E.O. Wilson: Advice to young scientists

270,464 views ・ 2012-06-25

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00:00
Translator: Thu-Huong Ha Reviewer: Morton Bast
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Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Katarina Smetko
00:16
What I'm going to do is to just give a few notes,
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Iznijet ću nekoliko zabilješki
00:19
and this is from a book I'm preparing called
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iz knjige koju pripremam, pod nazivom
00:23
"Letters to a Young Scientist."
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„Pisma mladom znanstveniku“.
00:25
I'd thought it'd be appropriate to
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Smatram kako je primjereno
00:27
present it, on the basis that I have had extensive experience
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predstaviti je, budući da sam stekao veliko iskustvo
00:33
in teaching, counseling scientists across a broad array of fields.
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u poučavanju i savjetovanju znanstvenika iz različitih područja.
00:36
And you might like to hear some of the principles that I've developed in doing
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Možda biste željeli čuti neka od načela koja sam razvio za vrijeme
00:42
that teaching and counseling.
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tog poučavanja i savjetovanja.
00:43
So let me begin by urging you,
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Za početak bih potaknuo,
00:46
particularly you on the youngsters' side,
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pogotovo mlade među vama,
00:49
on this path you've chosen,
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na putu koji ste odabrali,
00:51
to go as far as you can.
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da idete što dalje možete.
00:53
The world needs you, badly.
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Svijet vas očajnički treba.
00:56
Humanity is now fully into the techno-scientific age.
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Čovječanstvo je sada potpuno zašlo u doba tehnologije i znanosti.
01:01
There is going to be no turning back.
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Neće biti povratka.
01:03
Although varying among disciplines -- say, astrophysics,
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Iako postoje različite discipline, primjerice astrofizika,
01:08
molecular genetics, the immunology, the microbiology, the public
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molekularna genetika, imunologija, mikrobiologija,
01:12
health, to the new area of the human body as a symbiont,
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javno zdravstvo, novo područje ljudskog tijela kao simbionta
01:18
to public health, environmental science.
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do javnog zdravstva, znanosti o okolišu.
01:21
Knowledge in medical science and science overall
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Znanje u medicinskim znanostima i znanosti općenito
01:24
is doubling every 15 to 20 years.
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udvostručuje se svakih 15 do 20 godina.
01:27
Technology is increasing at a comparable rate.
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Tehnologija se razvija gotovo jednakom brzinom.
01:30
Between them, the two already pervade,
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Znanost i tehnologija već prožimaju,
01:33
as most of you here seated realize,
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kao što većina vas prisutnih danas shvaća,
01:36
every dimension of human life.
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svaki dio ljudskog života.
01:38
So swift is the velocity of the techno-scientific revolution,
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Strelovita je brzina ove tehnološko-znanstvene revolucije,
01:43
so startling in its countless twists and turns, that no one can predict
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tako su fascinantni njezini brojni zapleti i zaokreti da nitko ne može predvidjeti
01:48
its outcome even a decade from the present moment.
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njezin ishod čak ni u narednom desetljeću.
01:52
There will come a time, of course,
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Doći će vrijeme, naravno,
01:54
when the exponential growth of discovery and knowledge,
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kad će eksponencijalni rast otkrića i znanja,
01:58
which actually began in the 1600s,
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koji je zapravo započeo u 17. stoljeću,
02:00
has to peak and level off,
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doći do vrhunca i usporiti,
02:03
but that's not going to matter to you.
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ali vama to neće biti bitno.
02:04
The revolution is going to continue
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Revolucija će se nastaviti
02:05
for at least several more decades.
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još barem nekoliko desetljeća.
02:08
It'll render the human condition
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Značajno će izmijenit će ljudsko stanje
02:10
radically different from what it is today.
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u odnosu na ono kakvo je danas.
02:12
Traditional fields of study are going to continue to grow
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Tradicionalna polja istraživanja nastavit će rasti
02:19
and in so doing, inevitably they will meet and create new disciplines.
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i tako će se neizbježno približiti i stvoriti nove discipline.
02:24
In time, all of science will come to be
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S vremenom, cjelokupna znanost postat će
02:27
a continuum of description, an explanation of networks, of principles and laws.
