Margaret Heffernan: The dangers of "willful blindness"

179,949 views ใƒป 2013-08-12

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
In the northwest corner of the United States,
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ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
00:16
right up near the Canadian border,
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ืงื ื“ื”,
00:19
there's a little town called Libby, Montana,
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ื™ืฉ ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืœื™ื‘ื™, ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื”.
00:23
and it's surrounded by pine trees and lakes
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ืขืฆื™ ืื•ืจืŸ ื•ื‘ืื’ืžื™ื
00:28
and just amazing wildlife
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
00:32
and these enormous trees that scream up into the sky.
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ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืฉืžื™ืชืžืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื.
00:38
And in there is a little town called Libby,
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ื•ืฉื ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื”, ืœื™ื‘ื™,
00:41
which I visited, which feels kind of lonely,
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ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช,
00:45
a little isolated.
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ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืงืฆืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“,
00:48
And in Libby, Montana, there's a rather unusual woman
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื” ื—ื™ื” ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช-ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœืžื“ื™
00:52
named Gayla Benefield.
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ื‘ืฉื ื’ื™ื™ืœื” ื‘ื ืคื™ืœื“.
00:54
She always felt a little bit of an outsider,
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ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื” ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื—ืจื™ื’ื”,
00:56
although she's been there almost all her life,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื’ืจื” ืฉื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”,
00:58
a woman of Russian extraction.
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ืื™ืฉื” ืžืžื•ืฆื ืจื•ืกื™.
01:01
She told me when she went to school,
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื™, ืฉื›ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ื”"ืก,
01:03
she was the only girl who ever chose
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจื”
01:04
to do mechanical drawing.
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื˜ื›ื ื™.
01:08
Later in life, she got a job going house to house
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ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช
01:12
reading utility meters -- gas meters, electricity meters.
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ืœืงืจื•ื ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืžื“ื™ ื’ื–, ืฉืขื•ื ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
01:16
And she was doing the work in the middle of the day,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืกืงื” ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:19
and one thing particularly caught her notice, which was,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืฉืš ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื”:
01:22
in the middle of the day she met a lot of men
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืคื’ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
01:26
who were at home, middle aged, late middle aged,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”,
01:31
and a lot of them seemed to be on oxygen tanks.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื™ื›ืœื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
01:36
It struck her as strange.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื” ืžื•ื–ืจ.
01:39
Then, a few years later, her father died at the age of 59,
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ื•ืื–, ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืื‘ื™ื” ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 59,
01:42
five days before he was due to receive his pension.
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5 ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
01:46
He'd been a miner.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืจื”.
01:47
She thought he must just have been worn out by the work.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ื“ืื™ ื ืฉื—ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
01:53
But then a few years later, her mother died,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืื™ืžื” ื ืคื˜ืจื”,
01:57
and that seemed stranger still,
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:00
because her mother came from a long line of people
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ื›ื™ ืื™ืžื” ื‘ืื” ืžืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:02
who just seemed to live forever.
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ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆื—.
02:06
In fact, Gayla's uncle is still alive to this day,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื™ืœื” ื—ื™ ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
02:10
and learning how to waltz.
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ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืจืงื•ื“ ื•ืืœืก.
02:12
It didn't make sense that Gayla's mother
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื™ืœื”
02:16
should die so young.
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ืชืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื›ื” ืฆืขื™ืจ.
02:18
It was an anomaly, and she kept puzzling over anomalies.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจื™ื’, ื•ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืชืžื™ื” ืื•ืชื”.
02:22
And as she did, other ones came to mind.
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ื•ืื’ื‘ ื›ืš, ื”ื™ื ื ื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
02:24
She remembered, for example,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื–ื›ืจื”, ืœืžืฉืœ,
02:26
when her mother had broken a leg and went into the hospital,
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ืฉืื™ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื” ืคืขื ืจื’ืœ ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
02:29
and she had a lot of x-rays,
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ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ,
02:31
and two of them were leg x-rays, which made sense,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืœ, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™,
02:34
but six of them were chest x-rays, which didn't.
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ืื‘ืœ 6 ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื—ื–ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
02:39
She puzzled and puzzled over every piece
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ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืชื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ
02:42
of her life and her parents' life,
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”,
02:44
trying to understand what she was seeing.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื”.
02:48
She thought about her town.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื”.
02:50
The town had a vermiculite mine in it.
