E.O. Wilson: Advice to young scientists

271,860 views ใƒป 2012-06-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Thu-Huong Ha Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
What I'm going to do is to just give a few notes,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืจืง ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช,
00:19
and this is from a book I'm preparing called
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ื ืงืจื
00:23
"Letters to a Young Scientist."
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"ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ".
00:25
I'd thought it'd be appropriate to
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ
00:27
present it, on the basis that I have had extensive experience
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ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชืŸ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘
00:33
in teaching, counseling scientists across a broad array of fields.
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ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื.
00:36
And you might like to hear some of the principles that I've developed in doing
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืฆื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืคื™ืชื—ืชื™
00:42
that teaching and counseling.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ืจืื” ืื• ื”ื“ืจื›ื”.
00:43
So let me begin by urging you,
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื,
00:46
particularly you on the youngsters' side,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื,
00:49
on this path you've chosen,
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ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ืจืชื,
00:51
to go as far as you can.
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ืœืœื›ืช ืจื—ื•ืง ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ.
00:53
The world needs you, badly.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื›ื, ืžืื•ื“.
00:56
Humanity is now fully into the techno-scientific age.
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ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ืขืช ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•-ืžื“ืขื™.
01:01
There is going to be no turning back.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื”.
01:03
Although varying among disciplines -- say, astrophysics,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื - ืœืžืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
01:08
molecular genetics, the immunology, the microbiology, the public
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ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช, ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
01:12
health, to the new area of the human body as a symbiont,
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ืขื“ ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช,
01:18
to public health, environmental science.
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ืขื“ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
01:21
Knowledge in medical science and science overall
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ื”ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ื•ื‘ืžื“ืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ
01:24
is doubling every 15 to 20 years.
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ืžื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœ 15-20 ืฉื ื”.
01:27
Technology is increasing at a comparable rate.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื“ื•ืžื”.
01:30
Between them, the two already pervade,
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ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื ื—ื“ืจื•,
01:33
as most of you here seated realize,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
01:36
every dimension of human life.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืžื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
01:38
So swift is the velocity of the techno-scientific revolution,
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ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•-ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”,
01:43
so startling in its countless twists and turns, that no one can predict
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ื›ื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื‘ื
01:48
its outcome even a decade from the present moment.
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ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ื•ื.
01:52
There will come a time, of course,
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ื™ื‘ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
01:54
when the exponential growth of discovery and knowledge,
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ื‘ื• ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืข,
01:58
which actually began in the 1600s,
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”17,
02:00
has to peak and level off,
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืื–ืŸ,
02:03
but that's not going to matter to you.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ื.
02:04
The revolution is going to continue
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš
02:05
for at least several more decades.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
02:08
It'll render the human condition
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ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
02:10
radically different from what it is today.
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ืœืฉื•ื ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:12
Traditional fields of study are going to continue to grow
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ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฆืžื•ื—,
02:19
and in so doing, inevitably they will meet and create new disciplines.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš, ื™ื™ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
02:24
In time, all of science will come to be
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ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื™ื”ืคื•ืš
02:27
a continuum of description, an explanation of networks, of principles and laws.
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ืœืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจ, ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
02:33
That's why you need not just be training
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ืœื›ืŸ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“
02:36
in one specialty, but also acquire breadth in other fields,
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ืœื ืจืง ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืื—ืช, ืืœื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
02:41
related to and even distant from your own initial choice.
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืžื ื”.
02:44
Keep your eyes lifted and your head turning.
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:48
The search for knowledge is in our genes.
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ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื™ื“ืข ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:51
It was put there by our distant ancestors
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื—ื“ืจ ืœืฉื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื
02:55
who spread across the world,
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ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•,
02:56
and it's never going to be quenched.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืกื•ืคืง.
02:58
To understand and use it sanely,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ,
03:01
as a part of the civilization yet to evolve
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื™ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืชื—,
03:05
requires a vastly larger population of scientifically trained people like you.
