Lessons from death row inmates | David R. Dow

2,774,962 views ใƒป 2012-06-18

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Jenny Zurawell Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Bokyung Choi ๊ฒ€ํ† : K Bang
00:16
Two weeks ago,
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2์ฃผ ์ „,
00:17
I was sitting at the kitchen table with my wife Katya,
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์•„๋‚ด ์นดํ‹ฐ์•ผ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
์‹ํƒ์— ์•‰์•„์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
and we were talking about what I was going to talk about today.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ• ์ง€ ์ƒ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
We have an 11-year-old son; his name is Lincoln.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์—ดํ•œ์‚ด ๋œ ์•„๋“ค, ๋ง์ปจ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง์ปจ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
00:30
He was sitting at the same table, doing his math homework.
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์‹ํƒ์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
And during a pause in my conversation with Katya,
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์นดํ‹ฐ์•ผ์™€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ž ์‹œ ๋Š๊ธด ์‚ฌ์ด,
00:39
I looked over at Lincoln
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์ €๋Š” ๋ง์ปจ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
and I was suddenly thunderstruck
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๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ €๋Š” ํ•œ ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
00:44
by a recollection of a client of mine.
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๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ผ ์†Œ์Šค๋ผ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
My client was a guy named Will.
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๊ทธ ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์€ '์œŒ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
He was from North Texas.
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ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜ ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
He never knew his father very well,
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00:55
because his father left his mom while she was pregnant with him.
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์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ž„์‹ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ง‘์„ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:01
And so, he was destined to be raised by a single mom,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ™€์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
which might have been all right
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•˜์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
except that this particular single mom was a paranoid schizophrenic,
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๊ทธ์˜ ํ™€์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์ƒํ˜• ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜
ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
01:13
and when Will was five years old,
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์œŒ์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ์‚ด๋•Œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์œก๋ฅ˜์šฉ ์นผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๋นผ๋ฉด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
she tried to kill him with a butcher knife.
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์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š”
01:19
She was taken away by authorities and placed in a psychiatric hospital,
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๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ”๊ณ  ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
and so for the next several years Will lived with his older brother,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œŒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ช‡ ํ•ด ๋™์•ˆ ํ˜•๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
until he committed suicide by shooting himself through the heart.
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ํ˜•์ด ์‹ฌ์žฅ์„ ์ด์„œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๋Š๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„
01:32
And after that Will bounced around from one family member to another,
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์œŒ์€ ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘์„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๋‹ค๋…”๊ณ ,
01:37
until, by the time he was nine years old, he was essentially living on his own.
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์•„ํ™‰์‚ด์ด ๋˜๋˜ ํ•ด, ๊ทธ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ˜ผ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
That morning that I was sitting with Katya and Lincoln,
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์นดํ‹ฐ์•ผ์™€ ๋ง์ปจ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋‚  ์•„์นจ, ์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์•„๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
01:44
I looked at my son, and I realized that when my client, Will, was his age,
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์ œ ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์ธ ์œŒ์ด
๋ง์ปจ๋งŒํ•œ ๋‚˜์ด์˜€์„๋•Œ,
01:52
he'd been living by himself for two years.
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2๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ์ž ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
Will eventually joined a gang
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์œŒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์กฐ์ง์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๊ณ 
01:59
and committed a number of very serious crimes,
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ
๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ ์ €์งˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
including, most seriously of all,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ
๋”์ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ทน์ ์ธ ์‚ด์ธ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋ผ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:07
a horrible, tragic murder.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œŒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋กœ
02:10
And Will was ultimately executed as punishment for that crime.
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์‚ฌํ˜•์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜
02:17
But I don't want to talk today about the morality of capital punishment.
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์‚ฌํ˜• ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ œ ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์ด
02:23
I certainly think that my client shouldn't have been executed,
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์ฒ˜ํ˜•๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:27
but what I would like to do today instead
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02:30
is talk about the death penalty in a way I've never done before,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜,
๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
02:35
in a way that is entirely noncontroversial.
