
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ืœื. ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš.
03:45
Most people have.
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ืื“ืจื‘ื, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
03:49
(Laughter)
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"ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืื• ืœืžื•ืช. ื ื™ื• ื”ืžืคืฉื™ื™ืจ" [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืช ืœืžืขื ื.
03:53
There are a lot of ideas to die for.
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03:55
Freedom, if you're from New Hampshire.
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ื—ื•ืคืฉ, ืื ืืชื ืžื ื™ื•-ื”ืžืคืฉื™ื™ืจ.
03:58
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง ื•ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
04:02
Justice. Truth. Communism.
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ืฆื“ืง. ืืžืช. ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื.
04:06
Many people have laid down their lives for communism,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกืจื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื,
04:09
and many have laid down their lives for capitalism.
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกืจื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื.
04:12
And many for Catholicism. And many for Islam.
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ืจื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช. ื•ืจื‘ื™ื - ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืื™ืกืœื.
04:16
These are just a few of the ideas that are to die for.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืจืง ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ืœืžืขื ื.
04:21
They're infectious.
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ื”ื ืžื™ื“ื‘ืงื™ื.
ืืชืžื•ืœ ืืžื•ืจื™ ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืก ื”ืจืฆื” ืขืœ "ื“ื‘ึผืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื—."
04:24
Yesterday, Amory Lovins spoke about "infectious repititis."
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04:28
It was a term of abuse, in effect.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืžืชืืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ-ืœืจืขื”,
04:31
This is unthinking engineering.
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ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืื™-ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
04:33
Well, most of the cultural spread that goes on
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ืื– ืขื™ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆืช-ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
04:37
is not brilliant, new, out-of-the-box thinking.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื”, ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืžื—ื•ืฅ-ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ืข,
04:41
It's "infectious repetitis,"
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ืืœื ื“ื‘ืงืช ืงืจื•ื ื”ืžื•ื—.
04:43
and we might as well try to have a theory of what's going on when that happens
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ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช.
04:48
so that we can understand the conditions of infection.
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ื”ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืžืชืืžืฆื™ื ืžืื“ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
04:54
Hosts work hard to spread these ideas to others.
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05:01
I myself am a philosopher, and one of our occupational hazards
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ืื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืœื ื•
05:07
is that people ask us what the meaning of life is.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืœ ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:11
And you have to have a bumper sticker,
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ื•ืื– ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื‘ืงืช-ืคื’ื•ืฉ
05:14
you know. You have to have a statement.
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ืื• ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืฆื”ืจื”.
05:17
So, this is mine.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืฉืœื™.
05:19
The secret of happiness is: Find something more important than you are
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ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ: ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืš
05:23
and dedicate your life to it.
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ื•ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืš.
05:25
Most of us -- now that the "Me Decade" is well in the past --
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ื•, ื›ืขืช ื›ืฉืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”"ืื ื™" ืขื‘ืจ ืžื–ืžืŸ -
05:29
now we actually do this.
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ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืš.
05:31
One set of ideas or another
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ืžืขืจืš-ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ
05:34
have simply replaced our biological imperatives in our own lives.
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ืชืคืก ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ื•;
05:38
This is what our summum bonum is.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื ื›ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
05:41
It's not maximizing the number of grandchildren we have.
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05:44
Now, this is a profound biological effect.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืืคืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืขืžื™ืง.
05:48
It's the subordination of genetic interest to other interests.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื›ืคืคืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:51
And no other species does anything at all like it.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœื›ืš.
05:55
Well, how are we going to think about this?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืš?
05:57
It is, on the one hand, a biological effect, and a very large one.
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื–ื”ื• ืื›ืŸ ืืคืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื•ืืคืงื˜ ื ืจื—ื‘.
06:01
Unmistakable.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš.
06:03
Now, what theories do we want to use to look at this?
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ืื– ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื–ืืช?
06:06
Well, many theories. But how could something tie them together?
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ?
06:09
The idea of replicating ideas;
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื›ืคืœื™ื;
06:12
ideas that replicate by passing from brain to brain.
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ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืคืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืข"ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื•ื— ืœืžื•ื—.
