Lessons from death row inmates | David R. Dow

ディビッド・R・ダウ: 死刑囚からの教訓

Translator: Jenny Zurawell Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha

翻訳: Natsuhiko Mizutani 校正: DSK INOUE

Two weeks ago,

２週間前のことです

I was sitting at the kitchen table with my wife Katya,

私はキッチンのテーブルで

妻のカティアと話をしていました

and we were talking about what I was going to talk about today.

今日 何を話そうかと相談していました

We have an 11-year-old son; his name is Lincoln.

11歳の息子リンカーンは同じテーブルで

He was sitting at the same table, doing his math homework.

算数の宿題をしていました

And during a pause in my conversation with Katya,

会話のあいまに

I looked over at Lincoln

ふとリンカーンに目をやって突然

and I was suddenly thunderstruck

激しい衝撃を覚えました

by a recollection of a client of mine.

あるクライアントのことを思い出したのです

My client was a guy named Will.

ウィルと言う名前の男で

He was from North Texas.

ノーステキサスの出身でした

彼は父親のことを知るよしもありませんでした

He never knew his father very well,

because his father left his mom while she was pregnant with him.

父親は 妊娠中の母親を残して蒸発したのです

And so, he was destined to be raised by a single mom,

そこで シングルマザーの家庭で育てられました

which might have been all right

そういう人は他にもいますが

except that this particular single mom was a paranoid schizophrenic,

この母親は

妄想型の統合失調症でした

and when Will was five years old,

５歳の時 ウィルは包丁で殺されそうになりました

she tried to kill him with a butcher knife.

母親は

She was taken away by authorities and placed in a psychiatric hospital,

精神病院に入れられました

and so for the next several years Will lived with his older brother,

その後の数年間ウィルは兄と暮らしていましたが

until he committed suicide by shooting himself through the heart.

兄は拳銃で胸を撃って自殺しました

その後 ウィルは

And after that Will bounced around from one family member to another,

親戚の家を転々としました

until, by the time he was nine years old, he was essentially living on his own.

そして９歳になる頃にはひとりで生きていました

That morning that I was sitting with Katya and Lincoln,

私は 家族で過ごしていたその朝

I looked at my son, and I realized that when my client, Will, was his age,

息子の姿から気づいたのです

この年頃には

he'd been living by himself for two years.

ウィルはもう２年もひとりで暮らしていたのです

Will eventually joined a gang

結局 ウィルはギャングのメンバーとなり

and committed a number of very serious crimes,

そして 何件もの

重大犯罪に手を染めました

including, most seriously of all,

最も重大な犯罪は

恐ろしい 悲劇的な殺人でした

a horrible, tragic murder.

やがてウィルは罪に問われて

And Will was ultimately executed as punishment for that crime.

死刑を執行されました

でも私が今日 お話ししたいのは

But I don't want to talk today about the morality of capital punishment.

死刑の道義性ではありません

もちろんクライアントの死刑について

I certainly think that my client shouldn't have been executed,

納得はしていません しかし今日は死刑について

but what I would like to do today instead

is talk about the death penalty in a way I've never done before,

これまでとは違う角度から

お話ししてみたいと思います

in a way that is entirely noncontroversial.

皆さんに

納得して頂けるようなお話をしたいと思います

それが可能だと考える理由は

I think that's possible,

because there is a corner of the death penalty debate --

死刑に関する議論は

ある点でひとつに交わり

maybe the most important corner --

この交差点は

where everybody agrees,

誰もが同意できる重要な点だからです

where the most ardent death penalty supporters

死刑を強く支持する人も

and the most vociferous abolitionists are on exactly the same page.

死刑廃止を強く主張する人も

同意するポイントです

That's the corner I want to explore.

そのことを考えてみたいと思います

Before I do that, though, I want to spend a couple of minutes

しかし その前に死刑に至る道筋を

telling you how a death penalty case unfolds,

簡単にお話しします

and then I want to tell you two lessons

それから この20年間に学んだふたつの教訓をお話しします

that I have learned over the last 20 years as a death penalty lawyer

弁護士として死刑にかかわる

from watching well more than a hundred cases unfold in this way.

100件以上の案件を担当して学んだことです

You can think of a death penalty case as a story that has four chapters.

死刑に至る物語は４つの章からなる

物語と捉えて下さい

The first chapter of every case is exactly the same, and it is tragic.