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์‚ฌํ˜•์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
I think that's possible,
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02:42
because there is a corner of the death penalty debate --
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์—๋Š”
ํ•œ ๊ผญ์ง€์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
maybe the most important corner --
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์ผํ…๋ฐ์š”,
02:49
where everybody agrees,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—ด๋ ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ œ๋„ ์ฐฌ์„ฑ๋ก ์ž๋„
02:51
where the most ardent death penalty supporters
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ํ์ง€๋ก ์ž๋„
02:56
and the most vociferous abolitionists are on exactly the same page.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋™์˜ํ•ด, ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ
๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
That's the corner I want to explore.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ผญ์ง€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
Before I do that, though, I want to spend a couple of minutes
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—, ์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌํ˜• ์„ ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
03:09
telling you how a death penalty case unfolds,
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์ž ๊น ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
and then I want to tell you two lessons
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ 20๋…„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ
03:15
that I have learned over the last 20 years as a death penalty lawyer
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๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ „๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
03:20
from watching well more than a hundred cases unfold in this way.
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์–ป์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
You can think of a death penalty case as a story that has four chapters.
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์‚ฌํ˜•์ด ์ง‘ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฅ(็ซ )์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„
์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
The first chapter of every case is exactly the same, and it is tragic.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ณ 
๋น„๊ทน์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
It begins with the murder of an innocent human being,
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๋ฌด๊ณ ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„
์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ ,
03:40
and it's followed by a trial
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์žฌํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ
03:41
where the murderer is convicted and sent to death row,
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์‚ด์ธ์ž๋Š” ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
and that death sentence is ultimately upheld by the state appellate court.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ
ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฃผ์˜ ํ•ญ์†Œ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ํ™•์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์€ ์ฃผ(ๅทž) ์ธ๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์˜์žฅ ํ•ญ์†Œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„
03:49
The second chapter consists of a complicated legal proceeding
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03:52
known as a state habeas corpus appeal.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
The third chapter is an even more complicated legal proceeding
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์€ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ธ๊ถŒ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์˜์žฅ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„
03:59
known as a federal habeas corpus proceeding.
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๋”์šฑ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
And the fourth chapter is one where a variety of things can happen.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”
๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ช… ํƒ„์›์„ ์‹ ์ฒญํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
04:05
The lawyers might file a clemency petition,
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04:08
they might initiate even more complex litigation,
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ํ•œ์ธต ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์†Œ์†ก์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
04:10
or they might not do anything at all.
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ํ˜น์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
But that fourth chapter always ends with an execution.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜
์‚ฌํ˜•์ด ์ง‘ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20์—ฌ๋…„ ์ „, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
04:18
When I started representing death row inmates more than 20 years ago,
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04:22
people on death row did not have a right to a lawyer
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์‚ฌํ˜• ๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€ ๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
04:25
in either the second or the fourth chapter of this story.
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๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ž„ํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
They were on their own.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ˜ผ์ž์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
In fact, it wasn't until the late 1980s
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์—์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
04:32
that they acquired a right to a lawyer during the third chapter of the story.
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๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ž„ํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
So what all of these death row inmates had to do was rely on volunteer lawyers
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ๋ฒ•์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค์ง ์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์—
04:43
to handle their legal proceedings.
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์˜์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
The problem is that there were way more guys on death row
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์™€ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค
์‚ฌํ˜• ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ,
04:49
than there were lawyers
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04:50
who had both the interest and the expertise to work on these cases.
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04:54
And so inevitably,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ
04:55
lawyers drifted to cases that were already in chapter four --
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๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
that makes sense, of course.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ธด๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์ด๊ณ ,
05:01
Those are the cases that are most urgent;
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ง‘ํ–‰์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ ์•ˆ ๋‚จ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:03
those are the guys who are closest to being executed.
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05:05
Some of these lawyers were successful;
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฌํŒ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
they managed to get new trials for their clients.
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05:09
Others of them managed to extend the lives of their clients,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ํ˜น์€ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋”
05:12
sometimes by years, sometimes by months.
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์—ฐ์žฅํ•ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
But the one thing that didn't happen
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ผ์€
ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํฐ ํญ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜น์€ ์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“  ์ ์ด
05:18
was that there was never a serious and sustained decline
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05:21
in the number of annual executions in Texas.