06:17
Richard Dawkins, whom you'll be hearing later in the day, invented the term "memes,"
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ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืก, ืื•ืชื• ืชืฉืžืขื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืžึถืžื™ื,"
06:22
and put forward the first really clear and vivid version of this idea
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื”ื’ึถืŸ ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™",
06:27
in his book "The Selfish Gene."
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06:29
Now here am I talking about his idea.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
06:32
Well, you see, it's not his. Yes -- he started it.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืœื• - ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื•.
06:38
But it's everybody's idea now.
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ืืš ื›ืขืช ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื.
06:41
And he's not responsible for what I say about memes.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืžืžื™ื.
06:45
I'm responsible for what I say about memes.
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ืื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืžืžื™ื.
06:50
Actually, I think we're all responsible
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื
06:53
for not just the intended effects of our ideas,
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ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ึผื•ึธื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•,
06:59
but for their likely misuses.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืฆืœื ืœืจืขื”.
07:03
So it is important, I think, to Richard, and to me,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“, ื•ื’ื ืœื™,
07:07
that these ideas not be abused and misused.
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ืฉืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืœื ื™ึฐื‘ื•ื–ื• ื•ื™ื ื•ืฆืœื• ืœืจืขื”.
07:11
They're very easy to misuse. That's why they're dangerous.
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ืงืœ ืžืื“ ืœื ืฆืœื ืœืจืขื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
07:14
And it's just about a full-time job
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ื•ื–ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”,
07:17
trying to prevent people who are scared of these ideas
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”
07:20
from caricaturing them and then running off to one dire purpose or another.
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ืœืกืœืฃ ืื•ืชื,
ื•ืื– ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื ื•ืจืื” ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช.
ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™-ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช
07:28
So we have to keep plugging away,
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07:31
trying to correct the misapprehensions
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07:33
so that only the benign and useful variants of our ideas continue to spread.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืจืง ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•
ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
07:41
But it is a problem.
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07:45
We don't have much time, and I'm going to go over just a little bit of this and cut out,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื›ืš ืฉืืžืฉื™ืš ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ื•ืื– ืืกื™ื™ื.
07:50
because there's a lot of other things that are going to be said.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ื™ื™ืืžืจื•.
07:53
So let me just point out: memes are like viruses.
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ื”ื‘ื” ืจืง ืืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžึถืžื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื.
07:58
That's what Richard said, back in '93.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืืžืจ ืขื•ื“ ื‘-93.
08:00
And you might think, "Well, how can that be?
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉืืœื•: "ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช?
08:02
I mean, a virus is -- you know, it's stuff! What's a meme made of?"
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"ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืจื™ ืžื—ื•ืžืจ, ืื– ืžืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื?"
08:09
Yesterday, Negroponte was talking about viral telecommunications
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ื ื’ืจื•ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืืชืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ื˜ืœืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช
08:14
but -- what's a virus?
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ืื‘ืœ - ืžื”ื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืก?
08:15
A virus is a string of nucleic acid with attitude.
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื—ื•ืฆืคื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช-ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ.
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
08:19
(Laughter)
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08:20
That is, there is something about it
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืฉื”ื•
08:22
that tends to make it replicate better than the competition does.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืชื—ืจื™ื•.
08:26
And that's what a meme is. It's an information packet with attitude.
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ื•ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื: ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช-ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื•ืฆืคื ื™ืช.
08:30
What's a meme made of? What are bits made of, Mom?
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ืžืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืžื?
ืžืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืืžื?
08:36
Not silicon.
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ืœื ืžืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ.
ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื™ื“ืข
08:38
They're made of information, and can be carried in any physical medium.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืข"ื™ ื›ืœ ืชื•ื•ืš ืคื™ื–ื™.
08:42
What's a word made of?
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ืžืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื”?
08:44
Sometimes when people say, "Do memes exist?"
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ืœืขืชื™ื, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื, "ื”ืื ื”ืžืžื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื?"
ืื ื™ ืขื•ื ื”, "ื”ืื ื”ืžืœื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช? ื”ืื ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืขื•ืœืžื›ื?"
08:49
I say, "Well, do words exist? Are they in your ontology?"
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžืœื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื•ืชื.
08:53
If they are, words are memes that can be pronounced.
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08:58
Then there's all the other memes that can't be pronounced.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืžืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื•ืชื.
ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžึถืžื™ื.