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ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ืข ื›ืžื•ืชื›ื,
03:11
In education, medicine, law, diplomacy,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืจืคื•ืื”, ืžืฉืคื˜, ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื”,
03:15
government, business and the media that exist today.
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ืžืžืฉืœ, ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
03:19
Our political leaders need at least a modest degree of scientific
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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืขื˜ื”
03:24
literacy, which most badly lack today --
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ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ืžื“ืขื™, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• -
03:27
no applause, please.
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ืœืœื ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”.
03:29
It will be better for all
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ื•ืœื
03:31
if they prepare before entering office rather than learning on the job.
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ืื ื”ื ื™ืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“, ื•ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“.
03:36
Therefore you will do well to act on the side,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื“ื›ื ืœืงื“ื ื–ืืช,
03:39
no matter how far into the laboratory
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืจืžืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
03:42
you may go, to serve as teachers
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ื•ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื•ืจื™ื
03:45
during the span of your career.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื.
03:47
I'll now proceed quickly,
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ืื ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
03:49
and before else, to a subject that is both a vital asset
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืœืชื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ื›ืก ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
03:53
and a potential barrier to a scientific career.
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ื•ื’ื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืœืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
03:56
If you are a bit short in mathematical skills,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืขื˜ ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื,
04:00
don't worry.
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ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•.
04:01
Many of the most successful scientists
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:03
at work today are mathematically semi-literate.
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
04:08
A metaphor will serve here:
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ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื›ืืŸ:
04:10
Where elite mathematicians and statisticians
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืื™ื
04:16
and theorists often serve as architects in the expanding realm
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ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข
04:21
of science, the remaining large majority of
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ื”ืžืชืจื—ื‘, ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื™ื,
04:25
basic applied scientists, including a large portion of those who could be
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืืœื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ
04:30
said to be of the first rank, are the ones who map the terrain, they scout
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืžืžืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื”ื ืžืกื™ื™ืจื™ื
04:35
the frontiers, they cut the pathways,
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ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ื ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื,
04:38
they raise the buildings along the way.
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ื”ื ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื.
04:40
Some may have considered me foolhardy,
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ื—ืœืง ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืจืคืชืงืŸ,
04:44
but it's been my habit to brush aside the fear of mathematics
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
04:47
when talking to candidate scientists.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื.
04:49
During 41 years of teaching biology at Harvard,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 41 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“,
04:53
I watched sadly as bright students turned away
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆื‘ ืื™ืš ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื ื“ื—ื•
04:57
from the possibility of a scientific career
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ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
05:00
or even from taking non-required courses in science
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื,
05:04
because they were afraid of failure.
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ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ.
05:06
These math-phobes deprive science and medicine
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ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืœืœื• ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื”
05:09
of immeasurable amounts of badly needed talent.
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ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœื• ื ืื•ืฉื•ืช.
05:12
Here's how to relax your anxieties, if you have them:
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื:
05:16
Understand that mathematics is a language
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื”
05:19
ruled like other verbal languages,
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ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
05:23
or like verbal language generally, by its own grammar
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ืื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืข"ื™ ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืคื ื™ืžื™
05:26
and system of logic.
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
05:28
Any person with average quantitative intelligence
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ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช
05:30
who learns to read and write mathematics
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ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
05:34
at an elementary level will, as in verbal language, have little difficulty
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืจืง ืžืขื˜
05:40
picking up most of the fundamentals
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ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก
05:42
if they choose to master the mathspeak of most disciplines of science.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ืข.
05:48
The longer you wait to become at least semi-literate
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื—ื›ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช
05:52
the harder the language of mathematics will be to master, just as again in any verbal
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ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืคื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช,
05:58
language, but it can be done at any age.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœ.
06:01
I speak as an authority
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืกืžื›ื•ืช
06:02
on that subject, because I'm an extreme case.
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
06:06
I didn't take algebra until my freshman year
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ืœื ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืœื’ื‘ืจื” ืขื“ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
06:10
at the University of Alabama.
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืœืื‘ืžื”.
06:12
They didn't teach it before then.