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์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
In fact, as you can see from this graph,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—
05:26
from the time that the Texas execution apparatus got efficient
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ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์˜ ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํšจ์œจํ™”๋œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ
05:30
in the mid- to late 1990s,
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05:32
there have only been a couple of years
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์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 20๊ฑด ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ ์€
05:34
where the number of annual executions dipped below 20.
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์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๋‘ ํ•ด ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
In a typical year in Texas,
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๋ณดํ†ต ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ ํ•ด์—
05:40
we're averaging about two people a month.
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ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์—
๋‘ ๋ช… ๊ผด๋กœ ์ง‘ํ–‰์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ์ง‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
In some years in Texas, we've executed close to 40 people,
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ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ํ•ด์—๋Š” 40๋ช…์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฒ˜ํ˜•๋๊ณ , ์ง€๋‚œ 15๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ฌ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๊นŒ์ง€
05:48
and this number has never significantly declined over the last 15 years.
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ์ค„์–ด๋“  ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
And yet, at the same time that we continue to execute
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋…„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„
05:56
about the same number of people every year,
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์ฒ˜ํ˜•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์—
05:59
the number of people who we're sentencing to death on an annual basis
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์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํ˜• ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š”
ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ
06:02
has dropped rather steeply.
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์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
So we have this paradox,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋†’์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํ˜• ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ
06:07
which is that the number of annual executions has remained high
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06:11
but the number of new death sentences has gone down.
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๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ ์ฐจ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ์—ญ์„ค์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:15
Why is that?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
06:16
It can't be attributed to a decline in the murder rate,
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์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
because the murder rate has not declined nearly so steeply
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ด์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์ด ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:23
as the red line on that graph has gone down.
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06:26
What has happened instead
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์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
06:28
is that juries have started to sentence more and more people to prison
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๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›๋“ค์ด ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌํ˜•์žฅ ๋Œ€์‹ ,
๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์„๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ ์—†์ด ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋„๋ก
06:33
for the rest of their lives without the possibility of parole,
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06:36
rather than sending them to the execution chamber.
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ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ๊นŒ์š”?
06:40
Why has that happened?
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06:41
It hasn't happened because of a dissolution
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์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์ธ ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
of popular support for the death penalty.
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์‚ฌํ˜• ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ก ์ž๋“ค์€ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์˜ ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ง€์ง€์œจ์ด
06:47
Death penalty opponents take great solace in the fact
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์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ €๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์œ„์•ˆ์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
that death penalty support in Texas is at an all-time low.
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06:54
Do you know what all-time low in Texas means?
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ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ €๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ธ์ง€ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:56
It means that it's in the low 60 percent.
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60 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
Now, that's really good compared to the mid-1980s,
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์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” 80 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„ฐ๋˜ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด
07:01
when it was in excess of 80 percent,
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์•„์ฃผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
but we can't explain the decline in death sentences
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํ˜• ์„ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋‚˜
07:07
and the affinity for life without the possibility of parole
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์„๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ง•๋ฒŒ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
by an erosion of support for the death penalty,
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07:12
because people still support the death penalty.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:15
What's happened to cause this phenomenon?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š”๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
07:18
What's happened is that lawyers who represent death row inmates
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜๋“ค์„
๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ์ด ์‚ฌํ˜•์ง‘ํ–‰ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜
07:23
have shifted their focus to earlier and earlier chapters
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ์•ž์ชฝ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
of the death penalty story.
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07:28
So 25 years ago, they focused on chapter four.
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์ž, 25๋…„ ์ „ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
And they went from chapter four 25 years ago
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 25๋…„ ์ „ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์—์„œ, 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—๋Š”
07:34
to chapter three in the late 1980s.
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์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
And they went from chapter three in the late 1980s
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์—์„œ, 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์จฐ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ
07:40
to chapter two in the mid-1990s.
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์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ”์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘ํ›„๋ฐ˜์ด ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
07:42
And beginning in the mid- to late 1990s,
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07:44
they began to focus on chapter one of the story.