09:01
There are different species of memes.
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09:09
Remember the Shakers? Gift to be simple?
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืงืจื™ื? "ืžืชื ืช ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช?"
09:13
Simple, beautiful furniture?
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ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื™ืคื”?
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื›ื—ื“ื•.
09:16
And, of course, they're basically extinct now.
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09:19
And one of the reasons is that among the creed of Shaker-dom
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืงืจื™ื–ื
ื”ื•ื ืฉืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ืง ื•ืœื”ืชื ื–ืจ ืžืžื™ืŸ.
09:25
is that one should be celibate.
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09:27
Not just the priests. Everybody.
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ืœื ืจืง ื”ื›ืžืจื™ื. ื›ื•ืœื.
09:29
Well, it's not so surprising that they've gone extinct. (Laughter)
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ืื– ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉื”ื...
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
...ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื•.
09:37
But in fact that's not why they went extinct.
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ืืš ื‘ืขืฆื, ืœื ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื•.
09:42
They survived as long as they did
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ื”ื ืฉืจื“ื• ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืฉืจื“ื•
09:45
at a time when the social safety nets weren't there.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืชื•ืช-ื”ืฆืœื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
09:47
And there were lots of widows and orphans,
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœืžื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื,
09:50
people like that, who needed a foster home.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
09:53
And so they had a ready supply of converts.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืืกืคืงื” ืจืฆื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžืจื™ื.
ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.
09:56
And they could keep it going.
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ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืœื ืฆื—.
09:58
And, in principle, it could've gone on forever,
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10:00
with perfect celibacy on the part of the hosts.
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื–ืจื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืืจื—ื™ื.
10:03
The idea being passed on through proselytizing,
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ื›ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ืคื”,
10:08
instead of through the gene line.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ-ืืฃ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
10:13
So the ideas can live on in spite of the fact
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืื” ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื’ื ื˜ื™.
10:17
that they're not being passed on genetically.
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ืžื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื’ืŸ.
10:20
A meme can flourish in spite of having a negative impact on genetic fitness.
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10:24
After all, the meme for Shaker-dom was essentially a sterilizing parasite.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืžื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืงืจื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื˜ืคื™ืœ ืžืขืงืจ.
10:33
There are other parasites that do this -- which render the host sterile.
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ื™ืฉ ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช, ืฉืžืขืงืจื™ื ืืช ืžืืจื—ื.
10:40
It's part of their plan.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
10:42
They don't have to have minds to have a plan.
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ื”ื ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืฉื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
10:47
I'm just going to draw your attention to just one
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ืืคื ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื›ื ืจืง ืœืื—ืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช
10:52
of the many implications of the memetic perspective, which I recommend.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืžืžื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœื™ื”.
11:01
I've not time to go into more of it.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš.
11:03
In Jared Diamond's wonderful book, "Guns, Germs and Steel,"
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ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ื ืคืœื ืฉืœ ื’'ืืจื“ ื“ื™ืืžื•ื ื“, "ืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืคืœื“ื”,"
11:07
he talks about how it was germs, more than guns and steel,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืœื“ื”,
11:13
that conquered the new hemisphere -- the Western hemisphere --
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ื”ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื—ืฆื™-ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื—ืฆื™-ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ -
11:18
that conquered the rest of the world.
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ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
11:20
When European explorers and travelers spread out,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื’ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
11:27
they brought with them the germs
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขื™ืžื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
11:29
that they had become essentially immune to,
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ืฉื ื’ื“ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื.
11:32
that they had learned how to tolerate over
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ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืžื
11:35
hundreds and hundreds of years, thousands of years,
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ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื, ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
11:38
of living with domesticated animals who were the sources of those pathogens.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื—ื™ื•ืช-ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™-ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืืœื”.
11:43
And they just wiped out -- these pathogens just wiped out the native people,
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ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื™ืกืœื• -- ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื,
ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ื.
11:48
who had no immunity to them at all.
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11:51
And we're doing it again.
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ื•ืื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
11:55
We're doing it this time with toxic ideas.
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ื”ืคืขื ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื™ื.
12:00
Yesterday, a number of people -- Nicholas Negroponte and others --
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ืืชืžื•ืœ, ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื - ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ื ื’ืจื•ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื -
12:04
spoke about all the wonderful things
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื
12:06
that are happening when our ideas get spread out,
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืžื•ืคืฆื™ื
12:09
thanks to all the new technology all over the world.