第１章はどれも同じです

悲劇です

It begins with the murder of an innocent human being,

始めは殺人—

罪もない人が殺されて

and it's followed by a trial

そして裁判が行われます

where the murderer is convicted and sent to death row,

有罪となり死刑が宣告されます

and that death sentence is ultimately upheld by the state appellate court.

その死刑宣告は最終的には

州控訴裁判所も認めます

第２章は複雑な法律上の手続きです

The second chapter consists of a complicated legal proceeding

known as a state habeas corpus appeal.

州の人身保護令状請求というものです

The third chapter is an even more complicated legal proceeding

第３章はもっと複雑は法律上の手続きで

known as a federal habeas corpus proceeding.

連邦レベルの人身保護手続きです

And the fourth chapter is one where a variety of things can happen.

そして第４章では様々なことが起きます

弁護士が減刑嘆願書を提出する可能性もあります

The lawyers might file a clemency petition,

they might initiate even more complex litigation,

もっと複雑な法廷闘争の可能性もあります

or they might not do anything at all.

もしくは 何もしないかもしれません

But that fourth chapter always ends with an execution.

いずれにせよ

第４章の最後は死刑執行で終わります

私が死刑囚を担当するようになったのは20年以上前です

When I started representing death row inmates more than 20 years ago,

people on death row did not have a right to a lawyer

当時 この物語の２章と４章において

in either the second or the fourth chapter of this story.

弁護を受ける権利は与えられず

They were on their own.

彼らを助ける人はいませんでした

In fact, it wasn't until the late 1980s

第３章で弁護を受ける権利すら

that they acquired a right to a lawyer during the third chapter of the story.

80年代後半にようやく

与えられたものでした

So what all of these death row inmates had to do was rely on volunteer lawyers

ですから死刑囚の

法律上の手続きを取り扱おうにも

to handle their legal proceedings.

ボランティアの弁護士頼みでした

The problem is that there were way more guys on death row

困ったことに 死刑囚の数は

死刑に関心と専門性を有する弁護士の数よりも 遥かに多いのです

than there were lawyers

who had both the interest and the expertise to work on these cases.

And so inevitably,

必然的に

lawyers drifted to cases that were already in chapter four --

第４章の案件に弁護士が集まるのは無理もないことです

that makes sense, of course.

最も緊急性の高い案件であり

Those are the cases that are most urgent;

被告に対する死刑執行が近いのです

those are the guys who are closest to being executed.

Some of these lawyers were successful;

うまく行くと クライアントは 新たな審理を受けることになります

they managed to get new trials for their clients.

Others of them managed to extend the lives of their clients,

またクライアントが長く生きられる場合もあります

sometimes by years, sometimes by months.

ときには数年 ときには数ヶ月

But the one thing that didn't happen

しかしテキサスで１年間に執行される

死刑の件数が大幅に減り続けるという

was that there was never a serious and sustained decline

in the number of annual executions in Texas.

事態にはなりませんでした

In fact, as you can see from this graph,

実際 グラフを見ればテキサス州の死刑執行は

from the time that the Texas execution apparatus got efficient

90年代の半ば以降スピード化しました

in the mid- to late 1990s,

there have only been a couple of years

年間の執行数が20人を下回る年は

where the number of annual executions dipped below 20.

ほんの2−3年だけです

In a typical year in Texas,

テキサスでは

we're averaging about two people a month.

典型的な件数は平均して

月に２人です

In some years in Texas, we've executed close to 40 people,

40人近くを執行する年もあります

and this number has never significantly declined over the last 15 years.

ここ15年間 この人数は特に減ったりしていません

And yet, at the same time that we continue to execute

その一方で毎年

about the same number of people every year,

ほとんど同じ人数を死刑執行しているのに

the number of people who we're sentencing to death on an annual basis

一年間に死刑の判決を受ける人数は

比較的急速に

has dropped rather steeply.

減ってきています

So we have this paradox,

矛盾が生じています

年間に処刑される人数は多いのに

which is that the number of annual executions has remained high

but the number of new death sentences has gone down.

新たな死刑判決の数は減っているのです

Why is that?

なぜでしょう

It can't be attributed to a decline in the murder rate,

殺人事件の割合が減ったからではありません

because the murder rate has not declined nearly so steeply

実際 このグラフの

赤線のように急速には減っていないのです

as the red line on that graph has gone down.