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์žฅ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
Now, you might think that this decline in death sentences
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํ˜• ์„ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ค„๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ ์ง€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์„ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
07:50
and the increase in the number of life sentences
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์ข‹์€์ง€ ๋‚˜์œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:52
is a good thing or a bad thing.
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07:54
I don't want to have a conversation about that today.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
All that I want to tell you is that the reason that this has happened
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ํ•˜๊ณ ์‹ถ์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๋Š” ์›์ธ์ด
08:00
is because death penalty lawyers have understood
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์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก
08:03
that the earlier you intervene in a case,
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์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:05
the greater the likelihood that you're going to save your client's life.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
That's the first thing I've learned.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
Here's the second thing I learned:
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์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
08:13
My client Will was not the exception to the rule;
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์ œ ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ ์œŒ๋„
์ด ๊ทœ์น™์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
he was the rule.
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
I sometimes say, if you tell me the name of a death row inmate --
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์ €๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•œ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:25
doesn't matter what state he's in,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ฃผ์— ์žˆ๋“ , ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋“  ์—†๋“ ๊ฐ„์—
08:26
doesn't matter if I've ever met him before --
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08:28
I'll write his biography for you.
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์จ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ผ๊ณ ... ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:31
And eight out of 10 times,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ด์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿ์€
08:33
the details of that biography will be more or less accurate.
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๊ทธ ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋„
๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
And the reason for that is that 80 percent of the people on death row
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ˜• ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ 80 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€
08:42
are people who came from the same sort of dysfunctional family that Will did.
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์œŒ์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ • ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
Eighty percent of the people on death row
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์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์†Œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ค‘ 80 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋Š”
08:48
are people who had exposure to the juvenile justice system.
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๋ฏธ์„ฑ๋…„์ž ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ ๊ฐํ˜ธ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ
๊ฑฐ์ณ์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
That's the second lesson that I've learned.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ
์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
Now we're right on the cusp of that corner
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š”
09:00
where everybody's going to agree.
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๊ผญ์ง€์ ์— ์™€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
People in this room might disagree
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์œŒ์ด ์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ๋‹นํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
09:05
about whether Will should have been executed,
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์ „๋ถ€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
but I think everybody would agree
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ด์ธ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
09:10
that the best possible version of his story
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž„์—๋Š”
09:13
would be a story where no murder ever occurs.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
๋™์˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
How do we do that?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
09:21
When our son Lincoln was working on that math problem two weeks ago,
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2์ฃผ ์ „, ์ œ ์•„๋“ค ๋ง์ปจ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
09:26
it was a big, gnarly problem.
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๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
And he was learning how, when you have a big old gnarly problem,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ง์ปจ์€ ํ‘ธ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
09:32
sometimes the solution is to slice it into smaller problems.
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ž๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ด๋‹ต์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
That's what we do for most problems --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ‘ธ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ฃ . ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ๋„์š”.
09:38
in math, in physics, even in social policy --
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09:40
we slice them into smaller, more manageable problems.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž‘๊ฒŒ, ๋” ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
But every once in a while, as Dwight Eisenhower said,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋”์”ฉ์€,
๋“œ์™€์ดํŠธ ์•„์ด์  ํ•˜์›Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
09:47
the way you solve a problem is to make it bigger.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ‘ธ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
09:52
The way we solve this problem
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09:55
is to make the issue of the death penalty bigger.
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์‚ฌํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
We have to say, all right.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ .
10:01
We have these four chapters of a death penalty story,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜
๋„ค๊ฐœ ์žฅ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
10:06
but what happens before that story begins?
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๊ทธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์—๋Š”
๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:10
How can we intervene in the life of a murderer
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ด์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์ธ์„ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์ „์—
10:14
before he's a murderer?
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:17
What options do we have to nudge that person off of the path
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์‚ฌํ˜•์ œ๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ก ์ž์™€
์ฐฌ์„ฑ๋ก ์ž ๋ชจ๋‘
๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ 
๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ,
10:23
that is going to lead to a result that everybody --
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10:26
death penalty supporters and death penalty opponents --
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๋ฌด๊ณ ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š”
10:29
still think is a bad result:
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๊ทธ ๊ธธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
๋น„๊ปด๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:32
the murder of an innocent human being?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
10:37
You know, sometimes people say that something isn't rocket science.
