Erin McKean: The joy of lexicography

72,864 views ใƒป 2007-08-30

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shaike Katz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:25
Now, have any of y'all ever looked up this word?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื ื‘ื“ืง ืžืขื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•?
00:29
You know, in a dictionary? (Laughter) Yeah, that's what I thought.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”? (ืฆื—ื•ืง) ื›ืŸ, ืœื–ื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™
00:33
How about this word?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•?
00:35
Here, I'll show it to you.
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ื”ื ื”, ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื”:
00:36
Lexicography: the practice of compiling dictionaries.
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ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”: (ืžื™ืœื•ื ืื•ืช) ืขื ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื
00:39
Notice -- we're very specific -- that word "compile."
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ -- ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื™ื™ืงื™ื. ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœื—ื‘ืจ"
00:42
The dictionary is not carved out of a piece of granite,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืœื ื ื—ืฆื‘ ืžืœื•ื— ื’ืจื ื™ื˜,
00:45
out of a lump of rock. It's made up of lots of little bits.
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ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฉ ืื‘ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
00:48
It's little discrete --
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ, ืžื•ืคืจื“ --
00:49
that's spelled D-I-S-C-R-E-T-E -- bits.
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ืžืื™ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืž-ื•-ื‘-ื—-ื -ื•-ืช
00:53
And those bits are words.
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ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื
00:55
Now one of the perks of being a lexicographer --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื ืื™ --
00:59
besides getting to come to TED -- is that you get to say really fun words,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘TED -- ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืื“ ื›ื™ืคื™ื•ืช
01:02
like lexicographical.
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ื›ืžื• ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ื’ืจืคื™ืงืœ
01:05
Lexicographical has this great pattern:
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-- ืœืœืงืกื™ืงื•ื’ืจืคื™ืงืœ ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื™ืคื” ื›ื–ื•
01:07
it's called a double dactyl. And just by saying double dactyl,
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ื“ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื›ืคื•ืœ" (ืžืฉืงืœ ืขืœืขืœื™), ื•ืจืง ื‘ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ "ื“ืงื˜ื™ืœ ื›ืคื•ืœ"
01:09
I've sent the geek needle all the way into the red. (Laughter) (Applause)
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ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืืช ืžื—ื˜ ื”ื’ื™ืงื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจ ืœืงืฆื” ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงืืœื”
01:12
But "lexicographical" is the same pattern as "higgledy-piggledy."
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ืื‘ืœ "ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ื’ืจืคื™ืงืœ" ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ืžื• "ื”ื™ื’ืœื“ื™-ืคื™ื’ืœื“ื™" (ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืŸ)
01:16
Right? It's a fun word to say,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื–ื• ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื›ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
01:18
and I get to say it a lot.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื”
01:21
Now, one of the non-perks of being a lexicographer
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื ืื™
01:24
is that people don't usually have a kind of warm, fuzzy, snuggly image of the dictionary.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื“ืžื™ืช ื—ืžื™ืžื”, ื ืขื™ืžื”, ืžืชืคื ืงืช ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ
01:29
Right? Nobody hugs their dictionaries.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื—ื‘ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
01:32
But what people really often think about the dictionary is, they think more like this.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
01:39
Just to let you know, I do not have a lexicographical whistle.
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ืจืง ืฉืชื“ืขื•, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžืฉืจื•ืงื™ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื ืื™ืช
01:42
But people think that my job is to let the good words
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
01:44
make that difficult left-hand turn into the dictionary,
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ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืžืืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ
01:47
and keep the bad words out.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
01:49
But the thing is, I don't want to be a traffic cop.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขื”
01:52
For one thing, I just do not do uniforms.
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื
01:56
And for another, deciding what words are good
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ -- ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
02:00
and what words are bad is actually not very easy.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืŸ ืจืขื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”
02:02
And it's not very fun. And when parts of your job are not easy or fun,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืื“ ื›ื™ืฃ. ื•ื›ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš ืื™ื ื• ืงืœ ืื• ื›ื™ืคื™
02:06
you kind of look for an excuse not to do them.