What has happened instead

その代わりにこんなことが起きたのでした

is that juries have started to sentence more and more people to prison

陪審が仮出所のない終身刑を

選び始めたのです

for the rest of their lives without the possibility of parole,

rather than sending them to the execution chamber.

処刑台に送る代わりにです

どうしてこうなったのでしょう

Why has that happened?

It hasn't happened because of a dissolution

死刑への支持基盤が失われたからではありません

of popular support for the death penalty.

テキサスでの死刑賛成派の割合は過去最低となり

Death penalty opponents take great solace in the fact

死刑反対派は大いに喜んでいます

that death penalty support in Texas is at an all-time low.

Do you know what all-time low in Texas means?

過去最低とはどういう意味かわかりますか？

It means that it's in the low 60 percent.

60パーセント前半ということです

Now, that's really good compared to the mid-1980s,

賛成派が80パーセントを越えていた

when it was in excess of 80 percent,

80年代中頃に比べると大幅前進です

but we can't explain the decline in death sentences

死刑判決よりも仮出所なし終身刑が選ばれる理由は

and the affinity for life without the possibility of parole

死刑に対する支持が失われたからではありません

by an erosion of support for the death penalty,

because people still support the death penalty.

未だに死刑は支持されているからです

What's happened to cause this phenomenon?

では何が起きてこうなっているのでしょう

What's happened is that lawyers who represent death row inmates

実は

死刑囚の

弁護を行う弁護士たちは

have shifted their focus to earlier and earlier chapters

死刑へのストーリーの早い段階に 力を注ぐようになったのです

of the death penalty story.

So 25 years ago, they focused on chapter four.

25年前は第４章に注力していました

And they went from chapter four 25 years ago

25年前の第４章から80年代後半には

to chapter three in the late 1980s.

第３章に移り

And they went from chapter three in the late 1980s

80年代後半の第３章から 90年代中頃には第２章に移りました

to chapter two in the mid-1990s.

90年代中頃から後半には

And beginning in the mid- to late 1990s,

they began to focus on chapter one of the story.

第１章が注力されるようになったのです

Now, you might think that this decline in death sentences

死刑の減少と終身刑の増加については

and the increase in the number of life sentences

評価は分かれるでしょう

is a good thing or a bad thing.

I don't want to have a conversation about that today.

今日はその話はしません

All that I want to tell you is that the reason that this has happened

お話ししたいことは こうなった理由です

is because death penalty lawyers have understood

事案に介入するのが早ければ早いほど

that the earlier you intervene in a case,

クライアントの命を助けられる見込みが高いことに

the greater the likelihood that you're going to save your client's life.

死刑囚の弁護士が気づいたためなのです

That's the first thing I've learned.

これが学んだことのひとつ目です

Here's the second thing I learned:

次は２つ目です

My client Will was not the exception to the rule;

クライアントのウィルにもあてはまる

法則があります

he was the rule.

まさに法則どおりの展開でした

I sometimes say, if you tell me the name of a death row inmate --

こんな話をすることがあります 死刑囚の名前を教えてくれたら

doesn't matter what state he's in,

彼の状態にかかわらず 面会したことの有無にかかわらず

doesn't matter if I've ever met him before --

I'll write his biography for you.

彼の生い立ちを描いてみせましょう

And eight out of 10 times,

十中八九

the details of that biography will be more or less accurate.

その生い立ちの記述は

細部さえも多少なりとも重なり合っているのです

And the reason for that is that 80 percent of the people on death row

なぜなら 80パーセントの死刑囚は

are people who came from the same sort of dysfunctional family that Will did.

ウィルのように崩壊した家庭に生まれているのです

Eighty percent of the people on death row

死刑囚の80パーセントは

are people who had exposure to the juvenile justice system.

少年司法制度に

関わった経歴を有しています

That's the second lesson that I've learned.

これが私の学んだ

２つ目の教訓でした

Now we're right on the cusp of that corner

さて今まさに 誰もが同意するであろう点に

where everybody's going to agree.

近づいてきました

People in this room might disagree

ウィルの処刑について

about whether Will should have been executed,

会場の皆さんの意見は一致しないでしょう

but I think everybody would agree

でも彼のストーリーの最良のバージョンでは

that the best possible version of his story

そもそも殺人が起こりません

would be a story where no murder ever occurs.