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์ข…์ข… ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€
๋กœ์ผ“ ๊ณผํ•™๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
ํ›จ์”ฌ ์‰ฌ์šด์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
And by that, what they mean is rocket science is really complicated
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ๋กœ์ผ“ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ ,
10:46
and this problem that we're talking about now is really simple.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:49
Well that's rocket science;
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋กœ์ผ“ ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค;
10:51
that's the mathematical expression for the thrust created by a rocket.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋กœ์ผ“์˜ ์ถ”์ง„๋ ฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋“ฑ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
What we're talking about today is just as complicated.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์—ญ์‹œ
๊ทธ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
What we're talking about today is also rocket science.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ
๋กœ์ผ“ ๊ณผํ•™๋งŒํผ ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
My client Will and 80 percent of the people on death row
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์ œ ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ ์œŒ๊ณผ
์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์†Œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” 80 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
11:12
had five chapters in their lives
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์‚ฌํ˜•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋„ค ์žฅ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์—
11:15
that came before the four chapters of the death penalty story.
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์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ
๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฅ(็ซ ) ๊ฑฐ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฅ์ด(็ซ )์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
11:19
I think of these five chapters as points of intervention,
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11:22
places in their lives
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
11:24
when our society could've intervened in their lives
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘,
11:28
and nudged them off of the path that they were on
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11:31
that created a consequence that we all --
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์ฆ‰ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ œ๋„ ์ฐฌ์„ฑ๋ก ์ž์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ก ์ž๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด
11:33
death penalty supporters or death penalty opponents --
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๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„
11:36
say was a bad result.
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๋ปฌ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
Now, during each of these five chapters:
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์ด์ œ, ์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฅ, ์ฆ‰
11:41
when his mother was pregnant with him;
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๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ž„์‹ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
11:43
in his early childhood years;
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๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ,
11:45
when he was in elementary school;
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์‹œ์ ˆ,
11:47
when he was in middle school and then high school;
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต์™€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ,
11:49
and when he was in the juvenile justice system --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์„ฑ๋…„์ž ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ ๊ฐํ˜ธ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ-- ์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฅ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
11:52
during each of those five chapters,
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11:53
there were a wide variety of things that society could have done.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํญ๋„“๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
In fact, if we just imagine
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
11:58
that there are five different modes of intervention,
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์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฅ(็ซ )์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„, ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
12:01
the way that society could intervene in each of those five chapters,
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:05
and we could mix and match them any way we want,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ž์–ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:07
there are 3,000 -- more than 3,000 -- possible strategies
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์œŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
12:11
that we could embrace
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๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์‚ผ์ฒœ ๊ฐœ,
12:13
in order to nudge kids like Will off of the path that they're on.
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ํ˜น์€ ์‚ผ์ฒœ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
So I'm not standing here today with the solution.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด ํ•ด๋‹ต ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์„  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
But the fact that we still have a lot to learn,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด
12:26
that doesn't mean that we don't know a lot already.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋œปํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
We know from experience in other states
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ,
12:33
that there are a wide variety of modes of intervention
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ํญ๋„“๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
12:36
that we could be using in Texas,
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค์— ๋„์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃผ๊ฐ€
12:38
and in every other state that isn't using them,
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12:41
in order to prevent a consequence that we all agree is bad.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
I'll just mention a few.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
I won't talk today about reforming the legal system.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœํ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
That's probably a topic
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๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์™€ ํŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ตœ์„ ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
that is best reserved for a room full of lawyers and judges.
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12:56
Instead, let me talk about a couple of modes of intervention
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๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”,
13:00
that we can all help accomplish,
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๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
because they are modes of intervention that will come about
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€
13:05
when legislators and policymakers, when taxpayers and citizens,
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๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ •์ž, ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:09
agree that that's what we ought to be doing
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์จ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋™์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ
13:12
and that's how we ought to be spending our money.