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ืืช ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื•
02:09
So if I had to think of some kind of occupation
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ืื– ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง
02:14
as a metaphor for my work, I would much rather be a fisherman.
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ื›ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ื’ืช
02:20
I want to throw my big net into the deep, blue ocean of English
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
02:23
and see what marvelous creatures I can drag up from the bottom.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ืงืจืงืขื™ืช
02:27
But why do people want me to direct traffic, when I would much rather go fishing?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืื”ื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื˜ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœืœื›ืช ืœื“ื•ื’?
02:32
Well, I blame the Queen.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื”
02:34
Why do I blame the Queen?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื”?
02:36
Well, first of all, I blame the Queen because it's funny.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืื ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง
02:38
But secondly, I blame the Queen because
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืžืืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื›ื™
02:41
dictionaries have really not changed.
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ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
02:43
Our idea of what a dictionary is has not changed since her reign.
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ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื”ื• ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืžืื– ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”
02:45
The only thing that Queen Victoria would not be amused by in modern dictionaries
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืขืฉืข ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื
02:51
is our inclusion of the F-word, which has happened
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื›ืœืœื ื• ืืช ื” F-word ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงื•ืจื”
02:54
in American dictionaries since 1965.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืžืื– 1965
02:56
So, there's this guy, right? Victorian era.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืŸ? ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช
02:59
James Murray, first editor of the Oxford English Dictionary.
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ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžืืจื™ื™, ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™
03:01
I do not have that hat. I wish I had that hat.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื”ื–ื”
03:04
So he's really responsible for a lot of
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื”ืจื‘ื”
03:08
what we consider modern in dictionaries today.
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ืžืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
03:10
When a guy who looks like that, in that hat,
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ื›ืฉืื™ืฉ ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ื›ื” -- ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื”ื–ื” --
03:13
is the face of modernity, you have a problem.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ื”
03:20
And so, James Murray could get a job on any dictionary today.
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ื•ื›ืš, ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžืืจื™ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื
03:22
There'd be virtually no learning curve.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืงื•ืžืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืœืœ
03:25
And of course, a few of us are saying: okay, computers!
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื!
03:27
Computers! What about computers?
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื! ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื?
03:29
The thing about computers is, I love computers.
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื - ืื ื™ ืžืชื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
03:31
I mean, I'm a huge geek, I love computers.
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืื ื™ ื’ื™ืงื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืื ื™ ืžืชื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
03:33
I would go on a hunger strike before I let them take away Google Book Search from me.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืจืขื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื”ื ืœืงื—ืช ืžืžื ื™ ืืช Google Book Search
03:37
But computers don't do much else other than
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ
03:39
speed up the process of compiling dictionaries.
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ืœืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื
03:43
They don't change the end result.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช
03:47
Because what a dictionary is,
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื
03:50
is it's Victorian design merged with a little bit of modern propulsion.
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ื–ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืขื ืงืฆืช ื“ื—ืฃ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
03:53
It's steampunk. What we have is an electric velocipede.
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ื–ื” ืกื˜ื™ืžืคึผืื ืง, ื–ื” ืชืœืช-ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™
03:59
You know, we have Victorian design with an engine on it. That's all!
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ืขื ืžื ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื•. ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ
04:02
The design has not changed.
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ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื”
04:05
And OK, what about online dictionaries, right?
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ืื– ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืžื” ืขื ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:07
Online dictionaries must be different.
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ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:10
This is the Oxford English Dictionary Online, one of the best online dictionaries.
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ื–ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:12
This is my favorite word, by the way.
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ื–ื• ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘:
04:13
Erinaceous: pertaining to the hedgehog family; of the nature of a hedgehog.
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Erinaceous: ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“ื™ื; ืงื™ืคื•ื“ื™
04:18
Very useful word. So, look at that.
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ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืื“. ืชืจืื• ืžื” ื–ื”.
04:24
Online dictionaries right now are paper thrown up on a screen.
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ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื“ืคื™ื ื–ืจื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกืš
04:26
This is flat. Look how many links there are in the actual entry: two!
