Lessons from death row inmates | David R. Dow

2,776,672 views ใƒป 2012-06-18

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Jenny Zurawell Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Orr Schlesinger ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
Two weeks ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื,
00:17
I was sitting at the kitchen table with my wife Katya,
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ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื™ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื—
ืขื ืืฉืชื™ ืงื˜ื™ื”,
00:23
and we were talking about what I was going to talk about today.
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ื•ืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:28
We have an 11-year-old son; his name is Lincoln.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ 11. ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื‘ ืื™ืชื ื• ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ
00:30
He was sitting at the same table, doing his math homework.
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ื•ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช.
00:35
And during a pause in my conversation with Katya,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื”
00:39
I looked over at Lincoln
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ืขื ืงื˜ื™ื”, ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ
00:40
and I was suddenly thunderstruck
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™
00:44
by a recollection of a client of mine.
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ื›ืฉื ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
00:48
My client was a guy named Will.
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ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ื•ื™ืœ.
00:51
He was from North Texas.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืงืกืก.
ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ืขื–ื‘
00:54
He never knew his father very well,
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00:55
because his father left his mom while she was pregnant with him.
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ืืช ืืžื ืฉืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืชื•.
01:01
And so, he was destined to be raised by a single mom,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ื“ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืื ื—ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ืช,
01:05
which might have been all right
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ,
01:07
except that this particular single mom was a paranoid schizophrenic,
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ืจืง ืฉื”ืืžื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืจื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืช ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ืช.
01:13
and when Will was five years old,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 5 ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืกื›ื™ืŸ ืงืฆื‘ื™ื.
01:16
she tried to kill him with a butcher knife.
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ื”ื™ื
01:19
She was taken away by authorities and placed in a psychiatric hospital,
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ื ืœืงื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฉืžื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™,
01:24
and so for the next several years Will lived with his older brother,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:27
until he committed suicide by shooting himself through the heart.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืื‘ื“ ื›ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืœื‘.
ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
01:32
And after that Will bounced around from one family member to another,
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ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™,
01:37
until, by the time he was nine years old, he was essentially living on his own.
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ืขื“ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 9, ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื™ ื‘ื’ืคื•.
01:42
That morning that I was sitting with Katya and Lincoln,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขื ืงื˜ื™ื” ื•ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ, ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™,
01:44
I looked at my son, and I realized that when my client, Will, was his age,
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ื•ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืฉืœื™,
ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•,
01:52
he'd been living by himself for two years.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ื’ืคื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
01:56
Will eventually joined a gang
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”
01:59
and committed a number of very serious crimes,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืข
ืžืกืคืจ ืคืฉืขื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:03
including, most seriously of all,
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ืคืฉืข ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ ืžื›ืœ,
ืจืฆื—.
02:07
a horrible, tragic murder.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืฆื ืœื”ื•ืจื’
02:10
And Will was ultimately executed as punishment for that crime.
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ื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืคืฉืข ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข.
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื”
02:17
But I don't want to talk today about the morality of capital punishment.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื
ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืงืœื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืœื™
02:23
I certainly think that my client shouldn't have been executed,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื ืœื”ื•ืจื’, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
02:27
but what I would like to do today instead
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02:30
is talk about the death penalty in a way I've never done before,
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ื–ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
02:35
in a way that is entirely noncontroversial.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื
ืื™ื ื ื” ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™,
02:40
I think that's possible,
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02:42
because there is a corner of the death penalty debate --
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืืกืคืงื˜
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช --
02:46
maybe the most important corner --
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืืกืคืงื˜ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ --
02:49
where everybody agrees,
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ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื,
02:51
where the most ardent death penalty supporters
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื’ื ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
02:56
and the most vociferous abolitionists are on exactly the same page.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืืœื™ื•.
03:02
That's the corner I want to explore.
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ื–ื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื•ืŸ.
03:06
Before I do that, though, I want to spend a couple of minutes
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ืฆืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“
03:09
telling you how a death penalty case unfolds,
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ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช,
03:13
and then I want to tell you two lessons
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืœืงื—ื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื‘-20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
03:15
that I have learned over the last 20 years as a death penalty lawyer
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ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื™ื ืขื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช,
03:20
from watching well more than a hundred cases unfold in this way.