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ืจื” ื•ืจืžื™ืงื•ืœื™ื˜.
02:53
Vermiculite was used for soil conditioners,
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ื”ื•ื•ืจืžื™ืงื•ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื“ืฉืŸ,
02:56
to make plants grow faster and better.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:59
Vermiculite was used to insulate lofts,
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ื”ื•ื•ืจืžื™ืงื•ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื•ืช-ื’ื’,
03:02
huge amounts of it put under the roof
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื’
03:05
to keep houses warm during the long Montana winters.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื”.
03:08
Vermiculite was in the playground.
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ื”ื•ื•ืจืžื™ืงื•ืœื™ื˜ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
03:11
It was in the football ground.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ,
03:12
It was in the skating rink.
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ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื”ื—ืœืงื”.
03:15
What she didn't learn until she started working this problem
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
03:18
is vermiculite is a very toxic form of asbestos.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืจืžื™ืงื•ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืจืขื™ืœื” ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ืืกื‘ืกื˜.
03:26
When she figured out the puzzle,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืชืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื”,
03:27
she started telling everyone she could
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจืง ื™ื›ืœื”
03:30
what had happened, what had been done to her parents
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ืžื” ืงืจื”, ืžื” ื ื’ืจื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื”
03:33
and to the people that she saw on oxygen tanks
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ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื™ื›ืœื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ
03:36
at home in the afternoons.
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ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื.
03:39
But she was really amazed.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื“ื”ืžื”.
03:41
She thought, when everybody knows, they'll want to do something,
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ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื›ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื™ื“ืขื•, ื”ื ื™ืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•.
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื™ืฉ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช.
03:44
but actually nobody wanted to know.
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03:46
In fact, she became so annoying
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื˜ืจื“ ื›ื–ื”,
03:48
as she kept insisting on telling this story
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืขืงืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
03:50
to her neighbors, to her friends, to other people in the community,
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ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื”, ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”,
ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“
03:54
that eventually a bunch of them got together
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืงืช ืคื’ื•ืฉ,
03:56
and they made a bumper sticker,
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03:57
which they proudly displayed on their cars, which said,
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ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘:
04:00
"Yes, I'm from Libby, Montana,
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"ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืœื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื”,
04:03
and no, I don't have asbestosis."
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"ื•ืœื, ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืจืขืœืช ืืกื‘ืกื˜."
04:08
But Gayla didn't stop. She kept doing research.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื”.
04:12
The advent of the Internet definitely helped her.
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ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื”.
04:15
She talked to anybody she could.
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ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจืง ื™ื›ืœื”.
04:17
She argued and argued, and finally she struck lucky
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”.
04:20
when a researcher came through town
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ
04:22
studying the history of mines in the area,
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจื• ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ,
04:25
and she told him her story, and at first, of course,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื• ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
04:28
like everyone, he didn't believe her,
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ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื, ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื”,
04:30
but he went back to Seattle and he did his own research
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืกื™ืื˜ืœ, ืขืจืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉืœื•
ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืงืช.
04:33
and he realized that she was right.
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04:37
So now she had an ally.
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ืื– ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื‘ืŸ-ื‘ืจื™ืช.
04:41
Nevertheless, people still didn't want to know.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื“ืขืช.
04:44
They said things like, "Well, if it were really dangerous,
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•: "ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
04:47
someone would have told us."
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"ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืœื ื•."
04:50
"If that's really why everyone was dying,
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"ืื ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชื™ื,
04:53
the doctors would have told us."
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"ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืœื ื•."
04:58
Some of the guys used to very heavy jobs said,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืืžืจื•:
05:01
"I don't want to be a victim.
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ.
05:03
I can't possibly be a victim, and anyway,
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"ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”,
05:05
every industry has its accidents."
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"ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชืื•ื ื•ืช."
05:12
But still Gayla went on, and finally she succeeded
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”
05:16
in getting a federal agency to come to town
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ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ
05:18
and to screen the inhabitants of the town --
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ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ--
05:23
15,000 people -- and what they discovered
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15,000 ืื™ืฉ-- ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื•
05:27
was that the town had a mortality rate
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืžื•ืชื”
05:31
80 times higher than anywhere in the United States.
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ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืคื™ 80 ืžื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
05:37
That was in 2002, and even at that moment,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘-2002, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื–
05:41
no one raised their hand to say, "Gayla,
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ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ืจื™ื ื™ื“ ื•ืืžืจ: "ื’ื™ื™ืœื”,
05:45
look in the playground where your grandchildren are playing.