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ืœื ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
06:14
I finally got around to calculus as a 32-year-old tenured professor at Harvard,
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ื ืคื™ ืจืง ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 32, ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“,
06:19
where I sat uncomfortably in classes with undergraduate students,
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ืฉื ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืขื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
06:24
little more than half my age.
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ื‘ื ื™ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื’ื™ืœื™.
06:26
A couple of them were students
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
06:28
in a course I was giving on evolutionary biology.
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ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืฉืื ื™ ืœื™ืžื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
06:31
I swallowed my pride, and I learned calculus.
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ื‘ืœืขืชื™ ืืช ื’ืื•ื•ืชื™, ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืื™ื ืคื™.
06:36
I found out that in science and all its applications,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืช ืฉื‘ืžื“ืข, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื•,
06:39
what is crucial is not that technical ability,
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ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช,
06:43
but it is imagination in all of its applications.
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ืืœื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”.
06:46
The ability to form concepts with images of entities and processes
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื
06:51
pictured by intuition.
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ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื”.
06:54
I found out that advances in science rarely come upstream
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืงื™ื“ืžื” ื‘ืžื“ืข ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”
06:58
from an ability to stand at a blackboard
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ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืœื•ื—
07:01
and conjure images from unfolding mathematical propositions
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ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช
07:04
and equations.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช.
07:06
They are instead the products of downstream imagination leading to hard work,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืืœื” ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื”,
07:11
during which mathematical reasoning may or may not prove to be relevant.
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ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื™ืฉ ืื• ืื™ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
07:16
Ideas emerge when a part of the real or imagined world is studied
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ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ื›ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื• ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื—ืงืจ
07:21
for its own sake.
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ืžืชื•ืš ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•.
07:23
Of foremost importance is a thorough, well-organized knowledge
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื“ืข ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื™
07:28
of all that is known of the relevant entities and processes that might be involved in that domain
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืชื—ื•ื
07:35
you propose to enter.
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ืืœื™ื• ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก.
07:36
When something new is discovered,
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ื›ืฉืžื’ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ,
07:38
it's logical then that one of the follow-up steps is
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ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืฆืขื“ื™ ื”ื”ืžืฉืš
07:43
to find the mathematical and statistical methods to move its analysis forward.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื“ืžื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœื•.
07:48
If that step proves too difficult for
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ืื ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™
07:50
the person or team that made the discovery,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืื• ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช,
07:54
a mathematician can then be added by them
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืจืฃ ืืœื™ื”ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™
08:00
as a collaborator.
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ื›ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืžื—ืงืจ.
08:02
Consider the following principle,
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื,
08:04
which I will modestly call Wilson's Principle Number One:
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ืฉืืงืจื ืœื• ื‘ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ืžืก' 1:
08:09
It is far easier for scientists
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
08:14
including medical researchers, to require needed collaboration
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื, ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”
08:18
in mathematics and statistics
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืื• ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™,
08:20
than it is for mathematicians and statisticians
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืื• ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืื™ื
08:24
to find scientists able to make use of their equations.
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ืฉื™ืžืฆืื• ืžืฆื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
08:28
It is important in choosing the direction to take in science
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืžื“ืข,
08:32
to find the subject at your level of competence that interests you deeply,
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืžื•ืง, ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœืจืžืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื›ื,
08:38
and focus on that.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื•.
08:40
Keep in mind, then, Wilson's Second Principle:
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื—ื•ืง ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™:
08:44
For every scientist, whether researcher, technician,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื“ืขืŸ, ื—ื•ืงืจ, ื˜ื›ื ืื™,
08:49
teacher, manager or businessman,
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ืžื•ืจื”, ืžื ื”ืœ ืื• ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื,
08:52
working at any level of mathematical competence,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช,
08:56
there exists a discipline in science or medicine
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ืงื™ื™ื ืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ืขื™ ืื• ืจืคื•ืื™
08:59
for which that level is enough to achieve excellence.
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ื‘ื• ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืกืคืงืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช.