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ืœืงื—ื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžืžืื•ืช ืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื•ืฉื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•.
03:25
You can think of a death penalty case as a story that has four chapters.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช ื›ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
ื‘ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืจืงื™ื.
03:31
The first chapter of every case is exactly the same, and it is tragic.
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ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื,
ื•ื”ื•ื ื˜ืจื’ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:36
It begins with the murder of an innocent human being,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื—
ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื—ืฃ ืžืคืฉืข,
03:40
and it's followed by a trial
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืฉืคื˜
03:41
where the murderer is convicted and sent to death row,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืžื•ืจืฉืข ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืœืื’ืฃ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
03:44
and that death sentence is ultimately upheld by the state appellate court.
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ื’ื–ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื
03:49
The second chapter consists of a complicated legal proceeding
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03:52
known as a state habeas corpus appeal.
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ืขืจืขื•ืจ "ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก" ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ืžืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช - ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ).
03:56
The third chapter is an even more complicated legal proceeding
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ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืฉื ืงืจื
03:59
known as a federal habeas corpus proceeding.
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ื”ืœื™ืš "ื”ื‘ื™ืืก ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก" ืคื“ืจืืœื™.
04:01
And the fourth chapter is one where a variety of things can happen.
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ื•ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™
ื”ื•ื ืคืจืง ื‘ื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื—ื ื™ื ื”,
04:05
The lawyers might file a clemency petition,
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04:08
they might initiate even more complex litigation,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืชื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช,
04:10
or they might not do anything at all.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:13
But that fourth chapter always ends with an execution.
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ืืš ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื’ืžืจ
ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’.
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืžืื’ืฃ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-20 ืฉื ื”,
04:18
When I started representing death row inmates more than 20 years ago,
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04:22
people on death row did not have a right to a lawyer
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™
04:25
in either the second or the fourth chapter of this story.
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ื•ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
04:28
They were on their own.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื“ื.
04:30
In fact, it wasn't until the late 1980s
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•
04:32
that they acquired a right to a lawyer during the third chapter of the story.
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ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
04:37
So what all of these death row inmates had to do was rely on volunteer lawyers
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช
ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื
04:43
to handle their legal proceedings.
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ืฉื™ื˜ืคืœื• ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:45
The problem is that there were way more guys on death row
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช
ืžืืฉืจ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:49
than there were lawyers
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04:50
who had both the interest and the expertise to work on these cases.
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04:54
And so inevitably,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช,
04:55
lawyers drifted to cases that were already in chapter four --
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ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ --
04:59
that makes sense, of course.
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:01
Those are the cases that are most urgent;
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’.
05:03
those are the guys who are closest to being executed.
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05:05
Some of these lawyers were successful;
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ื—ืœืง ืžืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืœื• ื ื—ืœื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
05:07
they managed to get new trials for their clients.
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05:09
Others of them managed to extend the lives of their clients,
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช,
05:12
sometimes by years, sometimes by months.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
05:15
But the one thing that didn't happen
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื ืงืจื”
ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืจืืชื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ
05:18
was that there was never a serious and sustained decline
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05:21
in the number of annual executions in Texas.
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ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื˜ืงืกืก.
05:24
In fact, as you can see from this graph,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”, ืžืื– ืฉืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ
05:26
from the time that the Texas execution apparatus got efficient
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ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก ื”ืคืš ืœื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืข-ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช,
05:30
in the mid- to late 1990s,
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05:32
there have only been a couple of years
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ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืกืจ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื”ื™ื”
05:34
where the number of annual executions dipped below 20.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืฉืจื™ื.
05:38
In a typical year in Texas,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก,
05:40
we're averaging about two people a month.
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ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘
ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
05:44
In some years in Texas, we've executed close to 40 people,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก, ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ- 40 ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”
05:48
and this number has never significantly declined over the last 15 years.
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ืœื ื™ืจื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘-15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
05:53
And yet, at the same time that we continue to execute
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’
05:56
about the same number of people every year,
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ืื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
05:59
the number of people who we're sentencing to death on an annual basis
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช
ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื ืชื™
06:02
has dropped rather steeply.
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ื™ืจื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ื”.
06:05
So we have this paradox,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก,
ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื ืฉืืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
06:07
which is that the number of annual executions has remained high
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06:11
but the number of new death sentences has gone down.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื–ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืจื“.
