Rory Stewart: Why democracy matters

83,872 views ใƒป 2012-10-29

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shani Alod
00:16
So little Billy goes to school,
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
00:18
and he sits down and the teacher says,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื•ืืœืช,
00:21
"What does your father do?"
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"ื‘ืžื” ืขื•ืกืง ืื‘ื™ืš?"
00:24
And little Billy says, "My father plays the piano
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ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื•ื ื”, "ืื‘ื™ ืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ
00:28
in an opium den."
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ื‘ืžืื•ืจืช ืื•ืคื™ื•ื."
00:31
So the teacher rings up the parents, and says,
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ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืื•ืžืจืช,
00:33
"Very shocking story from little Billy today.
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"ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื–ืขื–ืข ืžืื•ื“.
00:36
Just heard that he claimed that you play the piano
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ
00:40
in an opium den."
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ื‘ืžืื•ืจืช ืื•ืคื™ื•ื."
00:42
And the father says, "I'm very sorry. Yes, it's true, I lied.
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ื•ื”ืื‘ ืขื•ื ื”, "ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžืื•ื“. ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืงืจืชื™.
00:46
But how can I tell an eight-year-old boy
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื”
00:50
that his father is a politician?" (Laughter)
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ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™?" [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
00:54
Now, as a politician myself, standing in front of you,
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ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™, ืฉื ื™ืฆื‘ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื,
00:57
or indeed, meeting any stranger anywhere in the world,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืคื•ื’ืฉ ื›ืœ ื–ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:01
when I eventually reveal the nature of my profession,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืœื™,
01:03
they look at me as though I'm somewhere between
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ
01:06
a snake, a monkey and an iguana,
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ื ื—ืฉ, ืงื•ืฃ ื•ืื™ื’ื•ืื ื”,
01:11
and through all of this, I feel, strongly,
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื”,
01:15
that something is going wrong.
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ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉ.
01:18
Four hundred years of maturing democracy,
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400 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื”,
01:21
colleagues in Parliament who seem to me, as individuals,
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ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜, ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ืื™ืฉ-ืื™ืฉ,
01:24
reasonably impressive, an increasingly educated,
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ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื™, ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:28
energetic, informed population, and yet
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ื ืžืจืฆื™ื, ืžืชืžืฆืื™ื, ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ืืช -
01:32
a deep, deep sense of disappointment.
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ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ืื›ื–ื‘ื”.
01:37
My colleagues in Parliament include, in my new intake,
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ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื, ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื™,
01:41
family doctors, businesspeople, professors,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื,
01:46
distinguished economists, historians, writers,
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ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืกื•ืคืจื™ื,
01:50
army officers ranging from colonels down to regimental sergeant majors.
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ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืฆื‘ื, ืžืืœื•ืคื™-ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืขื“ ืจืก"ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
01:55
All of them, however, including myself, as we walk underneath
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืชื™, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช
01:59
those strange stone gargoyles just down the road,
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ืœืคืกืœื™ ื”ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš,
02:03
feel that we've become less than the sum of our parts,
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืกืš ื—ืœืงื™ื ื•,
02:07
feel as though we have become profoundly diminished.
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืจื›ื ื• ืคื—ืช ืžืื“.
02:13
And this isn't just a problem in Britain.
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ื•ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
02:17
It's a problem across the developing world,
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—,
02:20
and in middle income countries too. In Jamaica,
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ื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื’'ืžื™ืงื” --
02:22
for example -- look at Jamaican members of Parliament,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื’'ืžื™ื™ืงื ื™,
02:26
you meet them, and they're often people who are
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ืืชื” ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื, ื•ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:29
Rhodes Scholars, who've studied at Harvard or at Princeton,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื™ืœื’ืช ืจื•ื“ืก, ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืื• ื‘ืคืจื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
02:34
and yet, you go down to downtown Kingston,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ื’ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
02:37
and you are looking at one of the most depressing sites
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:41
that you can see in any middle-income country in the world:
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช:
02:45
a dismal, depressing landscape
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ื ื•ืฃ ืงื•ื“ืจ ื•ืžื“ื›ื
02:48
of burnt and half-abandoned buildings.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืคื™ื ื•ื ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”,
02:51
And this has been true for 30 years, and the handover
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ 30 ืฉื ื”, ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช
02:54
in 1979, 1980, between one Jamaican leader who was
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1979, 1980, ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื’'ืžื™ื™ืงื ื™ ืื—ื“,
02:58
the son of a Rhodes Scholar and a Q.C. to another
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ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื’ืช ืจื•ื“ืก ื•ืขื•"ื“ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ
03:02
who'd done an economics doctorate at Harvard,
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ืฉืขืฉื” ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“,
03:05
over 800 people were killed in the streets
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ืžืขืœ ืœ-800 ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช
03:08
in drug-related violence.