09:03
Now I'm going to offer quickly
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ื›ืขืช ืืฆื™ืข ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช
09:06
several more principles that will be useful
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ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื
09:08
in organizing your education and career,
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ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื,
09:11
or if you're teaching, how you might
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ืื• ืื ืืชื ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืื™ืš ืชื•ื›ืœื•
09:15
enhance your own teaching and counseling of young scientists.
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ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
09:20
In selecting a subject in which to conduct original research,
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ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื—ื“ืฉ,
09:24
or to develop world-class expertise,
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ืื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
09:27
take a part of the chosen discipline that is sparsely inhabited.
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ื‘ื—ืจื• ื—ืœืง ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
09:33
Judge opportunity by how few other students and researchers
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ืชืฉืคื˜ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœืคื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
09:37
are on hand.
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ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื.
09:39
This is not to de-emphasize the essential requirement
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ืœื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช
09:42
of broad training, or the value of apprenticing yourself
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื”
09:46
in ongoing research to programs of high quality.
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ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
09:50
It is important also to acquire older mentors within these successful
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ
09:55
programs, and to make friends and colleagues of your age
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ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื“ื“ ืขื ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื›ื,
09:59
for mutual support.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช.
10:01
But through it all, look for a way to break out,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื—ืคืฉื• ื“ืจืš ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
10:03
to find a field and subject not yet popular.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชื—ื•ื ืื• ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
10:07
We have seen this demonstrated already in the talks preceding mine.
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืคื ื™.
10:11
There is the quickest way advances are likely to occur,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืชืชืจื—ืฉ,
10:16
as measured in discoveries per investigator per year.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
10:20
You may have heard the
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ
10:22
military dictum for the gathering of armies:
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ื”ืืžืจื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื:
10:25
March to the sound of the guns.
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ืฆืขื“ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจืขืฉ ื”ื™ืจื™.
10:28
In science, the exact opposite is the case: March away from the sound of the guns.
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ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ: ืฆืขื“ื• ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืจืขืฉ ื”ื™ืจื™.
10:35
So Wilson's Principle Number Three:
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ืื– ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™:
10:37
March away from the sound of the guns.
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ืฆืขื“ื• ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืจืขืฉ ื”ื™ืจื™.
10:41
Observe from a distance,
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ืžืžืจื—ืง,
10:42
but do not join the fray.
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ืืš ืืœ ืชืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืžืจื™ื‘ื”.
10:45
Make a fray of your own.
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ืชื™ืฆืจื• ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื.
10:47
Once you have settled on a specialty,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืชืžืงืžืชื ื‘ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช,
10:51
and the profession you can love, and you've secured opportunity,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช,
10:56
your potential to succeed will be greatly enhanced if you study it
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ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื™ื™ื’ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ืชื—ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื•
11:02
enough to become an expert.
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื”.
11:04
There are thousands of professionally delimited
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ื™ืฉ ืืœืคื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื
11:08
subjects sprinkled through physics and chemistry
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ื”ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”,
11:10
to biology and medicine.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืจืคื•ืื”.
11:12
And on then into the social sciences,
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ื•ื”ืœืื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
11:15
where it is possible in short time to acquire
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ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ
11:18
the status of an authority.
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ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช.
11:21
When the subject is still very thinly populated,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื,
11:24
you can with diligence and hard work become
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ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš
11:27
the world authority.
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ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
11:29
The world needs this kind of expertise,
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื–ื•,
11:33
and it rewards the kind of people
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ืžืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
11:35
willing to acquire it.
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ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื”.
11:37
The existing information and what you self-discover
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื” ืฉืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื
11:42
may at first seem skimpy and difficult to connect
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื“ืœ, ื•ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ
11:46
to other bodies of knowledge.
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ืœื’ื•ืคื™ ื™ื“ืข ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:48
Well, if that's the case,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘,
11:50
good. Why hard instead of easy?
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ื˜ื•ื‘. ืœืžื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงืœ?
11:54
The answer deserves to be stated as Principle Number Four.