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
12:11
And I agree. It is largely wonderful. Largely wonderful.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื–ื”. ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื–ื” ื ืคืœื. ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื–ื” ื ืคืœื.
12:17
But among all those ideas that inevitably flow out into the whole world
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ืืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
12:25
thanks to our technology, are a lot of toxic ideas.
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืขื™ืœื™ื.
12:30
Now, this has been realized for some time.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ-ืžื”.
ืกื™ื™ื“ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื”ืงื ืื™.
12:33
Sayyid Qutb is one of the founding fathers of fanatical Islam,
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12:39
one of the ideologues that inspired Osama bin Laden.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืื•ืกืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื“ืŸ.
12:44
"One has only to glance at its press films, fashion shows, beauty contests,
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"ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื”,
"ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™, ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืคื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื•" - ืžืžื™ื.
12:49
ballrooms, wine bars and broadcasting stations." Memes.
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12:55
These memes are spreading around the world
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ืžืžื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
12:59
and they are wiping out whole cultures.
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ื•ืžื•ื—ืงื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
13:04
They are wiping out languages.
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ื”ื ืžื•ื—ืงื™ื ืฉืคื•ืช.
13:06
They are wiping out traditions and practices.
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ื”ื ืžื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื.
13:11
And it's not our fault, anymore than it's our fault when our germs lay waste
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ื•ื–ื• ืœื ืืฉืžืชื ื•,
ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ืฉื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื• ื–ื•ืจืขื™ื ื”ืจืก ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืžื™ื
13:19
to people that haven't developed the immunity.
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ืฉืœื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ื.
13:22
We have an immunity to all of the junk that lies around the edges of our culture.
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ืื ื• ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ืฉืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื ื•.
13:28
We're a free society, so we let pornography and all these things -- we shrug them off.
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ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช, ืื ื• ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”,
ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ื•ืช ืงืœื”.
13:34
They're like a mild cold.
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13:36
They're not a big deal for us.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื•, ื”ื ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
13:38
But we should recognize that for many people in the world,
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ืืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
13:42
they are a big deal.
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ื”ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
13:46
And we should be very alert to this.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื ืžืื“ ืœื›ืš,
ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
13:49
As we spread our education and our technology,
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13:52
one of the things that we are doing is we're the vectors of memes
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืžื™ื,
14:00
that are correctly viewed by the hosts of many other memes
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ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ืง, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืžืืจื—ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
14:06
as a dire threat to their favorite memes --
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ื›ืื™ื•ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื -
14:09
the memes that they are prepared to die for.
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ื”ืžืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ืœืžืขื ื.
14:12
Well now, how are we going to tell the good memes from the bad memes?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื?
14:16
That is not the job of the science of memetics.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื“ืข ื”ืžืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
ื”ืžืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจืช-ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช,
14:21
Memetics is morally neutral. And so it should be.
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ื•ื›ืš ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื ืื” ื•ื–ืขื.
14:27
This is not the place for hate and anger.
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14:31
If you've had a friend who's died of AIDS, then you hate HIV.
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืช ืžืื™ื™ื“ืก, ืชืฉื ืื• ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
14:36
But the way to deal with that is to do science,
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ืืš ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืข,
14:40
and understand how it spreads and why in a morally neutral perspective.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืฅ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข,
ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ื—ืกืจืช-ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
14:47
Get the facts.
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ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช,
14:49
Work out the implications.
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ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช;
14:53
There's plenty of room for moral passion once we've got the facts
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืœื”ื˜ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื›ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
14:57
and can figure out the best thing to do.
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
14:59
And, as with germs, the trick is not to try to annihilate them.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื.
15:04
You will never annihilate the germs.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
15:07
What you can do, however, is foster public health measures and the like
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื“ื ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื“'
15:13
that will encourage the evolution of avirulence.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช.
15:19
That will encourage the spread of relatively benign mutations
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ืฉื™ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืช-ื™ื—ืกื™ืช
15:26
of the most toxic varieties.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:29
That's all the time I have,
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆื‘ ืœื™,
15:32
so thank you very much for your attention.
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื›ื.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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