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ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืกืžื™ื.
03:11
Ten years ago, however, the promise of democracy
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”
03:15
seemed to be extraordinary. George W. Bush stood up
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ื ืจืืชื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช. ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•' ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘
03:19
in his State of the Union address in 2003
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ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื‘-2003
03:22
and said that democracy was the force that would beat
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ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก
03:26
most of the ills of the world. He said,
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ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
03:29
because democratic governments respect their own people
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ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืช ืขืžื™ื”ื
03:33
and respect their neighbors, freedom will bring peace.
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ื•ืืช ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื.
03:39
Distinguished academics at the same time argued that
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ืืงื“ืžืื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื–
03:42
democracies had this incredible range of side benefits.
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ืฉืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื.
03:46
They would bring prosperity, security,
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’, ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ,
03:49
overcome sectarian violence,
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ื™ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื,
03:52
ensure that states would never again harbor terrorists.
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ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืขื ื™ืงื• ืžื—ืกื” ืœืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื.
03:56
Since then, what's happened?
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ื•ืžืื–, ืžื” ืงืจื”?
03:59
Well, what we've seen is the creation, in places like Iraq
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ื–ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืจืง ื•ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
04:02
and Afghanistan, of democratic systems of government
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช
04:06
which haven't had any of those side benefits.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื›ืืœื”.
04:09
In Afghanistan, for example, we haven't just had one election
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ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืขื ืื—ืช
04:12
or two elections. We've gone through three elections,
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ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช,
04:15
presidential and parliamentary. And what do we find?
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ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื. ื•ืžื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•?
04:18
Do we find a flourishing civil society, a vigorous rule of law
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ื”ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืคื•ืจื—ืช, ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ-ื—ื•ืง ื ืžืจืฅ
04:21
and good security? No. What we find in Afghanistan
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘? ืœื. ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ
04:25
is a judiciary that is weak and corrupt,
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ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื—ืœืฉื” ื•ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช,
04:29
a very limited civil society which is largely ineffective,
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื-ื™ืขื™ืœื”,
04:33
a media which is beginning to get onto its feet
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ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”
04:36
but a government that's deeply unpopular,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ืžืื“ ืœื-ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™,
04:39
perceived as being deeply corrupt, and security
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ืฉื ืชืคืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ืฉื—ืช, ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
04:43
that is shocking, security that's terrible.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžื–ืขื–ืข, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ืจื.
04:46
In Pakistan, in lots of sub-Saharan Africa,
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ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืช-ื”ืกื”ืจื”,
04:51
again you can see democracy and elections are compatible
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช
04:54
with corrupt governments, with states that are unstable
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ืœืฆื“ ืžืžืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื—ืช, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช
04:58
and dangerous.
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ื•ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช.
05:01
And when I have conversations with people, I remember
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื ื™ ื ื–ื›ืจ
05:03
having a conversation, for example, in Iraq,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืื—ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืขื™ืจืง,
05:06
with a community that asked me
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืขื ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™
05:09
whether the riot we were seeing in front of us,
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ืื ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•,
05:12
this was a huge mob ransacking a provincial council building,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉื‘ื–ื– ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช,
05:16
was a sign of the new democracy.
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ื”ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
05:21
The same, I felt, was true in almost every single one
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช
05:25
of the middle and developing countries that I went to,
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ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™,
05:28
and to some extent the same is true of us.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื ื•.