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ื–ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื—. ืชืจืื• ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื–ื”: ืฉื ื™ื™ื!
04:31
Right? Those little buttons,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
04:33
I had them all expanded except for the date chart.
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ื”ืจื—ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœื•ื— ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื
04:36
So there's not very much going on here.
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ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™
04:38
There's not a lot of clickiness.
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืœื™ืงื™ื•ืช
04:40
And in fact, online dictionaries replicate
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉื›ืคืœื™ื
04:43
almost all the problems of print, except for searchability.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืคื•ืก, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ
04:46
And when you improve searchability,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ,
04:48
you actually take away the one advantage of print, which is serendipity.
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช
04:51
Serendipity is when you find things you weren't looking for,
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ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื
04:54
because finding what you are looking for is so damned difficult.
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ื›ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืžื” ื–ื” ืงืฉื”
04:57
So -- (Laughter) (Applause) -- now, when you think about this,
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ืื– -- (ืฆื—ื•ืง) -- ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”
05:06
what we have here is a ham butt problem.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™
05:09
Does everyone know the ham butt problem?
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื™?
05:11
Woman's making a ham for a big, family dinner.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืฆืœื™ ืœืืจื•ื—ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
05:13
She goes to cut the butt off the ham and throw it away,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื’ืฉืช ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ืงืฆื” ื”ืฆืœื™ ื•ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื•
05:15
and she looks at this piece of ham and she's like,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช
05:16
"This is a perfectly good piece of ham. Why am I throwing this away?"
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"ื–ื• ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช. ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ื–ื•ืจืงืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ?"
05:18
She thought, "Well, my mom always did this."
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช "ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืžื ืฉืœื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืฉืชื” ื›ื›ื”"
05:20
So she calls up mom, and she says,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืœืืžื ืฉืœื”, ื•ืฉื•ืืœืช
05:21
"Mom, why'd you cut the butt off the ham, when you're making a ham?"
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"ืืžื, ืœืžื” ืืช ื—ื•ืชื›ืช ืืช ื”ืงืฆื” ื›ืฉืืช ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืฆืœื™?"
05:23
She says, "I don't know, my mom always did it!"
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ื” "ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช, ืืžื ืฉืœื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืฉืชื” ื›ื›ื”!"
05:26
So they call grandma, and grandma says,
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ืื– ื”ืŸ ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืกื‘ืชื, ื•ืกื‘ืชื ืื•ืžืจืช
05:28
"My pan was too small!" (Laughter)
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"ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื“ื™!" (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:32
So, it's not that we have good words and bad words.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื ืจืขื•ืช
05:36
We have a pan that's too small!
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ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื“ื™!
05:39
You know, that ham butt is delicious! There's no reason to throw it away.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ื–ื” ื˜ืขื™ื! ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื•
05:41
The bad words -- see, when people think about a place
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจืขื•ืช -- ืชืจืื•, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื
05:44
and they don't find a place on the map,
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื”
05:46
they think, "This map sucks!"
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื "ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื“ืคื•ืงื”"
05:48
When they find a nightspot or a bar, and it's not in the guidebook,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ืœื™ืœื™ ืื• ืคืื‘ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื”
05:50
they're like, "Ooh, this place must be cool! It's not in the guidebook."
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืื”, ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื— ืžื’ื ื™ื‘! ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš"
05:53
When they find a word that's not in the dictionary, they think,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
05:56
"This must be a bad word." Why? It's more likely to be a bad dictionary.
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"ื–ื• ื‘ื˜ื— ืžื™ืœื” ืจืขื”". ืœืžื”? ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืจืข
06:01
Why are you blaming the ham for being too big for the pan?
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ืœืžื” ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช?
06:06
So, you can't get a smaller ham.
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ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฆืœื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:09
The English language is as big as it is.
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ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื
06:12
So, if you have a ham butt problem,
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ืื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™
06:14
and you're thinking about the ham butt problem,
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ื•ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™
06:16
the conclusion that it leads you to is inexorable and counterintuitive:
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:ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืืœื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื” ื•ืœื ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
06:21
paper is the enemy of words.