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๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
We could be providing early childhood care
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋นˆ๊ณค์ธต ํ˜น์€
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์•„๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์•„ ๋ณด์œก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
13:17
for economically disadvantaged and otherwise troubled kids,
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13:22
and we could be doing it for free.
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๋˜ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
And we could be nudging kids like Will off of the path that we're on.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธธ๋กœ ์ธ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
There are other states that do that, but we don't.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:32
We could be providing special schools,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์™€ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๊ณผ์ •์—๋„
13:35
at both the high school level and the middle school level,
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ํŠน์ˆ˜ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
but even in K-5,
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13:40
that target economically and otherwise disadvantaged kids,
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋นˆ๊ณคํ•œ ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ
13:43
and particularly kids who have had exposure to the juvenile justice system.
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ์„ฑ๋…„ ๊ฐํ˜ธ ์ œ๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š”
์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
There are a handful of states that do that;
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์ด๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ๋ฟ์ด๊ณ ,
13:50
Texas doesn't.
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ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
There's one other thing we can be doing -- well, there are a bunch of other things --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ €๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
13:56
there's one other thing that I'm going to mention,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€
13:58
and this is going to be the only controversial thing that I say today.
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์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
We could be intervening much more aggressively
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€
์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์—
14:05
into dangerously dysfunctional homes,
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๋”์šฑ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•ด์„œ
14:08
and getting kids out of them
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์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
before their moms pick up butcher knives and threaten to kill them.
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์—„๋งˆ๋“ค์ด ์œก๋ฅ˜์šฉ ์นผ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ˜‘๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:15
If we're going to do that, we need a place to put them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด,
๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋‹ค ๋‘˜ ๊ณณ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
Even if we do all of those things,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ์–ด๋–ค ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋„ ํ˜œํƒ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
some kids are going to fall through the cracks
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14:23
and they're going to end up in that last chapter
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์‚ด์ธ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์žฅ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
before the murder story begins,
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14:27
they're going to end up in the juvenile justice system.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ์„ฑ๋…„ ๊ฐํ˜ธ ์ œ๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„,
14:30
And even if that happens, it's not yet too late.
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์•„์ง ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Šฆ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
There's still time to nudge them,
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์•„์ง๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌํ•ด๋‚ผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
if we think about nudging them rather than just punishing them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฒŒ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค
์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:40
There are two professors in the Northeast --
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๋ถ๋™๋ถ€์ชฝ์— ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์˜ˆ์ผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์™€ ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
14:42
one at Yale and one at Maryland --
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ๋…„์›์— ์†Œ์†๋œ
14:44
they set up a school that is attached to a juvenile prison.
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ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
And the kids are in prison, but they go to school
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๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์•„์นจ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜คํ›„ ๋„ค์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€
14:51
from eight in the morning until four in the afternoon.
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ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
Now, it was logistically difficult.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ํž˜๋“  ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:55
They had to recruit teachers who wanted to teach inside a prison,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
๊ณ ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•™๊ต ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ
14:59
they had to establish strict separation
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15:00
between the people who work at the school and the prison authorities,
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๊ต์ • ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
๊ฐ€์žฅ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ปค๋ฆฌํ˜๋Ÿผ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
and most dauntingly of all,
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15:05
they needed to invent a new curriculum because you know what?
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์™œ์ธ์ง€ ์•„์„ธ์š”?
15:08
People don't come into and out of prison on a semester basis.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ•™๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
(Laughter)
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15:13
But they did all those things.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
Now, what do all of these things have in common?
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
15:19
What all of these things have in common is that they cost money.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ˆ์ด ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
Some of the people in the room might be old enough
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์ด ๋ฐฉ์— ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์˜ค์ผ ํ•„ํ„ฐ
15:27
to remember the guy on the old oil filter commercial.
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๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๋‚˜์ด์‹คํ…๋ฐ์š”.
15:32
He used to say, "Well, you can pay me now or you can pay me later."
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์ž, ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ˆ์„ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
15:39
What we're doing in the death penalty system
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
์‚ฌํ˜•์ œ๋„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
15:43
is we're paying later.