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"ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ื›ื“ื™ื™ืš ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
05:49
It's lined with vermiculite."
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"ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื•ื•ืจืžื™ืงื•ืœื™ื˜."
05:54
This wasn't ignorance.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™-ื™ื“ื™ืขื”.
05:57
It was willful blindness.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ.
05:59
Willful blindness is a legal concept which means,
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ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•,
06:03
if there's information that you could know and you should know
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ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช,
06:06
but you somehow manage not to know,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ืื•ืชื•,
06:09
the law deems that you're willfully blind.
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉืืชื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ:
06:12
You have chosen not to know.
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ื‘ื—ืจืชื ืฉืœื ืœื“ืขืช.
06:16
There's a lot of willful blindness around these days.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ.
06:20
You can see willful blindness in banks,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื,
06:23
when thousands of people sold mortgages to people
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ื›ืฉืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืจื• ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื
06:26
who couldn't afford them.
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ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ.
06:28
You could see them in banks
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ื ืงื™ื
06:30
when interest rates were manipulated
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ื›ืฉืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื˜ื•ืคืœื•
06:32
and everyone around knew what was going on,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”,
06:34
but everyone studiously ignored it.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื–ื” ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ.
06:37
You can see willful blindness in the Catholic Church,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช,
06:41
where decades of child abuse went ignored.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืฉืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
06:45
You could see willful blindness
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ
06:48
in the run-up to the Iraq War.
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ื‘ื—ืคื–ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืง.
06:52
Willful blindness exists on epic scales like those,
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ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™-ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
06:56
and it also exists on very small scales,
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืงื ื™-ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื“,
06:59
in people's families, in people's homes and communities,
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ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช,
07:03
and particularly in organizations and institutions.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช.
07:08
Companies that have been studied for willful blindness
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื—ืงืจ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ
07:12
can be asked questions like,
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ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืžื•:
07:15
"Are there issues at work
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"ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
07:17
that people are afraid to raise?"
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"ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžืœื”ืขืœื•ืช?"
07:21
And when academics have done studies like this
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ื•ื›ืฉืืงื“ืžืื™ื ืขืจื›ื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
07:23
of corporations in the United States,
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ื‘ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
07:25
what they find is 85 percent of people say yes.
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉ-85% ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘.
07:31
Eighty-five percent of people know there's a problem,
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ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื”,
07:34
but they won't say anything.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ื›ืœื•ื.
07:36
And when I duplicated the research in Europe,
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
07:39
asking all the same questions,
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช,
07:42
I found exactly the same number.
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืกืคืจ.
07:45
Eighty-five percent. That's a lot of silence.
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85 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ืงื”.
07:49
It's a lot of blindness.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ.
07:51
And what's really interesting is that when I go to companies in Switzerland,
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ื•ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ,
ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ ืฉื: "ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ."
07:55
they tell me, "This is a uniquely Swiss problem."
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07:58
And when I go to Germany, they say, "Oh yes, this is the German disease."
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ืื”, ื›ืŸ. ื–ื• ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื."
08:02
And when I go to companies in England, they say,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื:
08:05
"Oh, yeah, the British are really bad at this."
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"ืื”, ื›ืŸ. ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ื”."
08:08
And the truth is, this is a human problem.
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ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
08:13
We're all, under certain circumstances, willfully blind.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ.
08:19
What the research shows is that some people are blind
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจืื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื
08:22
out of fear. They're afraid of retaliation.
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ืžืชื•ืš ืคื—ื“. ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
08:25
And some people are blind because they think, well,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
08:29
seeing anything is just futile.
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ.
08:31
Nothing's ever going to change.
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืฉืชื ื”.
08:33
If we make a protest, if we protest against the Iraq War,
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ืื ื ืงื™ื ืงื•ืœ ืžื—ืื”, ืื ื ืžื—ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืง,
08:36
nothing changes, so why bother?
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืฉืชื ื”. ืื– ืœืžื” ืœื˜ืจื•ื—?
08:38
Better not to see this stuff at all.
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ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
08:42
And the recurrent theme that I encounter all the time
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ื•ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืฉืื ื™ ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
08:45
is people say, "Well, you know,
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ื”ื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ื•,
08:48
the people who do see, they're whistleblowers,
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"ืืœื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื, ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืคื™-ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช,
08:51
and we all know what happens to them."