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ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
06:24
How can this be? I mean, I love books. I really love books.
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ? ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืกืคืจื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžืื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืกืคืจื™ื
06:28
Some of my best friends are books.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืกืคืจื™ื
06:30
But the book is not the best shape for the dictionary.
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ืื‘ืœ ืกืคืจ ืื™ื ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ
06:35
Now they're going to think "Oh, boy.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• "ืจื’ืข,
06:37
People are going to take away my beautiful, paper dictionaries?"
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื™ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•?"
06:40
No. There will still be paper dictionaries.
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ืœื. ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืจื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ.
06:42
When we had cars -- when cars became the dominant mode of transportation,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช -- ื›ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช
06:46
we didn't round up all the horses and shoot them.
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ืœื ืืกืคื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื
06:49
You know, there're still going to be paper dictionaries,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืจื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
06:51
but it's not going to be the dominant dictionary.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช
06:54
The book-shaped dictionary is not going to be the only shape
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ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกืคืจ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
06:57
dictionaries come in. And it's not going to be
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื. ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”
06:59
the prototype for the shapes dictionaries come in.
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ืื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื
07:03
So, think about it this way: if you've got an artificial constraint,
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ืื– ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืš: ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื™ืœื•ืฅ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™
07:07
artificial constraints lead to
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ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื
07:11
arbitrary distinctions and a skewed worldview.
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ืœื”ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ืขื•ืœื ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช
07:15
What if biologists could only study animals
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ืžื” ืื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
07:18
that made people go, "Aww." Right?
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ "ืื•ื•ื•", ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:20
What if we made aesthetic judgments about animals,
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
07:22
and only the ones we thought were cute were the ones that we could study?
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ื•ืจืง ืืœื” ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื?
07:27
We'd know a whole lot about charismatic megafauna,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™
07:31
and not very much about much else.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ
07:33
And I think this is a problem.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ื”
07:35
I think we should study all the words,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
07:37
because when you think about words, you can make beautiful expressions
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ื
07:42
from very humble parts.
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ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืื“ ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื
07:46
Lexicography is really more about material science.
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ืžื™ืœื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืข ื—ื•ืžืจื™
07:50
We are studying the tolerances of the materials
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
07:53
that you use to build the structure of your expression:
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:ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™
07:56
your speeches and your writing. And then, often people say to me,
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ืืช ื”ื ืื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•. ื•ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™
08:03
"Well, OK, how do I know that this word is real?"
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"ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืกื“ืจ -- ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืืžื™ืชื™ืช?"
08:08
They think, "OK, if we think words are the tools
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื "ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื™ื
08:15
that we use to build the expressions of our thoughts,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
08:17
how can you say that screwdrivers are better than hammers?
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื‘ืจื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืชืจ ืžืคื˜ื™ืฉื™ื?
08:20
How can you say that a sledgehammer is better than a ball-peen hammer?"
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืงื•ืจื ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืจื’ื™ืœ?
08:23
They're just the right tools for the job.
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ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื›ืœื™ ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•"
08:26
And so people say to me, "How do I know if a word is real?"
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™, "ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืืžื™ืชื™ืช?"
08:29
You know, anybody who's read a children's book
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ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืงืจื ืกืคืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
08:32
knows that love makes things real.
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ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
08:36
If you love a word, use it. That makes it real.
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ืื ืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืœื”, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”. ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืืžื™ืชื™ืช
08:41
Being in the dictionary is an artificial distinction.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื–ื• ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช
08:44
It doesn't make a word any more real than any other way.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืคืš ืžื™ืœื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช
08:47
If you love a word, it becomes real.