06:15
Why is that?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
06:16
It can't be attributed to a decline in the murder rate,
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ื–ืืช ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืจืฆื—,
06:19
because the murder rate has not declined nearly so steeply
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืจืฆื— ืœื ื™ืจื“
ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
06:23
as the red line on that graph has gone down.
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06:26
What has happened instead
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื,
06:28
is that juries have started to sentence more and more people to prison
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœื
ืœืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœืœื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื ื”,
06:33
for the rest of their lives without the possibility of parole,
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06:36
rather than sending them to the execution chamber.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื ืœืชื ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื’.
ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
06:40
Why has that happened?
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06:41
It hasn't happened because of a dissolution
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
06:44
of popular support for the death penalty.
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ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื ื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
06:47
Death penalty opponents take great solace in the fact
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ืฉื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืคืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื.
06:50
that death penalty support in Texas is at an all-time low.
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06:54
Do you know what all-time low in Texas means?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ "ืฉืคืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื" ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก?
06:56
It means that it's in the low 60 percent.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”-60 ืื—ื•ื–.
06:58
Now, that's really good compared to the mid-1980s,
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ืชื”
07:01
when it was in excess of 80 percent,
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ืžืขืœ ืœ- 80 ืื—ื•ื–,
07:04
but we can't explain the decline in death sentences
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื–ืจื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”
07:07
and the affinity for life without the possibility of parole
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ืœืžืืกืจื™ ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืืคืฉืจืช ื—ื ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
07:10
by an erosion of support for the death penalty,
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07:12
because people still support the death penalty.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื•.
07:15
What's happened to cause this phenomenon?
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ืžื” ืงืจื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื•?
07:18
What's happened is that lawyers who represent death row inmates
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื–ื”
ืฉืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ
ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจื›ื–
07:23
have shifted their focus to earlier and earlier chapters
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ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
07:26
of the death penalty story.
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07:28
So 25 years ago, they focused on chapter four.
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ืœืคื ื™ 25 ืฉื ื”, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™.
07:32
And they went from chapter four 25 years ago
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ื•ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ืœืคื ื™ 25 ืฉื ื”, ืœืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
07:34
to chapter three in the late 1980s.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื.
07:37
And they went from chapter three in the late 1980s
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™,
07:40
to chapter two in the mid-1990s.
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ื•ืžืืžืฆืข-ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื,
07:42
And beginning in the mid- to late 1990s,
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07:44
they began to focus on chapter one of the story.
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
07:47
Now, you might think that this decline in death sentences
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”
07:50
and the increase in the number of life sentences
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ ืžืืกืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข.
07:52
is a good thing or a bad thing.
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07:54
I don't want to have a conversation about that today.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
07:56
All that I want to tell you is that the reason that this has happened
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื”
08:00
is because death penalty lawyers have understood
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•
08:03
that the earlier you intervene in a case,
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ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืง ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:05
the greater the likelihood that you're going to save your client's life.
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ื›ืš ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืชืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืฉืœืš.
08:09
That's the first thing I've learned.
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™.
08:11
Here's the second thing I learned:
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™:
08:13
My client Will was not the exception to the rule;
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ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืฉืœื™, ื•ื•ื™ืœ,
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
08:18
he was the rule.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœ.
08:21
I sometimes say, if you tell me the name of a death row inmate --
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ืืžื•ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจ ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช --
08:25
doesn't matter what state he's in,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื™ ืคืขื --
08:26
doesn't matter if I've ever met him before --
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08:28
I'll write his biography for you.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš.
08:31
And eight out of 10 times,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจ ืคืขืžื™ื,
08:33
the details of that biography will be more or less accurate.
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ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:38
And the reason for that is that 80 percent of the people on death row
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉ-80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช
08:42
are people who came from the same sort of dysfunctional family that Will did.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืœ.
08:46
Eighty percent of the people on death row
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80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช
08:48
are people who had exposure to the juvenile justice system.
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ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื•
ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื.
08:53
That's the second lesson that I've learned.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™
ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™.
08:56
Now we're right on the cusp of that corner
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื”
09:00
where everybody's going to agree.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื™.