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neprekidno opisivanje, objašnjavanje veza, načela i zakona.
02:33
That's why you need not just be training
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Zato se ne treba uvježbavati
02:36
in one specialty, but also acquire breadth in other fields,
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samo u jednoj specijalnosti, već steći uvid i u druga područja,
02:41
related to and even distant from your own initial choice.
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srodna ili čak veoma udaljena od vašeg prvotnog izbora.
02:44
Keep your eyes lifted and your head turning.
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Držite oči otvorenima i ostanite znatiželjni.
02:48
The search for knowledge is in our genes.
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Potraga za znanjem u našim je genima.
02:51
It was put there by our distant ancestors
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Usadili su nam je naši daleki preci
02:55
who spread across the world,
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koji su se raširili svijetom
02:56
and it's never going to be quenched.
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i ona nikada neće nestati.
02:58
To understand and use it sanely,
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Kako bismo je razumjeli i razumno koristili,
03:01
as a part of the civilization yet to evolve
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kao dio civilizacije koji tek treba evoluirati,
03:05
requires a vastly larger population of scientifically trained people like you.
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neophodno je mnogo više znanstveno obrazovanih ljudi poput vas.
03:11
In education, medicine, law, diplomacy,
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U obrazovanju, medicini, pravu, diplomaciji,
03:15
government, business and the media that exist today.
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vladi, poslovnom svijetu i medijima koji danas postoje.
03:19
Our political leaders need at least a modest degree of scientific
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Naši politički vođe trebaju imati barem osnovnu
03:24
literacy, which most badly lack today --
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znanstvenu pismenost koju većina njih danas nema –
03:27
no applause, please.
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bez pljeska molim.
03:29
It will be better for all
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Bilo bi bolje za sve
03:31
if they prepare before entering office rather than learning on the job.
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kad bi se pripremili prije nego dobiju mandat, a ne nakon toga.
03:36
Therefore you will do well to act on the side,
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Stoga, učinit ćete dobro ako budete radili sa strane,
03:39
no matter how far into the laboratory
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bez obzira koliko se zakopali u laboratoriju,
03:42
you may go, to serve as teachers
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ako budete radili kao nastavnici
03:45
during the span of your career.
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tijekom svoje karijere.
03:47
I'll now proceed quickly,
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Sada ću brzo prijeći,
03:49
and before else, to a subject that is both a vital asset
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prije svega, na temu koja je neophodno korisna,
03:53
and a potential barrier to a scientific career.
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ali i moguća prepreka znanstvenoj karijeri.
03:56
If you are a bit short in mathematical skills,
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Ako vam pomalo nedostaje matematičkih vještina,
04:00
don't worry.
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ne brinite.
04:01
Many of the most successful scientists
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Danas su mnogi uspješni znanstvenici
04:03
at work today are mathematically semi-literate.
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matematički polupismeni.
04:08
A metaphor will serve here:
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Metafora će to dobro dočarati:
04:10
Where elite mathematicians and statisticians
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Dok su vrhunski matematičari, statističari
04:16
and theorists often serve as architects in the expanding realm
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i teoretičari u ulozi arhitekata u sve širem
04:21
of science, the remaining large majority of
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području znanosti, preostala većina znanstvenika
04:25
basic applied scientists, including a large portion of those who could be
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temeljnih primijenjenih znanosti, uključujući i veliki udio onih koje bismo
04:30
said to be of the first rank, are the ones who map the terrain, they scout
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mogli nazvati prvorazrednima, oni su koji označavaju teren,
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the frontiers, they cut the pathways,
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izviđaju granice, kroje puteve
04:38
they raise the buildings along the way.
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i usput podižu zgrade.
04:40
Some may have considered me foolhardy,
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Neki su me možda smatrali ludo odvažnim,
04:44
but it's been my habit to brush aside the fear of mathematics
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ali stekao sam naviku otklanjati strah od matematike
04:47
when talking to candidate scientists.
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u razgovoru s kandidatima za buduće znanstvenike.