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ืื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืœื”,ื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
08:51
So if we're not worrying about directing traffic,
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ืื– ืื ืœื ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืชื ื•ืขื”
08:54
if we've transcended paper, if we are worrying less
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ืื ื”ืชืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื™ืจ, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช
08:59
about control and more about description,
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ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจ
09:03
then we can think of the English language
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
09:05
as being this beautiful mobile.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ื™ืœ ื™ืคื”ืคื”
09:08
And any time one of those little parts of the mobile changes,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ื™ืœ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื
09:10
is touched, any time you touch a word,
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ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื -- ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื”
09:13
you use it in a new context, you give it a new connotation,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื” ืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
09:15
you verb it, you make the mobile move.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ -- ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื•ื‘ื™ื™ืœ ืœื–ื•ื–
09:18
You didn't break it. It's just in a new position,
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ืœื ืฉื‘ืจื ื• ืื•ืชื•; ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ
09:22
and that new position can be just as beautiful.
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
09:25
Now, if you're no longer a traffic cop --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฉื•ื˜ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขื” --
09:29
the problem with being a traffic cop is
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืขื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื
09:31
there can only be so many traffic cops in any one intersection,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืžืช
09:34
or the cars get confused. Right?
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ืื—ืจืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
09:37
But if your goal is no longer to direct the traffic,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื”
09:40
but maybe to count the cars that go by, then more eyeballs are better.
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ืืœื ืื•ืœื™ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืœืคื•ืช, ืื– ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
09:44
You can ask for help!
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื”!
09:46
If you ask for help, you get more done. And we really need help.
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ืื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืขื–ืจื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื–ืจื”
09:50
Library of Congress: 17 million books,
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ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก: 17 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื
09:53
of which half are in English.
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ืžืชื•ื›ื ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
09:56
If only one out of every 10 of those books
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ืื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืขืฉืจื” ืกืคืจื™ื
10:00
had a word that's not in the dictionary in it,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ
10:02
that would be equivalent to more than two unabridged dictionaries.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืงื•ืฆืจื™ื
10:05
And I find an un-dictionaried word --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืœื-ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช --
10:08
a word like "un-dictionaried," for example --
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ืžื™ืœื” ื›ืžื• "ืœื-ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช", ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”
10:10
in almost every book I read. What about newspapers?
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช. ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื?
10:15
Newspaper archive goes back to 1759,
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ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืž 1759
10:20
58.1 million newspaper pages. If only one in 100
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58.1 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ. ืื ืจืง ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืžืื”
10:25
of those pages had an un-dictionaried word on it,
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ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื” ืœื-ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื–ื•
10:28
it would be an entire other OED.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื
10:31
That's 500,000 more words. So that's a lot.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ 500,000 ืžื™ืœื™ื. ืื– ื–ื” -- ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ
10:36
And I'm not even talking about magazines. I'm not talking about blogs --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื --
10:39
and I find more new words on BoingBoing in a given week
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ
10:41
than I do Newsweek or Time.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ื•ื–ื•ื•ื™ืง ืื• ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื
10:43
There's a lot going on there.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื
10:45
And I'm not even talking about polysemy,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืจื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
10:47
which is the greedy habit some words have of taking
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื—ืžื“ื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช
10:50
more than one meaning for themselves.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžืŸ
10:55
So if you think of the word "set," a set can be a badger's burrow,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” set -- ืกื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืจื™ืช
10:59
a set can be one of the pleats in an Elizabethan ruff,
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ืกื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืงืคืœ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ื ื™ --
11:02
and there's one numbered definition in the OED.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžืžื•ืกืคืจืช ืื—ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“
11:04
The OED has 33 different numbered definitions for set.
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ืœืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ื™ืฉ 33 ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื˜
11:07
Tiny, little word, 33 numbered definitions.
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ืžื™ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื”, 33 ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžืžื•ืกืคืจื•ืช
11:10
One of them is just labeled "miscellaneous technical senses."
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ืžืจืช "ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื"
11:15
Do you know what that says to me?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™?
11:16
That says to me, it was Friday afternoon and somebody wanted to go down the pub. (Laughter)
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืื—ื”"ืฆ ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจืฆื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืคืื‘
11:21
That's a lexicographical cop out,
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ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ืžืงื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ื ืื™ืช
11:23
to say, "miscellaneous technical senses."