09:03
People in this room might disagree
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื
09:05
about whether Will should have been executed,
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ื”ืื ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืฉืœื™, ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื ืœื”ื•ืจื’,
09:07
but I think everybody would agree
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื•
09:10
that the best possible version of his story
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ืฉื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื•
09:13
would be a story where no murder ever occurs.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื
ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจืฆื— ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
09:19
How do we do that?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช?
09:21
When our son Lincoln was working on that math problem two weeks ago,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ, ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืžืชื™ืžื˜ื™ืงื”
09:26
it was a big, gnarly problem.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช.
09:28
And he was learning how, when you have a big old gnarly problem,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื•ืœืš ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช,
09:32
sometimes the solution is to slice it into smaller problems.
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืงืœื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
09:36
That's what we do for most problems --
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช -- ื‘ืžืชื™ืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช --
09:38
in math, in physics, even in social policy --
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09:40
we slice them into smaller, more manageable problems.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืงืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
09:43
But every once in a while, as Dwight Eisenhower said,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื™ ืคืขื,
ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื“ื•ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื–ื ื”ืื•ืืจ,
09:47
the way you solve a problem is to make it bigger.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื”
ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
09:52
The way we solve this problem
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09:55
is to make the issue of the death penalty bigger.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:59
We have to say, all right.
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ืื– ืื•ืงื™ื™...
10:01
We have these four chapters of a death penalty story,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื
ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
10:06
but what happens before that story begins?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืคื ื™
ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ?
10:10
How can we intervene in the life of a murderer
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ื›ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืฆื—
10:14
before he's a murderer?
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืจื•ืฆื—?
10:17
What options do we have to nudge that person off of the path
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ืื™ืœื• ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•
ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ
ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ื“ืจืš
ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื --
10:23
that is going to lead to a result that everybody --
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10:26
death penalty supporters and death penalty opponents --
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ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช --
10:29
still think is a bad result:
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื
ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”:
10:32
the murder of an innocent human being?
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ืจืฆื— ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื—ืฃ ืžืคืฉืข?
10:37
You know, sometimes people say that something isn't rocket science.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื
ืฉืžืฉื”ื•
ืื™ื ื ื• ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืžื“ืข ื˜ื™ืœื™ื.
10:43
And by that, what they mean is rocket science is really complicated
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ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื“ืข ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš
10:46
and this problem that we're talking about now is really simple.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
10:49
Well that's rocket science;
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื“ืข ื˜ื™ืœื™ื.
10:51
that's the mathematical expression for the thrust created by a rocket.
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ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชื™ืžื˜ื™
ืœื“ื—ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืงื˜ื”.
10:57
What we're talking about today is just as complicated.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
11:01
What we're talking about today is also rocket science.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื
ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื˜ื™ืœื™ื.
11:07
My client Will and 80 percent of the people on death row
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ืœืœืงื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœ
ื•ืœืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช
11:12
had five chapters in their lives
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ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
11:15
that came before the four chapters of the death penalty story.
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ืฉื‘ืื• ืœืคื ื™
ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช,
11:19
I think of these five chapters as points of intervention,
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11:22
places in their lives
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•
11:24
when our society could've intervened in their lives
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ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื•
11:28
and nudged them off of the path that they were on
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11:31
that created a consequence that we all --
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ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• -- ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™
11:33
death penalty supporters or death penalty opponents --
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ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช --
11:36
say was a bad result.
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืจืขื”.
11:39
Now, during each of these five chapters:
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•:
11:41
when his mother was pregnant with him;
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืžื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืชื•.
11:43
in his early childhood years;
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช.
11:45
when he was in elementary school;
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™.
11:47
when he was in middle school and then high school;
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:49
and when he was in the juvenile justice system --
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื -- ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
11:52
during each of those five chapters,
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11:53
there were a wide variety of things that society could have done.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
11:56
In fact, if we just imagine
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืจืง ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
11:58
that there are five different modes of intervention,
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื—ืžืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ืงื•ื˜
12:01
the way that society could intervene in each of those five chapters,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
12:05
and we could mix and match them any way we want,
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื ืจืฆื”,
12:07
there are 3,000 -- more than 3,000 -- possible strategies
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ 3,000 -- ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 3,000 -- ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
12:11
that we could embrace
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ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืžืฅ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ื™ืœ
12:13
in order to nudge kids like Will off of the path that they're on.
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ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื ืฆืขื“ื•.