このことについては

誰もが同意するでしょう

How do we do that?

どうすればそうできるのか？

When our son Lincoln was working on that math problem two weeks ago,

２週間前 息子のリンカーンが取り組んでいた数学の問題は

it was a big, gnarly problem.

大きくてやっかいな問題でした

And he was learning how, when you have a big old gnarly problem,

大きくて難しいこの手の問題を解くために

sometimes the solution is to slice it into smaller problems.

どうやって問題を小さく分解するかを勉強していました

That's what we do for most problems --

物理や数学では普通のこのやり方は 社会問題にも使われます

in math, in physics, even in social policy --

we slice them into smaller, more manageable problems.

問題を小さくわけて扱いやすくするのです

But every once in a while, as Dwight Eisenhower said,

でもアイゼンハワーも言っているように

ときには

the way you solve a problem is to make it bigger.

問題を大きく捉えることで

解決することもあるのです

この問題を解決する方法は

The way we solve this problem

is to make the issue of the death penalty bigger.

死刑の問題をさらに大きく捉えることです

We have to say, all right.

こう語るべきなのです

We have these four chapters of a death penalty story,

死刑のストーリーは

４章からなっていますが

but what happens before that story begins?

このストーリーの始まる前は

何が起きているのだろうか

How can we intervene in the life of a murderer

どうすれば 殺人が起きる前に

before he's a murderer?

殺人犯の人生に介入できるでしょうか？

What options do we have to nudge that person off of the path

道を外れ 後に最悪の結果をもたらす

人物にどんな方法で働きかけたら

良いでしょう

最悪の結果とは 死刑賛成派も死刑反対派も

that is going to lead to a result that everybody --

death penalty supporters and death penalty opponents --

同様に避けたいと考える結果 —

still think is a bad result:

それはすなわち

それはすなわち

the murder of an innocent human being?

罪なき人が殺されることです

You know, sometimes people say that something isn't rocket science.

ロケット科学という

言葉を聞いたことが

あるでしょう

And by that, what they mean is rocket science is really complicated

ロケット科学という本当に複雑なものに比べたら

and this problem that we're talking about now is really simple.

話題にしている課題なんて 本当に単純だというときに使う言葉です

Well that's rocket science;

ロケット科学では

that's the mathematical expression for the thrust created by a rocket.

ロケットエンジンが生みだす推進力の

数学的な表現を扱うからです

What we're talking about today is just as complicated.

今日 お話ししていることは

同じように込み入った話です

What we're talking about today is also rocket science.

今日 お話ししていることもまた

「ロケット科学」です

My client Will and 80 percent of the people on death row

クライアントのウィルにも

80パーセントの死刑囚にも

had five chapters in their lives

死刑に連なる四章のストーリーの

that came before the four chapters of the death penalty story.

その前の人生には

五つの章がありました

この五章こそが介入すべき時期であり

I think of these five chapters as points of intervention,

places in their lives

我々の社会が彼らの人生に介入して

when our society could've intervened in their lives

彼らの歩む道筋から逸れさせるべきポイントです

and nudged them off of the path that they were on

that created a consequence that we all --

その道筋は死刑賛成派も死刑反対派も

death penalty supporters or death penalty opponents --

同様に避けたいと考える

say was a bad result.

最悪の結果への道筋です

Now, during each of these five chapters:

五つの章の間それぞれに—

when his mother was pregnant with him;

母親が彼を身ごもっていた時期

in his early childhood years;

幼児期

when he was in elementary school;

小学校に通っていた時期

when he was in middle school and then high school;

中高生の時期

and when he was in the juvenile justice system --

そして少年司法で処置されている時期 これら五つの時期に

during each of those five chapters,

there were a wide variety of things that society could have done.

社会ができるいろいろなことがありました

In fact, if we just imagine

実際 考えてみるだけでも

that there are five different modes of intervention,

五章のそれぞれに五種類ずつの異なった

the way that society could intervene in each of those five chapters,

社会的な介入の仕方があり

and we could mix and match them any way we want,

それを好きなように組み合わせることで

there are 3,000 -- more than 3,000 -- possible strategies

3000以上の戦略があるのです

that we could embrace

それを選んでウィルのような子どもの

in order to nudge kids like Will off of the path that they're on.

歩む道筋を変えさせるのです

So I'm not standing here today with the solution.