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ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื›ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืก' 4.
11:59
In the attempt to make scientific discoveries,
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช,
12:02
every problem is an opportunity,
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ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช,
12:04
and the more difficult the problem,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:06
the greater will be the importance of its solution.
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ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”.
12:09
Now this brings me to a basic categorization
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช
12:12
in the way scientific discoveries are made.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช.
12:15
Scientists, pure mathematicians among them,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื’ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื,
12:19
follow one or the other of two pathways:
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:
12:22
First through early discoveries,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื“ืจืš ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช,
12:24
a problem is identified
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื–ื•ื”ื”
12:26
and a solution is sought.
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ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืœื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
12:28
The problem may be relatively small;
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
12:31
for example, where exactly in a cruise ship does the norovirus begin to spread?
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืžืื™ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื”ื ื•ืจื•-ื•ื™ืจื•ืก?
12:36
Or larger, what's the role of dark matter in the expansion of the universe?
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ืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคืœ ื‘ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื?
12:42
As the answer is sought, other phenomena are typically discovered
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ื›ืฉืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ื“"ื› ืžื’ืœื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
12:46
and other questions are asked.
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ื•ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
12:48
This first of the two strategies is like a hunter,
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“,
12:51
exploring a forest in search of a particular quarry,
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ื”ืžื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฆื™ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
12:55
who finds other quarries along the way.
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ื•ืžื•ืฆื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•.
12:58
The second strategy of research
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ
13:01
is to study a subject broadly
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ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื—ื‘,
13:03
searching for unknown phenomena or patterns of known phenomena
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช, ืื• ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช,
13:08
like a hunter in what we call "the naturalist's trance,"
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ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• "ื˜ืจืื ืก ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข",
13:11
the researcher of mind is open to anything interesting,
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืคืชื•ื— ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
13:15
any quarry worth taking.
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ื›ืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืืกืฃ.
13:16
The search is not for the solution of the problem,
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ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืœืฉื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
13:19
but for problems themselves worth solving.
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ืืœื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืœืฉื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”.
13:22
The two strategies of research,
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ืฉืชื™ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ,
13:24
original research, can be stated as follows,
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืฆืžืื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืกื—ื•ืช
13:27
in the final principle I'm going to offer you:
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ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืืฆื™ืข ืœื›ื:
13:31
For every problem in a given discipline of science,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื ืชื•ืŸ,
13:36
there exists a species or entity or phenomenon
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ืงื™ื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื• ื™ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื• ืชื•ืคืขื”
13:39
ideal for its solution.
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ืื™ื“ืืœื™ื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื”.
13:41
And conversely, for every species or other entity
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื• ื™ื™ืฉื•ืช,
13:47
or phenomenon, there exist important problems
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ืื• ืชื•ืคืขื”, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
13:50
for the solution of which, those particular objects of research are ideally suited.
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืชืจื•ื ืŸ, ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืฉื ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ืืœื™.
13:57
Find out what they are.
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ื’ืœื• ืžื” ื”ื.
13:59
You'll find your own way to discover,
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ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื›ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช,
14:02
to learn, to teach.
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ืœืœืžื•ื“, ืœืœืžื“.
14:04
The decades ahead will see dramatic advances
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื ืจืื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช
14:08
in disease prevention, general health, the quality of life.
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ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
14:12
All of humanity depends on the knowledge and practice of the medicine and the science
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ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื•ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื”ืžื“ืข
14:18
behind it you will master.
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ืฉื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื•, ืื•ืชื ืชืจื›ืฉื•.
14:20
You have chosen a calling that will come in steps
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ื‘ื—ืจืชื ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื
14:23
to give you satisfaction, at its conclusion, of a life well lived.
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ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืง, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื—ื™ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
14:29
And I thank you for having me here tonight.
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื–ืžื ืชื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื›ืืŸ ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
14:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:37
Oh, thank you.
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ื”ื•, ืชื•ื“ื”.
14:38
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
14:45
I salute you.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื“ื™ืข ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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