12:18
So I'm not standing here today with the solution.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื
ืขื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
12:22
But the fact that we still have a lot to learn,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืœืžื•ื“,
12:26
that doesn't mean that we don't know a lot already.
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ืœื ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
12:30
We know from experience in other states
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
12:33
that there are a wide variety of modes of intervention
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ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช
12:36
that we could be using in Texas,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก, ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ,
12:38
and in every other state that isn't using them,
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12:41
in order to prevent a consequence that we all agree is bad.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืขื”.
12:45
I'll just mention a few.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ.
12:48
I won't talk today about reforming the legal system.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
12:52
That's probably a topic
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืฉืžืจ ืœื—ื“ืจื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ.
12:53
that is best reserved for a room full of lawyers and judges.
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12:56
Instead, let me talk about a couple of modes of intervention
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช
13:00
that we can all help accomplish,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ,
13:03
because they are modes of intervention that will come about
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคืขืœื•
13:05
when legislators and policymakers, when taxpayers and citizens,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื•ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืœืžื™ ืžื™ืกื™ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
13:09
agree that that's what we ought to be doing
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ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
13:12
and that's how we ought to be spending our money.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœืฉืžื” ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื›ืกืคื ื•.
13:14
We could be providing early childhood care
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื
ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
13:17
for economically disadvantaged and otherwise troubled kids,
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13:22
and we could be doing it for free.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
13:25
And we could be nudging kids like Will off of the path that we're on.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืžื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื.
13:29
There are other states that do that, but we don't.
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืืœื™ื ื•.
13:32
We could be providing special schools,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
13:35
at both the high school level and the middle school level,
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ื•ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื,
13:38
but even in K-5,
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13:40
that target economically and otherwise disadvantaged kids,
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ืฉื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืœืขืฆืžื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
13:43
and particularly kids who have had exposure to the juvenile justice system.
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ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื.
13:47
There are a handful of states that do that;
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
13:50
Texas doesn't.
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ื˜ืงืกืก ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ื”ืŸ.
13:52
There's one other thing we can be doing -- well, there are a bunch of other things --
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ื™ืฉื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช --
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช -- ื™ืฉื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
13:56
there's one other thing that I'm going to mention,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
13:58
and this is going to be the only controversial thing that I say today.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
14:01
We could be intervening much more aggressively
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘
ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช
14:05
into dangerously dysfunctional homes,
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ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช,
14:08
and getting kids out of them
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื
14:10
before their moms pick up butcher knives and threaten to kill them.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืžื ืฉืœื”ื ืชื™ืงื— ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื•ืชืื™ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื.
14:15
If we're going to do that, we need a place to put them.
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
14:19
Even if we do all of those things,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืกืื•ืช
14:21
some kids are going to fall through the cracks
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14:23
and they're going to end up in that last chapter
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ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืฆื— ืžืชื—ื™ืœ,
14:25
before the murder story begins,
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14:27
they're going to end up in the juvenile justice system.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื.
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
14:30
And even if that happens, it's not yet too late.
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ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ื™.
14:33
There's still time to nudge them,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื,
14:36
if we think about nudging them rather than just punishing them.
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ืื ื ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื–ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจืง ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื.
14:40
There are two professors in the Northeast --
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช -- ืื—ื“ ื‘"ื™ื™ืœ" ื•ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืจื™ืœื ื“ --
14:42
one at Yale and one at Maryland --
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ื”ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ
14:44
they set up a school that is attached to a juvenile prison.
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ื”ืžืกื•ืคื— ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกื•ื”ืจ ืœื ืขืจื™ื.
14:49
And the kids are in prison, but they go to school
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ
14:51
from eight in the morning until four in the afternoon.
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ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื.
14:54
Now, it was logistically difficult.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
14:55
They had to recruit teachers who wanted to teach inside a prison,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืžื•ืจื™ื
ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืช ืกื•ื”ืจ, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
14:59
they had to establish strict separation
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15:00
between the people who work at the school and the prison authorities,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ,
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื” ืžื›ืœ, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื”.
15:04
and most dauntingly of all,
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15:05
they needed to invent a new curriculum because you know what?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื”?
15:08
People don't come into and out of prison on a semester basis.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ื›ืœื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืกืžืกื˜ืจื™ืืœื™.