今この場で

解決策を手にしているわけではありません

But the fact that we still have a lot to learn,

現実にこれから学ぶべきことは多いですが

that doesn't mean that we don't know a lot already.

多くのことを全く知らないわけでもありません

We know from experience in other states

他州での経験もあります

that there are a wide variety of modes of intervention

介入の仕方には幅広いやり方があり

that we could be using in Texas,

それをテキサスなど未適用の州でも使って

and in every other state that isn't using them,

in order to prevent a consequence that we all agree is bad.

誰もが最悪と考える結果を予防できるのです

I'll just mention a few.

幾つか例を挙げましょう

I won't talk today about reforming the legal system.

司法制度の改革の話ではありません

That's probably a topic

その話は弁護士と裁判官が集まったところで 話すべきでしょう

that is best reserved for a room full of lawyers and judges.

Instead, let me talk about a couple of modes of intervention

代わりに皆さんの助けを得て達成しうる

that we can all help accomplish,

幾つかの介入の仕方について語ります

because they are modes of intervention that will come about

その介入の仕方は 議員や政策当局が

when legislators and policymakers, when taxpayers and citizens,

—納税者や市民がそうすべきだと同意して

agree that that's what we ought to be doing

税金を使おうとするときに

and that's how we ought to be spending our money.

登場する介入の仕方だからです

We could be providing early childhood care

経済面やその他の理由で困っている

小さな子どもへのケアの提供があります

for economically disadvantaged and otherwise troubled kids,

and we could be doing it for free.

それは無償でできます

And we could be nudging kids like Will off of the path that we're on.

我々の道筋から外れた ウィルのような子どもの進路を変えられます

There are other states that do that, but we don't.

こういうことをしている州もありますが 我が州は違います

We could be providing special schools,

特別な支援をする学校を高校や中学課程や

at both the high school level and the middle school level,

さらには小学校課程でも設置できます

but even in K-5,

that target economically and otherwise disadvantaged kids,

とりわけ 経済などで困っている子どもや

and particularly kids who have had exposure to the juvenile justice system.

そして少年司法に

関わる子どもの支援を目指すのです

There are a handful of states that do that;

両手に余る州でこの支援は実施中ですが

Texas doesn't.

テキサスではまだです

There's one other thing we can be doing -- well, there are a bunch of other things --

できることは他にもあります

たくさんありますが

there's one other thing that I'm going to mention,

これから言おうとしていることは

and this is going to be the only controversial thing that I say today.

今日の話の中で議論を呼ぶポイントでしょう

We could be intervening much more aggressively

さらに積極的な介入として

危険なほどに崩壊した家庭に対して

into dangerously dysfunctional homes,

介入して 母親が肉切り包丁を手にして

and getting kids out of them

殺してやると口にする前に

before their moms pick up butcher knives and threaten to kill them.

子どもを救出するのです

If we're going to do that, we need a place to put them.

もしそれを行うとすれば

子どもたちの受け入れ場所が必要でしょう

Even if we do all of those things,

これらの全てを実施しても 網をくぐって

some kids are going to fall through the cracks

and they're going to end up in that last chapter

殺人の章の前まで行く者もいるでしょう

before the murder story begins,

they're going to end up in the juvenile justice system.

彼らは少年司法の場にたどり着きます

もしそうなったとしても

And even if that happens, it's not yet too late.

まだ間に合います

There's still time to nudge them,

道筋を改めさせる時間が残されています

if we think about nudging them rather than just punishing them.

単に罰することだけを考えるのではなく

道を改めることを考えましょう

There are two professors in the Northeast --

北東部のエール大とメリーランド大に二人の教授がいます

one at Yale and one at Maryland --

彼らは少年刑務所に

they set up a school that is attached to a juvenile prison.

付属の学校を設立しました

And the kids are in prison, but they go to school

少年達は刑務所にいながら

from eight in the morning until four in the afternoon.

８時から４時過ぎまで学校に行きます

Now, it was logistically difficult.

実現は困難でした

They had to recruit teachers who wanted to teach inside a prison,

刑務所内で教える教師の採用

学校で働く人と刑務所の監督官との

they had to establish strict separation

between the people who work at the school and the prison authorities,

厳格な分離

さらに新たなカリキュラム編成の必要もありました

and most dauntingly of all,

they needed to invent a new curriculum because you know what?