04:49
During 41 years of teaching biology at Harvard,
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Tijekom 41 godine poučavanja biologije na Harvardu,
04:53
I watched sadly as bright students turned away
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tužno sam gledao kako se bistri studenti okreću
04:57
from the possibility of a scientific career
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od mogućnosti znanstvene karijere
05:00
or even from taking non-required courses in science
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ili čak neobaveznih kolegija iz znanosti
05:04
because they were afraid of failure.
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zato što su se bojali neuspjeha.
05:06
These math-phobes deprive science and medicine
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Ovi matematofobi uskraćuju znanosti i medicini
05:09
of immeasurable amounts of badly needed talent.
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neizmjernu količinu svoga prijeko potrebnog talenta.
05:12
Here's how to relax your anxieties, if you have them:
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Evo kako se riješiti tjeskoba, ako ih imate:
05:16
Understand that mathematics is a language
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shvatite da je matematika jezik
05:19
ruled like other verbal languages,
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s pravilima kao svaki drugi govorni jezik
05:23
or like verbal language generally, by its own grammar
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ili općenito poput govornog jezika,
05:26
and system of logic.
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sa svojom vlastitom gramatikom i logičnostima.
05:28
Any person with average quantitative intelligence
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Bilo koja osoba s prosječnom kvantitativnom inteligencijom,
05:30
who learns to read and write mathematics
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koja nauči čitati i pisati matematiku
05:34
at an elementary level will, as in verbal language, have little difficulty
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na osnovnoj razini imat će, kao i kod govornog jezika, vrlo malo poteškoća
05:40
picking up most of the fundamentals
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u usvajanju većine temeljnih elemenata,
05:42
if they choose to master the mathspeak of most disciplines of science.
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ukoliko odluči ovladati matematičkim jezikom većine znanstvenih disciplina.
05:48
The longer you wait to become at least semi-literate
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Što kasnije postanete barem polupismeni,
05:52
the harder the language of mathematics will be to master, just as again in any verbal
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teže biva ovladati jezikom matematike kao i kod, ponovno, bilo kojeg
05:58
language, but it can be done at any age.
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govornog jezika, ali izvedivo je u bilo kojoj dobi.
06:01
I speak as an authority
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Govorim kao autoritet
06:02
on that subject, because I'm an extreme case.
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po tom pitanju jer sam i sam ekstreman slučaj.
06:06
I didn't take algebra until my freshman year
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Nisam imao matematiku do svoje prve godine
06:10
at the University of Alabama.
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na Sveučilištu u Alabami.
06:12
They didn't teach it before then.
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Nisu je predavali do tada.
06:14
I finally got around to calculus as a 32-year-old tenured professor at Harvard,
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Napokon sam svladao računanje kao 32-godišnji profesor na Harvardu,
06:19
where I sat uncomfortably in classes with undergraduate students,
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gdje sam s nelagodom sjedio u predavaonici s preddiplomcima,
06:24
little more than half my age.
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od kojih sam bio gotovo dvostruko stariji.
06:26
A couple of them were students
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Neki od njih pohađali su
06:28
in a course I was giving on evolutionary biology.
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kolegij o evolucijskoj biologiji koji sam držao.
06:31
I swallowed my pride, and I learned calculus.
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Progutao sam ponos i naučio računati.
06:36
I found out that in science and all its applications,
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Otkrio sam kako u znanosti i svim njezinim primjenama
06:39
what is crucial is not that technical ability,
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nije najvažnija tehnička sposobnost,
06:43
but it is imagination in all of its applications.
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nego maštovitost u svim njezinim primjenama.
06:46
The ability to form concepts with images of entities and processes
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Sposobnost stvaranja koncepata sa slikama entiteta i procesa,
06:51
pictured by intuition.
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intuitivno zamišljenih.
06:54
I found out that advances in science rarely come upstream
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Otkrio sam kako napredak u znanosti rijetko proizlazi iz
06:58
from an ability to stand at a blackboard
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sposobnosti stajanja ispred ploče
07:01
and conjure images from unfolding mathematical propositions
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i prizivanja slika iz prikazanih matematičkih formula
07:04
and equations.
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i jednadžbi.
07:06
They are instead the products of downstream imagination leading to hard work,
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Oni su zapravo plod maštovitosti koja je dovela do teškog rada
07:11
during which mathematical reasoning may or may not prove to be relevant.