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ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ "ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื"
11:25
So, we have all these words, and we really need help!
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื–ืจื”!
11:29
And the thing is, we could ask for help --
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื” --
11:32
asking for help's not that hard.
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ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื” ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื–ื” ืงืฉื”
11:33
I mean, lexicography is not rocket science.
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืžื™ืœื•ื ืื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช
11:36
See, I just gave you a lot of words and a lot of numbers,
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ืชืจืื•, ื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื
11:39
and this is more of a visual explanation.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™
11:41
If we think of the dictionary as being the map of the English language,
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ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื›ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
11:44
these bright spots are what we know about,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
11:46
and the dark spots are where we are in the dark.
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื”ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื™ืคื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš
11:49
If that was the map of all the words in American English, we don't know very much.
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ืื ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“
11:54
And we don't even know the shape of the language.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื”
11:57
If this was the dictionary -- if this was the map of American English --
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ -- ืื ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช --
12:00
look, we have a kind of lumpy idea of Florida,
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ืจื•ืื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื’ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื™ ื›ื–ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”
12:03
but there's no California!
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”!
12:06
We're missing California from American English.
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ื—ืกืจื” ืœื ื• ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
12:09
We just don't know enough, and we don't even know that we're missing California.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื—ืกืจื” ืœื ื• ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”
12:14
We don't even see that there's a gap on the map.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืขืจ ื‘ืžืคื”
12:16
So again, lexicography is not rocket science.
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ืื– ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื™ืœื•ื ืื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช
12:19
But even if it were, rocket science is being done
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื”, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
12:22
by dedicated amateurs these days. You know?
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ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”, ื™ื“ืขืชื ืืช ื–ื”?
12:26
It can't be that hard to find some words!
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื!
12:30
So, enough scientists in other disciplines
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
12:33
are really asking people to help, and they're doing a good job of it.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืขื–ืจื”, ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ
12:36
For instance, there's eBird, where amateur birdwatchers
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ืฉ ืืช eBird, ืฉื‘ื• ืฆืคืจื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื
12:38
can upload information about their bird sightings.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
12:40
And then, ornithologists can go
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ื•ืื– ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืจื ื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
12:42
and help track populations, migrations, etc.
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ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช, ื ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื•'
12:45
And there's this guy, Mike Oates. Mike Oates lives in the U.K.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ืžื™ื™ืง ืื•ื˜ืก. ืžื™ื™ืง ืื•ื˜ืก ื’ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
12:48
He's a director of an electroplating company.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ืช
12:52
He's found more than 140 comets.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-140 ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜
12:55
He's found so many comets, they named a comet after him.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜, ืฉืงืจืื• ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜
12:58
It's kind of out past Mars. It's a hike.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžืื“ื™ื -- ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื”
12:59
I don't think he's getting his picture taken there anytime soon.
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฆืœืžื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘
13:01
But he found 140 comets without a telescope.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื 140 ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค
13:05
He downloaded data from the NASA SOHO satellite,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ SOHO ืฉืœ NASA
13:08
and that's how he found them.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืื•ืชื
13:10
If we can find comets without a telescope,
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ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค
13:14
shouldn't we be able to find words?
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ืื– ืฉืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ืœื™ื?
13:16
Now, y'all know where I'm going with this.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืืŸ ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืขื ื–ื”
13:18
Because I'm going to the Internet, which is where everybody goes.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืœืืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื
13:21
And the Internet is great for collecting words,
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ื
13:23
because the Internet's full of collectors.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืœื ื‘ืืกืคื ื™ื
13:24
And this is a little-known technological fact about the Internet,
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ื•ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื ืžืื“ ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
13:27
but the Internet is actually made up of words and enthusiasm.
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ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช
13:30
And words and enthusiasm actually happen to be
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ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื
13:35
the recipe for lexicography. Isn't that great?
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ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ืœื•ื ืื•ืช. ื–ื” ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ?