05:32
Well, what is the answer to this? Is the answer to just
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”? ื”ืื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜
05:34
give up on the idea of democracy?
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ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”?
05:37
Well, obviously not. It would be absurd
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื. ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื•ื—ืš,
05:41
if we were to engage again in the kind of operations
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ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ืกื•ื’
05:44
we were engaged in, in Iraq and Afghanistan
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืกืงื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจืง ื•ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ
05:47
if we were to suddenly find ourselves in a situation
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืžืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืคืชืข
05:50
in which we were imposing
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืคื™ื
05:53
anything other than a democratic system.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช.
05:55
Anything else would run contrary to our values,
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื•,
05:58
it would run contrary to the wishes of the people
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—,
06:00
on the ground, it would run contrary to our interests.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
06:04
I remember in Iraq, for example, that we went through
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจืง, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช
06:07
a period of feeling that we should delay democracy.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืฉื ื• ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ื• ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
06:10
We went through a period of feeling that the lesson learned
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืฉื ื• ืฉื”ืœืงื— ืฉื”ื•ืคืง
06:12
from Bosnia was that elections held too early
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ืžื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื™ื•ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช
06:16
enshrined sectarian violence, enshrined extremist parties,
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ืงื™ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžื’ื–ืจื™ืช, ืงื™ื“ืฉ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
06:20
so in Iraq in 2003 the decision was made,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจืง, ื‘-2003, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”:
06:23
let's not have elections for two years. Let's invest in
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ื”ื‘ื” ืœื ื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉืงื™ืข
06:26
voter education. Let's invest in democratization.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื. ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
06:30
The result was that I found stuck outside my office
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื ืืกืฃ
06:34
a huge crowd of people, this is actually a photograph
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื, ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ืœื•ื‘
06:36
taken in Libya but I saw the same scene in Iraq
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืกืฆื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืง
06:40
of people standing outside screaming for the elections,
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืฆื•ืขืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช,
06:44
and when I went out and said, "What is wrong
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ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฆืืชื™ ื•ืฉืืœืชื™, "ืžื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ
06:47
with the interim provincial council?
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ืขื ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืช?
06:50
What is wrong with the people that we have chosen?
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ืžื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื—ืจื ื•?
06:53
There is a Sunni sheikh, there's a Shiite sheikh,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืกื•ื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉื™ืขื™,
06:56
there's the seven -- leaders of the seven major tribes,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ 7 ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื,
06:59
there's a Christian, there's a Sabian,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืกื‘ืื™,
07:02
there are female representatives, there's every political party in this council,
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ื™ืฉ ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืช, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื”,
07:06
what's wrong with the people that we chose?"
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ืžื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ืจื ื•?"
07:09
The answer came, "The problem isn't the people
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื”, "ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ืจืชื,
07:12
that you chose. The problem is that you chose them."
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ืืœื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืชื ื‘ื—ืจืชื ืื•ืชื."
07:18
I have not met, in Afghanistan, in even the most
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ืœื ืคื’ืฉืชื™, ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ื ื™ื“ื—ืช
07:21
remote community, anybody who does not want
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ืื“ื ืฉืœื ืจื•ืฆื”
07:24
a say in who governs them.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ ื™ืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื•.
07:27
Most remote community, I have never met a villager
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ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ื ื™ื“ื—ืช, ืœื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื•ื ื›ืคืจื™
07:29
who does not want a vote.
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ืฉืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข.