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋ˆ์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:47
But the thing is that for every 15,000 dollars
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜
15:51
that we spend intervening
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15:53
in the lives of economically and otherwise disadvantaged kids
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์ธ์ƒ ์ „๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ ์žฅ(็ซ )์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋Š”
15:57
in those earlier chapters,
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1๋งŒ5์ฒœ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋งˆ๋‹ค,
15:58
we save 80,000 dollars in crime-related costs down the road.
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์žฅ๋ž˜์— ์†Œ๋ชจ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋น„์šฉ 8๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
Even if you don't agree that there's a moral imperative that we do it,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋•์  ๋‹น์œ„์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์—๋„ ๋งž๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
16:09
it just makes economic sense.
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16:13
I want to tell you about the last conversation that I had with Will.
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์œŒ๊ณผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ˆด๋˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋Œ€ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:17
It was the day that he was going to be executed,
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๊ทธ ๋‚ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜ํ˜•๋˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ๋‚ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ ,
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆด์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
and we were just talking.
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16:25
There was nothing left to do in his case.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„
๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
16:28
And we were talking about his life.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
And he was talking first about his dad, who he hardly knew, who had died,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งจ ๋จผ์ €, ์ด๋ฏธ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…”์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์—
๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ 
๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ 
16:35
and then about his mom, who he did know, who was still alive.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‚ด์•„๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š”
์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:41
And I said to him,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:43
"I know the story.
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์š”.
16:45
I've read the records.
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๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์ฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:47
I know that she tried to kill you."
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„์š”."
16:50
I said, "But I've always wondered
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์ €๋Š” ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€
16:51
whether you really actually remember that."
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์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์–ด์š”."
16:54
I said, "I don't remember anything from when I was five years old.
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์„ฏ์‚ด ๋•Œ์˜ ์ผ์ด
์ „ํ˜€ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
16:58
Maybe you just remember somebody telling you."
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”."
17:01
And he looked at me and he leaned forward,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ๋ชธ์„ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ™์ธ์ฑ„ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:04
and he said, "Professor," --
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"๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜" ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ €๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ง€ 12๋…„์ด ๋๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ €๋ฅผ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์ฃ .
17:05
he'd known me for 12 years, he still called me Professor.
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17:08
He said, "Professor, I don't mean any disrespect by this,
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"๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋ก€ํ•œ ๋œป์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ง์”€์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
17:11
but when your mama picks up a butcher knife
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๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€
๋‹น์‹ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ปค๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์œก๋ฅ˜์šฉ ์นผ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ 
17:13
that looks bigger than you are,
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17:16
and chases you through the house screaming she's going to kill you,
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๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์ฃฝ์ผ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์˜จ ์ง‘์„ ์ซ’์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
17:19
and you have to lock yourself in the bathroom
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๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์€ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด ์ž ๊ทธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์„œ
17:22
and lean against the door
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17:23
and holler for help until the police get there,"
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„์™€๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์งˆ๋ €์–ด์š”."
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:27
he looked at me and he said,
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17:29
"that's something you don't forget."
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"๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์žŠ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
17:32
I hope there's one thing you all won't forget:
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์žŠ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:35
In between the time you arrived here this morning
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„์นจ์— ์ด ๊ณณ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ์‹ฌ๋จน์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—
17:37
and the time we break for lunch,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฑด์˜ ์‚ด์ธ์ด
17:39
there are going to be four homicides in the United States.
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๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:42
We're going to devote enormous social resources
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฒŒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์žฌ์›์„
17:46
to punishing the people who commit those crimes,
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์†Œ๋น„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์œ ์ง“์„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
17:48
and that's appropriate
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17:49
because we should punish people who do bad things.
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๋ฒŒ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์ค‘ ์„ธ ๊ฑด์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:52
But three of those crimes are preventable.
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17:55
If we make the picture bigger
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
17:58
and devote our attention to the earlier chapters,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋” ์•ž์ชฝ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ์Ÿ์œผ๋ฉด,
18:02
then we're never going to write the first sentence
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ˜• ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„
18:06
that begins the death penalty story.
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์ ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:08
Thank you.
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๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
18:10
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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