15:11
(Laughter)
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15:13
But they did all those things.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
15:16
Now, what do all of these things have in common?
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
15:19
What all of these things have in common is that they cost money.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื›ืกืฃ.
15:25
Some of the people in the room might be old enough
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืื•ืœื™ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
15:27
to remember the guy on the old oil filter commercial.
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ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื”ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืœืžืกื ื ื™ ืฉืžืŸ.
15:32
He used to say, "Well, you can pay me now or you can pay me later."
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ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ: "ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื ืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
ืื• ืœืฉืœื ืœื™ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ."
15:39
What we're doing in the death penalty system
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
15:43
is we're paying later.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืœื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:47
But the thing is that for every 15,000 dollars
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื
ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ 15,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช
15:51
that we spend intervening
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15:53
in the lives of economically and otherwise disadvantaged kids
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ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
15:57
in those earlier chapters,
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ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
15:58
we save 80,000 dollars in crime-related costs down the road.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื 80,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคืฉื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš.
16:03
Even if you don't agree that there's a moral imperative that we do it,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืืชื ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื
ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื›ืš,
ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
16:09
it just makes economic sense.
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16:13
I want to tell you about the last conversation that I had with Will.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœ.
16:17
It was the day that he was going to be executed,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื ืœื”ื•ืจื’,
ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื•.
16:22
and we were just talking.
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16:25
There was nothing left to do in his case.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
ื‘ืชื™ืง ืฉืœื•.
16:28
And we were talking about his life.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
16:31
And he was talking first about his dad, who he hardly knew, who had died,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื›ื™ืจ,
ืฉืžืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืขื™ืจ,
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืืžื•,
16:35
and then about his mom, who he did know, who was still alive.
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ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื›ื™ืจ,
ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
16:41
And I said to him,
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื•,
16:43
"I know the story.
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"ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
16:45
I've read the records.
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ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง.
16:47
I know that she tried to kill you."
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชืš."
16:50
I said, "But I've always wondered
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื•: "ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช
16:51
whether you really actually remember that."
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ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื–ื”."
16:54
I said, "I don't remember anything from when I was five years old.
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ
ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 5.
16:58
Maybe you just remember somebody telling you."
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื” ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืจืง ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืกื™ืคืจ ืœืš ืขืœ ื–ื”."
17:01
And he looked at me and he leaned forward,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืืœื™ื™, ื”ืชื›ื•ืคืฃ ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
17:04
and he said, "Professor," --
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ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™: "ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ," -- ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ 12 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื ืœื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ.
17:05
he'd known me for 12 years, he still called me Professor.
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17:08
He said, "Professor, I don't mean any disrespect by this,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื™ื‘,
17:11
but when your mama picks up a butcher knife
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืžื ืฉืœืš
ืžืจื™ืžื” ืกื›ื™ืŸ ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืš,
17:13
that looks bigger than you are,
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17:16
and chases you through the house screaming she's going to kill you,
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ื•ืจื•ื“ืคืช ืื—ืจื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืขืงืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชืš,
17:19
and you have to lock yourself in the bathroom
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ื•ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืขื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”, ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืœืช
17:22
and lean against the door
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17:23
and holler for help until the police get there,"
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ื•ืœืฆืขื•ืง ืœืขื–ืจื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชื’ื™ืข,"
ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ ื•ืืžืจ,
17:27
he looked at me and he said,
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17:29
"that's something you don't forget."
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"ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ืœื ืฉื•ื›ื—."
17:32
I hope there's one thing you all won't forget:
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ื“ ืฉืืชื ืœื ืชืฉื›ื—ื•:
17:35
In between the time you arrived here this morning
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื ืœืคื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื,
17:37
and the time we break for lunch,
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ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืงืจื™ ืจืฆื—
17:39
there are going to be four homicides in the United States.
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
17:42
We're going to devote enormous social resources
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
17:46
to punishing the people who commit those crimes,
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ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ
17:48
and that's appropriate
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17:49
because we should punish people who do bad things.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขื”.
17:52
But three of those crimes are preventable.
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17:55
If we make the picture bigger
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ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
17:58
and devote our attention to the earlier chapters,
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ื•ื ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
18:02
then we're never going to write the first sentence
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ืื– ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
18:06
that begins the death penalty story.
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ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
18:08
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:10
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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