07:33
So we need to acknowledge
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš
07:36
that despite the dubious statistics, despite the fact that
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ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืคื•ืงืคืงืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
07:39
84 percent of people in Britain feel politics is broken,
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ืฉ-84% ืžื”ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื”,
07:45
despite the fact that when I was in Iraq, we did an opinion poll
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจืง, ืขืจื›ื ื• ืžืฉืืœ
07:48
in 2003 and asked people what political systems they preferred,
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ื‘-2003 ื•ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื,
07:52
and the answer came back that
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื”
07:54
seven percent wanted the United States,
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ืฉ-7% ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘,
07:58
five percent wanted France,
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5% ืจืฆื• ืืช ืฆืจืคืช,
08:00
three percent wanted Britain,
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3% ืจืฆื• ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
08:03
and nearly 40 percent wanted Dubai, which is, after all,
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ 40% ืจืฆื• ืืช ื“ื•ื‘ืื™, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจื™
08:07
not a democratic state at all but a relatively prosperous
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ืœื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื›ืœืœ, ืืœื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืœื•ื›ื ื™ ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช
08:10
minor monarchy, democracy is a thing of value
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜, ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืจื›ื™
08:15
for which we should be fighting. But in order to do so
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ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื. ืืš ืœืฉื ื›ืš
08:18
we need to get away from instrumental arguments.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ื™ื.
08:21
We need to get away from saying democracy matters
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืืžื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
08:25
because of the other things it brings.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื”.
08:28
We need to get away from feeling, in the same way,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”, ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”
08:30
human rights matters because of the other things it brings,
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื,
08:34
or women's rights matters for the other things it brings.
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ืื• ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื
08:37
Why should we get away from those arguments?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
08:40
Because they're very dangerous. If we set about saying,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืื“ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื. ืื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ,
08:42
for example, torture is wrong because it doesn't extract
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ืžืกืคืงื™ื
08:47
good information, or we say, you need women's rights
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ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื• ืฉื ืืžืจ "ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื
08:52
because it stimulates economic growth by doubling the size of the work force,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืชื•ืจื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ื›ืคืœืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”",
08:57
you leave yourself open to the position where
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘
08:58
the government of North Korea can turn around and say,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžืžืฉืœืช ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ื•ืœื•ืžืจ,
09:00
"Well actually, we're having a lot of success extracting
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"ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื”
09:03
good information with our torture at the moment,"
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ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ืžื™ื“ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื”,"
09:06
or the government of Saudi Arabia to say, "Well,
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ืื• ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื” ืชืืžืจ ืœื ื•,
09:08
our economic growth's okay, thank you very much,
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"ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
09:09
considerably better than yours,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื›ื,
09:11
so maybe we don't need to go ahead with this program on women's rights."
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ืชืงื“ื ืขื ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื".
09:16
The point about democracy is not instrumental.
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ืช.
09:19
It's not about the things that it brings.
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ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื”.
09:22
The point about democracy is not that it delivers
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ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช
09:25
legitimate, effective, prosperous rule of law.
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ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™, ื™ืขื™ืœ, ืžืฉื’ืฉื’.
09:31
It's not that it guarantees peace with itself or with its neighbors.
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ื•ืœื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ.
09:36
The point about democracy is intrinsic.
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ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
09:39
Democracy matters because it reflects an idea of equality
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ
09:44
and an idea of liberty. It reflects an idea of dignity,
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ื•ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“,
09:48
the dignity of the individual, the idea that each individual
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ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื, ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ืช
09:52
should have an equal vote, an equal say,
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ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉื•ื•ื”, ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื”,
09:56
in the formation of their government.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœื”ื.
10:00
But if we're really to make democracy vigorous again,
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ืืš ืื ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืžืจืฆืช,
10:04
if we're ready to revivify it, we need to get involved
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ืื ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
10:06
in a new project of the citizens and the politicians.
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ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื.
10:11
Democracy is not simply a question of structures.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืกืชื ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื.
10:16
It is a state of mind. It is an activity.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืœืš-ืจื•ื—. ื–ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.
10:20
And part of that activity is honesty.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื ื•ืช.
10:23
After I speak to you today, I'm going on a radio program
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืืกื™ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืื™ืชื›ื, ืื ื™ ืืชืืจื— ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืจื“ื™ื•
10:27
called "Any Questions," and the thing you will have noticed
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ื‘ืฉื "ื™ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช?" ื•ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘
10:29
about politicians on these kinds of radio programs
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ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื›ืืœื”,
10:33
is that they never, ever say that they don't know the answer
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
10:37
to a question. It doesn't matter what it is.
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ืœืฉืืœื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื”ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื”.