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"ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื”ื."
08:54
So there's this profound mythology around whistleblowers
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ืื– ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืคื™-ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช
08:58
which says, first of all, they're all crazy.
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
09:02
But what I've found going around the world
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
09:05
and talking to whistleblowers is, actually,
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืฉืคื™-ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขืฆื,
09:08
they're very loyal and quite often very conservative people.
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ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื“ ื ืืžื ื™ื ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื.
09:12
They're hugely dedicated to the institutions that they work for,
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
09:16
and the reason that they speak up,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืœื,
09:19
the reason they insist on seeing,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืชืขืงืฉื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
09:22
is because they care so much about the institution
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ืžืื“ ืžื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉืœื”ื
09:25
and want to keep it healthy.
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ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:29
And the other thing that people often say
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ
09:31
about whistleblowers is, "Well, there's no point,
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ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฉืคื™-ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื: "ื–ื” ื—ืกืจ ื˜ืขื,
09:34
because you see what happens to them.
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"ื›ื™ ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื”ื.
09:37
They are crushed.
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"ืžื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื.
09:38
Nobody would want to go through something like that."
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"ืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”."
09:42
And yet, when I talk to whistleblowers,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ืช ืขื ืžืชืจื™ืขื™ื,
09:45
the recurrent tone that I hear is pride.
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ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื•ื”.
09:50
I think of Joe Darby.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื’'ื• ื“ืืจื‘ื™.
09:53
We all remember the photographs of Abu Ghraib,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื‘ื•-ื’ืจื™ื™ื‘,
09:56
which so shocked the world and showed the kind of war
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ืฉื›ื” ื–ื™ืขื–ืขื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืจืื• ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื”
10:00
that was being fought in Iraq.
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ื ื•ื”ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืง.
10:02
But I wonder who remembers Joe Darby,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื’'ื• ื“ืืจื‘ื™,
10:05
the very obedient, good soldier
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืฆื™ื™ืชืŸ,
10:09
who found those photographs and handed them in.
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ืฉืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื•ืžืกืจ ืื•ืชืŸ.
10:14
And he said, "You know, I'm not the kind of guy
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ืชื“ืขื• ืœื›ื ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก
10:17
to rat people out, but some things just cross the line.
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"ืฉืžืœืฉื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ.
10:22
Ignorance is bliss, they say,
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"ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืื™-ื™ื“ื™ืขื”,
10:24
but you can't put up with things like this."
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"ืื‘ืœ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”."
10:27
I talked to Steve Bolsin, a British doctor,
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ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืขื ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ื•ืœืกื™ืŸ, ืจื•ืคื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™,
10:30
who fought for five years to draw attention
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ืฉื ืื‘ืง ื‘ืžืฉืš 5 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘
10:35
to a dangerous surgeon who was killing babies.
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ืœืžื ืชื— ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ืจื’ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช.
10:40
And I asked him why he did it, and he said,
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”:
10:42
"Well, it was really my daughter who prompted me to do it.
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"ื‘ืขืฆื, ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ื—ืคื” ืื•ืชื™ ืœื›ืš.
10:46
She came up to me one night, and she just said,
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"ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืืœื™ ืขืจื‘ ืื—ื“, ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืžืจื”:
10:48
'Dad, you can't let the kids die.'"
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'ืื‘ื, ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืžื•ืช'."
10:52
Or I think of Cynthia Thomas,
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ืื• ืกื™ื ืชื™ื” ืชื•ืžืก,
10:54
a really loyal army daughter and army wife,
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ื‘ืช ื•ืจืขื™ื” ื ืืžื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื,
10:58
who, as she saw her friends and relations
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืจืืชื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”
11:01
coming back from the Iraq War, was so shocked
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ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืง ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืขืช
11:06
by their mental condition
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ืžืžืฆื‘ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™
11:08
and the refusal of the military to recognize and acknowledge
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ื•ืžืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช
11:12
post-traumatic stress syndrome
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ื‘ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™,
11:14
that she set up a cafe in the middle of a military town
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืช-ืงืคื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ืฆื‘ืื™ืช
11:20
to give them legal, psychological and medical assistance.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ืจืคื•ืื™.
11:25
And she said to me, she said, "You know, Margaret,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœื™: "ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช, ืžืจื’ืจื˜,
11:28
I always used to say I didn't know what I wanted to be
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"ืชืžื™ื“ ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
11:32
when I grow up.