なぜか？

People don't come into and out of prison on a semester basis.

刑務所に出入りする人の動きは学期と関係ないのです

(Laughter)

But they did all those things.

こんな問題すべてに対処したのです

Now, what do all of these things have in common?

これらのこと全てに共通することは何でしょう

What all of these things have in common is that they cost money.

全てに共通して費用がかかるのです

Some of the people in the room might be old enough

ここにいる中で年上の方は

to remember the guy on the old oil filter commercial.

昔のオイルフィルターのコマーシャルを 覚えているかもしれません

He used to say, "Well, you can pay me now or you can pay me later."

こんなセリフです 「今払わなくても

いずれ払うお金です」

What we're doing in the death penalty system

死刑制度というのは

後でお金を払わせる

is we're paying later.

やり方です

But the thing is that for every 15,000 dollars

大事なことは

経済的理由などで困っている児童の支援に

that we spend intervening

in the lives of economically and otherwise disadvantaged kids

早い時期に１万５千ドル使うたびに

in those earlier chapters,

早い時期に１万５千ドル使うたびに

we save 80,000 dollars in crime-related costs down the road.

ずっと将来の犯罪に関わる費用を８万ドル削減できるのです

Even if you don't agree that there's a moral imperative that we do it,

道徳的な義務に基づき実施すべき

という点に同意が得られなくても

経済的にも意義があることです

it just makes economic sense.

I want to tell you about the last conversation that I had with Will.

ウィルと交わした最後の会話のことをお話しします

It was the day that he was going to be executed,

死刑執行される予定の日に

私たちは話をしていました

and we were just talking.

There was nothing left to do in his case.

彼の事案には

やり残しはなく

And we were talking about his life.

私たちは彼の人生について話しました

And he was talking first about his dad, who he hardly knew, who had died,

最初はほとんど知らない父親の話

もう故人でした

それから母親のこと

and then about his mom, who he did know, who was still alive.

彼のよく知る母親は

まだ生きていました

And I said to him,

私は言いました

"I know the story.

「話は知っています

I've read the records.

記録を読んだから

I know that she tried to kill you."

お母さんに殺されそうになったことも」

I said, "But I've always wondered

「ずっと不思議に思っていたけれど

whether you really actually remember that."

そのことを本当に覚えていますか？」

I said, "I don't remember anything from when I was five years old.

「５才頃のことなど

私自身は何も覚えていない

Maybe you just remember somebody telling you."

誰かに聞いた話を覚えていませんか？」

And he looked at me and he leaned forward,

彼は私を見つめて身を乗り出して言いました

and he said, "Professor," --

「教授」—12年の付き合いを通して教授と呼ばれていました

he'd known me for 12 years, he still called me Professor.

He said, "Professor, I don't mean any disrespect by this,

「教授 バカにするつもりはまったくないのですが

but when your mama picks up a butcher knife

でも 自分よりも大きな

肉切り包丁を手にした母親が

that looks bigger than you are,

and chases you through the house screaming she's going to kill you,

殺してやると叫びながら家中を追いかけてきて

and you have to lock yourself in the bathroom

トイレに閉じこもって鍵をかけて

and lean against the door

and holler for help until the police get there,"

大声で叫び続けて警官に助けられたら」

私を見て続けます

he looked at me and he said,

"that's something you don't forget."

「忘れられるものではありません」

I hope there's one thing you all won't forget:

ひとつ 覚えておいて欲しいことがあります

In between the time you arrived here this morning

今朝ここに着いた時から昼休みまでの間に

and the time we break for lunch,

アメリカでは４件の殺人が

there are going to be four homicides in the United States.

発生しています

We're going to devote enormous social resources

相当の社会的なエネルギーをこういう犯罪者に

to punishing the people who commit those crimes,

つぎ込んでいくことになります

and that's appropriate

because we should punish people who do bad things.

悪人を罰することは妥当なことです

しかしそのうち３件は予防できるものなのです

But three of those crimes are preventable.

If we make the picture bigger

広い視野で捉え

and devote our attention to the earlier chapters,

もっと早いフェーズに注意をはらうことにすれば

then we're never going to write the first sentence

死刑に連なる４章は 冒頭の判決文すら

that begins the death penalty story.

不要になります

Thank you.

ありがとうございました

(拍手)

(Applause)