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uz koji matematički način razmišljanja može, ali i ne mora, biti važan.
07:16
Ideas emerge when a part of the real or imagined world is studied
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Ideje naviru kada se proučava dio stvarnog ili zamišljenog svijeta
07:21
for its own sake.
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radi njega samoga.
07:23
Of foremost importance is a thorough, well-organized knowledge
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Od najveće je važnosti temeljito, dobro organizirano znanje
07:28
of all that is known of the relevant entities and processes that might be involved in that domain
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svega što je poznato o važnim sastavnicama i procesima koji mogu biti uključeni u područje
07:35
you propose to enter.
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u koje želite zaći.
07:36
When something new is discovered,
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Kad se otkrije nešto novo,
07:38
it's logical then that one of the follow-up steps is
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logično je da jedan od sljedećih koraka uključuje
07:43
to find the mathematical and statistical methods to move its analysis forward.
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pronalazak matematičkih i statističkih metoda koje će unaprijediti analizu.
07:48
If that step proves too difficult for
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Ako se taj korak pokaže preteškim
07:50
the person or team that made the discovery,
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za osobu ili tim koji je došao do otkrića,
07:54
a mathematician can then be added by them
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matematičar tada može biti pridodan
08:00
as a collaborator.
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kao suradnik.
08:02
Consider the following principle,
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Razmotrite sljedeće načelo
08:04
which I will modestly call Wilson's Principle Number One:
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koje ću skromno nazvati Prvim Wilsonovim načelom:
08:09
It is far easier for scientists
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mnogo je lakše znanstvenicima,
08:14
including medical researchers, to require needed collaboration
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uključujući istraživače u medicini, dobiti potrebnu suradnju
08:18
in mathematics and statistics
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s matematičarima i statističarima,
08:20
than it is for mathematicians and statisticians
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nego matematičarima i statističarima
08:24
to find scientists able to make use of their equations.
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naći znanstvenika koji će pronaći upotrebu za njihove jednadžbe.
08:28
It is important in choosing the direction to take in science
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Važno je, pri odabiru svog smjera u znanosti,
08:32
to find the subject at your level of competence that interests you deeply,
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pronaći, na svojoj razini sposobnosti, polje koje vas duboko zanima
08:38
and focus on that.
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i usredotočiti se na to.
08:40
Keep in mind, then, Wilson's Second Principle:
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Stoga, imajte na umu Drugo Wilsonovo načelo:
08:44
For every scientist, whether researcher, technician,
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za svakog znanstvenika, bilo istraživača, tehničara,
08:49
teacher, manager or businessman,
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nastavnika, menadžera ili poslovnog čovjeka,
08:52
working at any level of mathematical competence,
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koji radi s bilo kojom razinom matematičke sposobnosti,
08:56
there exists a discipline in science or medicine
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postoji disciplina u znanosti ili medicini
08:59
for which that level is enough to achieve excellence.
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u kojoj je ta razina dovoljna za postizanje izvrsnosti.
09:03
Now I'm going to offer quickly
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Sada ću vam ukratko predstaviti
09:06
several more principles that will be useful
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još nekoliko načela koja vam mogu koristiti
09:08
in organizing your education and career,
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u organizaciji vašeg obrazovanja i karijere
09:11
or if you're teaching, how you might
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ili, ako poučavate, kako možete
09:15
enhance your own teaching and counseling of young scientists.
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unaprijediti svoje poučavanje i savjetovanje mladih znanstvenika.
09:20
In selecting a subject in which to conduct original research,
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Kad birate temu na koju će se izvoditi originalno istraživanje
09:24
or to develop world-class expertise,
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ili razviti svjetska stručnost,
09:27
take a part of the chosen discipline that is sparsely inhabited.
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odaberite dio odabrane discipline kojim se ne bavi mnogo znanstvenika.
09:33
Judge opportunity by how few other students and researchers
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Prosuđujte priliku prema tome koliko je tu drugih
09:37
are on hand.
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istraživača i studenata.
09:39
This is not to de-emphasize the essential requirement
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Ovo ne bi trebalo umanjiti naglasak na nužnost
09:42
of broad training, or the value of apprenticing yourself
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širokog obučavanja ili vrijednosti vježbanja
09:46
in ongoing research to programs of high quality.