10:38
If you ask about child tax credits, the future of the penguins
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื›ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืก ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื
10:42
in the south Antarctic, asked to hold forth on whether or not
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™, ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืื
10:46
the developments in Chongqing contribute
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ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืฆ'ื•ื ื’ืฆ'ื™ื ื’ ืชื•ืจื
10:49
to sustainable development in carbon capture,
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ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ,
10:51
and we will have an answer for you.
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
10:54
We need to stop that, to stop pretending to be
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืขื ื–ื”, ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื
10:57
omniscient beings.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™-ื›ืœ.
10:59
Politicians also need to learn, occasionally, to say that
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ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ื’ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ
11:02
certain things that voters want, certain things that voters
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ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืจื•ืฆื”, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
11:06
have been promised, may be things
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื• ืœื•, ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
11:10
that we cannot deliver
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ืฉืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื
11:13
or perhaps that we feel we should not deliver.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ืงื™ื™ื.
11:17
And the second thing we should do is understand
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
11:20
the genius of our societies.
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ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
11:23
Our societies have never been so educated, have never
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื•
11:27
been so energized, have never been so healthy,
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ื›ื” ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
11:30
have never known so much, cared so much,
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ืื™ื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช,
11:33
or wanted to do so much, and it is a genius of the local.
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ืื• ืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื–ื• ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜.
11:39
One of the reasons why we're moving away
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ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื
11:41
from banqueting halls such as the one in which we stand,
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ืžืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื ืฉืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื,
11:45
banqueting halls with extraordinary images on the ceiling
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ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื ืฉืคื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืจื”,
11:49
of kings enthroned,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชืจืช ืžืœื›ื™ื,
11:51
the entire drama played out here on this space,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืžื” ืฉื ื’ื•ืœื” ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื–ื”,
11:54
where the King of England had his head lopped off,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžืœืš ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืจืืฉื•,
11:57
why we've moved from spaces like this, thrones like that,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืžื›ืกืื•ืช-ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”,
12:02
towards the town hall, is we're moving more and more
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ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:05
towards the energies of our people, and we need to tap that.
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ืืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื ื•, ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชืŸ.
12:09
That can mean different things in different countries.
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ืœื›ืš ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
12:12
In Britain, it could mean looking to the French,
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืฆืจืคืช,
12:15
learning from the French,
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื,
12:17
getting directly elected mayors in place
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ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
12:21
in a French commune system.
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช.
12:23
In Afghanistan, it could have meant instead of concentrating
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ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“
12:26
on the big presidential and parliamentary elections,
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ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื,
12:29
we should have done what was in the Afghan constitution
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ืืคื’ื ื™ืช
12:31
from the very beginning, which is to get direct local elections going
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ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช
12:36
at a district level and elect people's provincial governors.
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื–, ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ื™ื.
12:41
But for any of these things to work,
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ืืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ืฆืœื™ื—,
12:44
the honesty in language, the local democracy,
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ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื”, ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
12:47
it's not just a question of what politicians do.
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืจืง ืžื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
12:49
It's a question of what the citizens do.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
12:51
For politicians to be honest, the public needs to allow them to be honest,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ื ื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ื,
12:56
and the media, which mediates between the politicians
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืฉืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื
12:59
and the public, needs to allow those politicians to be honest.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ื.
13:04
If local democracy is to flourish, it is about the active
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืชืฉื’ืฉื’, ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื•ืžื•ืฉื›ืœืช
13:07
and informed engagement of every citizen.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื–ืจื— ื•ืื–ืจื—.
13:11
In other words, if democracy is to be rebuilt,
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
13:16
is to become again vigorous and vibrant,
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืจืฆืช ื•ืชื•ืกืกืช,
13:20
it is necessary not just for the public
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœืžื“
13:23
to learn to trust their politicians,
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ืœืชืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื,
13:26
but for the politicians to learn to trust the public.
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ืืœื ืฉื’ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืœืชืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
13:31
Thank you very much indeed. (Applause)
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ื‘ืืžืช ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื. [ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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