13:38
So there are a lot of really good word-collecting sites out there right now,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืชืจื™ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืจื’ืข
13:42
but the problem with some of them is that they're not scientific enough.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืขื ื—ืœืงื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
13:44
They show the word, but they don't show any context.
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ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืจืื™ื ืืฃ ื”ืงืฉืจ
13:47
Where did it come from? Who said it?
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ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื”? ืžื™ ืืžืจ ืื•ืชื”?
13:49
What newspaper was it in? What book?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื”? ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกืคืจ?
13:51
Because a word is like an archaeological artifact.
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ื›ื™ ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืžืฆื ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™
13:55
If you don't know the provenance or the source of the artifact,
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ืื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื”
13:58
it's not science, it's a pretty thing to look at.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื“ืข -- ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ืคืฅ ื™ืคื” ืฉื ื—ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืกื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื•
14:01
So a word without its source is like a cut flower.
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ืžื™ืœื” ืœืœื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืจื— ืงื˜ื•ืฃ
14:04
You know, it's pretty to look at for a while, but then it dies.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื - ืฉื™ืคื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื‘ืœ
14:08
It dies too fast.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™
14:09
So, this whole time I've been saying,
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช
14:13
"The dictionary, the dictionary, the dictionary, the dictionary."
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"ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ"
14:15
Not "a dictionary," or "dictionaries." And that's because,
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ืœื "ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ" ืื• "ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื". ื•ื–ื” ื›ื™
14:18
well, people use the dictionary to stand for the whole language.
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื”
14:21
They use it synecdochically.
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืกื™ื ืงื“ื•ื›ื” (ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื)
14:24
And one of the problems of knowing a word like "synecdochically"
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืžื™ืœื” ื›ืžื• "ืกื™ื ืงื“ื•ื›ื™ืงืœื™"
14:27
is that you really want an excuse to say "synecdochically."
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืจืง ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ "ืกื™ื ืงื“ื•ื›ื™ืงืœื™"
14:30
This whole talk has just been an excuse to get me to the point
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ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื”
14:32
where I could say "synecdochically" to all of you.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ "ืกื™ื ืงื“ื•ื›ื™ืงืœื™" ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื
14:34
So I'm really sorry. But when you use a part of something --
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืชื ืฆืœืช. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉื”ื• --
14:37
like the dictionary is a part of the language,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืคื”
14:39
or a flag stands for the United States, it's a symbol of the country --
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ืื• ื“ื’ืœ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘, ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” --
14:44
then you're using it synecdochically.
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ืื– ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืกื™ื ืงื“ื•ื›ื”.
14:48
But the thing is, we could make the dictionary the whole language.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื”
14:52
If we get a bigger pan, then we can put all the words in.
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ืื ื ืฉื™ื’ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืคื ื™ืžื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
14:56
We can put in all the meanings.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช
15:00
Doesn't everyone want more meaning in their lives?
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ื”ืื ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื?
15:04
And we can make the dictionary not just be a symbol of the language --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืœืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื” --
15:08
we can make it be the whole language.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคื”
15:11
You see, what I'm really hoping for is that my son,
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™ --
15:13
who turns seven this month -- I want him to barely remember
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ -- ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ
15:16
that this is the form factor that dictionaries used to come in.
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
15:21
This is what dictionaries used to look like.
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ื›ื›ื” ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืจืื™ื
15:23
I want him to think of this kind of dictionary as an eight-track tape.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ ื”ืงืœื˜ื”
15:25
It's a format that died because it wasn't useful enough.
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ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืžืช ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง
15:29
It wasn't really what people needed.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœื•
15:32
And the thing is, if we can put in all the words,
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
15:35
no longer have that artificial distinction between good and bad,
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ืœื ืœื—ืœืง ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข
15:39
we can really describe the language like scientists.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื›ืžื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
15:42
We can leave the aesthetic judgments to the writers and the speakers.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ ืœื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื
15:44
If we can do that, then I can spend all my time fishing,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื– ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื’
15:48
and I don't have to be a traffic cop anymore.
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ื•ืœื ืืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื˜ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:53
Thank you very much for your kind attention.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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