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na trenutnim istraživanjima u visokokvalitetnim programima.
09:50
It is important also to acquire older mentors within these successful
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Važno je također steći starije mentore unutar ovih
09:55
programs, and to make friends and colleagues of your age
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uspješnih programa, kao i steći prijatelje i kolege vlastite dobi
09:59
for mutual support.
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za međusobnu podršku.
10:01
But through it all, look for a way to break out,
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Ali, kroz sve to, tražite način da se probijete
10:03
to find a field and subject not yet popular.
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i pronađete polje koje još nije popularno.
10:07
We have seen this demonstrated already in the talks preceding mine.
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Već smo to vidjeli u govorima koji su prethodili mojemu.
10:11
There is the quickest way advances are likely to occur,
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Tako će najbrže doći do napretka,
10:16
as measured in discoveries per investigator per year.
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mjereno u otkrićima po istraživaču, po godini.
10:20
You may have heard the
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Možda ste čuli
10:22
military dictum for the gathering of armies:
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vojnu uzrečicu za skupljanje vojske:
10:25
March to the sound of the guns.
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marširajte prema zvuku topova.
10:28
In science, the exact opposite is the case: March away from the sound of the guns.
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U znanosti vrijedi upravo suprotno: krećite se dalje od zvuka topova.
10:35
So Wilson's Principle Number Three:
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Dakle, Treće Wilsonovo načelo:
10:37
March away from the sound of the guns.
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krećite se dalje od zvuka topova.
10:41
Observe from a distance,
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Promatrajte s udaljenosti,
10:42
but do not join the fray.
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ali ne uključujte se u okršaje.
10:45
Make a fray of your own.
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Stvorite vlastite sukobe.
10:47
Once you have settled on a specialty,
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Jednom kad pronađete specijalnost
10:51
and the profession you can love, and you've secured opportunity,
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i zanimanje koje možete voljeti, i osigurali ste priliku,
10:56
your potential to succeed will be greatly enhanced if you study it
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vaša mogućnost da uspijete bit će uvećana ako je proučavate
11:02
enough to become an expert.
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dovoljno da postanete stručnjakom.
11:04
There are thousands of professionally delimited
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Postoje tisuće profesionalno razgraničenih
11:08
subjects sprinkled through physics and chemistry
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područja koja su raštrkana kroz fiziku i kemiju,
11:10
to biology and medicine.
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biologiju i medicinu.
11:12
And on then into the social sciences,
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Onda do društvenih znanosti,
11:15
where it is possible in short time to acquire
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gdje je u kratkom vremenu moguće
11:18
the status of an authority.
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steći autoritet.
11:21
When the subject is still very thinly populated,
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Kad je područje neistraženo,
11:24
you can with diligence and hard work become
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uz marljivost i naporan rad
11:27
the world authority.
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možete steći svjetski autoritet.
11:29
The world needs this kind of expertise,
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Svijetu je potrebna takva vrsta stručnosti
11:33
and it rewards the kind of people
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i on nagrađuje ljude
11:35
willing to acquire it.
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koji su je voljni steći.
11:37
The existing information and what you self-discover
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Postojeće informacije i ono što sami otkrijete,
11:42
may at first seem skimpy and difficult to connect
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isprva se može činiti oskudnim i teško povezivim
11:46
to other bodies of knowledge.
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s ostalim cjelinama znanja.
11:48
Well, if that's the case,
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Ukoliko se o tome radi,
11:50
good. Why hard instead of easy?
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dobro. Zašto mora biti teško, a ne lako?
11:54
The answer deserves to be stated as Principle Number Four.
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Odgovor zaslužuje biti izrečen kao Četvrto načelo:
11:59
In the attempt to make scientific discoveries,
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U pokušaju dolaska do znanstvenih otkrića,
12:02
every problem is an opportunity,
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svaki problem je mogućnost
12:04
and the more difficult the problem,
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i što je problem teži,
12:06
the greater will be the importance of its solution.
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to će veći biti značaj rješenja.
12:09
Now this brings me to a basic categorization
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To me dovodi do osnovne kategorizacije
12:12
in the way scientific discoveries are made.