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"ื›ืฉืื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
11:34
But I've found myself in this cause,
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"ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื–ื”,
11:39
and I'll never be the same."
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"ื•ื”ืฉืชื ื™ืชื™ ืœื ืฆื—."
11:44
We all enjoy so many freedoms today,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช,
11:47
hard-won freedoms:
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ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืขืžืœ ืจื‘:
11:49
the freedom to write and publish without fear of censorship,
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ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืœืคืจืกื ืœืœื ืคื—ื“ ืžืฆื ื–ื•ืจื”,
11:53
a freedom that wasn't here the last time I came to Hungary;
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ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”;
11:56
a freedom to vote, which women in particular
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ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข, ืฉื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื
11:59
had to fight so hard for;
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ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื” ืงืฉื”;
12:01
the freedom for people of different ethnicities and cultures
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ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืชื ื™ื™ื, ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช
12:04
and sexual orientation to live the way that they want.
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ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื.
12:09
But freedom doesn't exist if you don't use it,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืื™ื ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืื ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•,
12:14
and what whistleblowers do,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืฉืคื™-ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
12:16
and what people like Gayla Benefield do
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ื™ืœื” ื‘ื ืคื™ืœื“ ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
12:19
is they use the freedom that they have.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื.
12:24
And what they're very prepared to do is recognize
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš
12:27
that yes, this is going to be an argument,
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ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—,
12:30
and yes I'm going to have a lot of rows
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ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ืช
12:33
with my neighbors and my colleagues and my friends,
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ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
12:37
but I'm going to become very good at this conflict.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื™ืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื–ื”.
12:40
I'm going to take on the naysayers,
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ืื ื™ ืืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืœืื•,
12:42
because they'll make my argument better and stronger.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉืคืจื• ื•ื™ื—ื–ืงื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
12:47
I can collaborate with my opponents
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™
12:50
to become better at what I do.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”.
12:54
These are people of immense persistence,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืขืฆื•ื,
12:57
incredible patience, and an absolute determination
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ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื•ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช
13:02
not to be blind and not to be silent.
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ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืฉืชื•ืง.
13:07
When I went to Libby, Montana,
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ื›ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืœื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื”,
13:11
I visited the asbestosis clinic
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ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืจืคืืช ื”ืืกื‘ืกื˜ื•ื–ื™ืก
13:14
that Gayla Benefield brought into being,
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ืฉื’ื™ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืงืžืชื”,
13:18
a place where at first some of the people
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
13:21
who wanted help and needed medical attention
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ืฉื ื–ืงืงื• ืœืขื–ืจื” ื•ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™,
13:24
went in the back door
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ื ื›ื ืกื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžื”ื“ืœืช ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช
13:27
because they didn't want to acknowledge
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ื›ื™ ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
13:29
that she'd been right.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆื“ืงื”.
13:31
I sat in a diner, and I watched
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ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืฆืคื™ืชื™
13:35
as trucks drove up and down the highway,
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ื‘ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืคื• ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ,
13:39
carting away the earth out of gardens
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ืฉืกื™ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืคืจื” ืžื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช
13:43
and replacing it with fresh, uncontaminated soil.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžืช.
13:50
I took my 12-year-old daughter with me,
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ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืช ื”-12,
13:52
because I really wanted her to meet Gayla.
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ื›ื™ ืžืื“ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉืชืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื’ื™ื™ืœื”.
13:55
And she said, "Why? What's the big deal?"
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื”: "ืœืžื”? ืžื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ?"
13:58
I said, "She's not a movie star,
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ืขื ื™ืชื™: "ื”ื™ื ืœื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืช ืกืจื˜ื™ื,
14:01
and she's not a celebrity, and she's not an expert,
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"ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช,
14:05
and Gayla's the first person who'd say
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"ื•ื’ื™ื™ืœื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืงื“ื•ืฉื”
14:08
she's not a saint.
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"ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืงื“ื•ืฉื”.
14:11
The really important thing about Gayla
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"ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืฆืœ ื’ื™ื™ืœื”
14:14
is she is ordinary.
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"ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื”.
14:16
She's like you, and she's like me.
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"ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืš ื•ื›ืžื•ื ื™.
14:21
She had freedom, and she was ready to use it."
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"ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•."
14:27
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
14:29
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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