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kako dolazi do znanstvenih otkrića.
12:15
Scientists, pure mathematicians among them,
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Znanstvenici, među njima čisti matematičari,
12:19
follow one or the other of two pathways:
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slijede jedan od ovih dvaju putova:
12:22
First through early discoveries,
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prvo, kroz rana otkrića,
12:24
a problem is identified
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problem je postavljen
12:26
and a solution is sought.
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i traga se za rješenjem.
12:28
The problem may be relatively small;
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Problem može biti relativno malen,
12:31
for example, where exactly in a cruise ship does the norovirus begin to spread?
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primjerice, gdje se točno na kruzeru norovirus počinje širiti?
12:36
Or larger, what's the role of dark matter in the expansion of the universe?
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Ili veći, koja je uloga tamne tvari u širenju svemira?
12:42
As the answer is sought, other phenomena are typically discovered
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Dok se traga za rješenjem, otkrivaju se druge pojave
12:46
and other questions are asked.
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i postavljaju se nova pitanja.
12:48
This first of the two strategies is like a hunter,
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Ova je prva od ovih dviju strategija poput lovca
12:51
exploring a forest in search of a particular quarry,
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koji istražuje šumu tražeći određeni plijen,
12:55
who finds other quarries along the way.
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i usput pronalazi drugi plijen.
12:58
The second strategy of research
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Druga strategija istraživanja
13:01
is to study a subject broadly
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jest proučavati područje široko,
13:03
searching for unknown phenomena or patterns of known phenomena
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tražeći nepoznate pojave ili obrasce poznatih pojava
13:08
like a hunter in what we call "the naturalist's trance,"
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poput lovca koji se nalazi u takozvanom „prirodnjačkom zanosu“.
13:11
the researcher of mind is open to anything interesting,
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Um istraživača otvoren je bilo čemu zanimljivome,
13:15
any quarry worth taking.
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bilo kojem plijenu koji je vrijedno uloviti.
13:16
The search is not for the solution of the problem,
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Ne traga se za rješenjem problema,
13:19
but for problems themselves worth solving.
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nego za problemima vrijednima rješavanja.
13:22
The two strategies of research,
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Dvije strategije istraživanja,
13:24
original research, can be stated as follows,
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originalnog istraživanja, mogu se izreći kako slijedi,
13:27
in the final principle I'm going to offer you:
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u posljednjem načelu koje ću vam predstaviti:
13:31
For every problem in a given discipline of science,
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za svaki problem u određenom području znanosti
13:36
there exists a species or entity or phenomenon
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postoji vrsta, entitet ili pojava
13:39
ideal for its solution.
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koji su idealni za njegovo rješenje.
13:41
And conversely, for every species or other entity
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I suprotno, za svaku vrstu ili entitet
13:47
or phenomenon, there exist important problems
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ili pojavu postoje važni problemi
13:50
for the solution of which, those particular objects of research are ideally suited.
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za čije su rješavanje ti određeni objekti istraživanja idealni.
13:57
Find out what they are.
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Otkrijte koji su to.
13:59
You'll find your own way to discover,
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Pronaći ćete vlastiti način za otkrivanje,
14:02
to learn, to teach.
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učenje, poučavanje.
14:04
The decades ahead will see dramatic advances
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Desetljeća pred nama svjedočit će dramatičnom napretku
14:08
in disease prevention, general health, the quality of life.
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u sprječavanju bolesti, općem zdravlju, kvaliteti života.
14:12
All of humanity depends on the knowledge and practice of the medicine and the science
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Čitavo čovječanstvo ovisi o znanju, praksi medicine
14:18
behind it you will master.
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i znanosti iza nje, kojom ćete vi ovladati.
14:20
You have chosen a calling that will come in steps
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Odabrali ste poziv koji će vas u koracima
14:23
to give you satisfaction, at its conclusion, of a life well lived.
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dovesti do zadovoljstva, do zaključaka i do dobro proživljenog života.
14:29
And I thank you for having me here tonight.
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Hvala vam što ste me večeras ovamo pozvali.
14:31
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
14:37
Oh, thank you.
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Hvala vam.
14:38
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam puno.
14:45
I salute you.
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Pozdravljam vas.
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