Lessons from death row inmates | David R. Dow

Translator: Jenny Zurawell Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha

譯者: Jonas Lau 審譯者: Yuguo Zhang

Two weeks ago,

兩個星期前

I was sitting at the kitchen table with my wife Katya,

我和我的太太卡地亞 (Katya)

坐在廚房的餐桌上

and we were talking about what I was going to talk about today.

討論我今天應該講的題目

We have an 11-year-old son; his name is Lincoln.

我們有一個11歲大的兒子，他的名字叫林肯(Lincoln) 他坐在同一餐桌上

He was sitting at the same table, doing his math homework.

正在做數學作業。

And during a pause in my conversation with Katya,

當我和卡地亞的對話暫停之際

I looked over at Lincoln

我望一望林肯

and I was suddenly thunderstruck

一下子像被雷打中一樣

by a recollection of a client of mine.

我當時想起我曾經的一個客戶“

My client was a guy named Will.

他名叫威廉

He was from North Texas.

他家鄉在德州北部

他對父親沒有清晰的印象，因為他父親

He never knew his father very well,

because his father left his mom while she was pregnant with him.

在他母親懷著他的時候把兩人拋棄

And so, he was destined to be raised by a single mom,

所以，他在命中注定了要由他的單親媽媽養大

which might have been all right

原本，這個也並非甚麼大問題

except that this particular single mom was a paranoid schizophrenic,

可是這一個母親

患有偏執型精神分裂症

and when Will was five years old,

當威廉還是五歲的時候，她就試圖以屠刀把他殺死

she tried to kill him with a butcher knife.

她最後

She was taken away by authorities and placed in a psychiatric hospital,

被執法當局帶走並關在精神病院

and so for the next several years Will lived with his older brother,

在往後的幾年間，小威廉一直跟他的哥哥同住

until he committed suicide by shooting himself through the heart.

直至他哥哥一槍打進自己的心房自殺

從此以後

And after that Will bounced around from one family member to another,

威廉像人球一樣被推到不同的親戚家中

until, by the time he was nine years old, he was essentially living on his own.

直至他九歲那年以後，他就自己獨自生活

That morning that I was sitting with Katya and Lincoln,

那天早上，當我坐在卡地亞和林肯旁邊，我看著兒子林肯

I looked at my son, and I realized that when my client, Will, was his age,

我發覺當我的當時人威廉

和我兒子一樣大的時候

he'd been living by himself for two years.

他已經獨個兒生活兩年了

Will eventually joined a gang

威廉最後加入了黑社會

and committed a number of very serious crimes,

亦犯下了

一連串的嚴重罪行

including, most seriously of all,

包括，最嚴重的

令人心寒的、兇殺悲劇

a horrible, tragic murder.

威廉最後被處決

And Will was ultimately executed as punishment for that crime.

作為他犯罪的懲罰

但我今天並非

But I don't want to talk today about the morality of capital punishment.

要談論

有關死刑的道德問題。我當然不認為

I certainly think that my client shouldn't have been executed,

我的當時人應該受到死刑這制裁，但我今天想

but what I would like to do today instead

is talk about the death penalty in a way I've never done before,

以一種我從未試過的方式

去談論死刑

in a way that is entirely noncontroversial.

我要探討的事

是完全沒有爭議的

我認為這是可能的

I think that's possible,

because there is a corner of the death penalty debate --

因為這場死刑辯論當中

有一個角落

maybe the most important corner --

可能是最重要的角落

where everybody agrees,

是所有人都認同的

where the most ardent death penalty supporters

即使是那些對於保留死刑的忠實支持者

and the most vociferous abolitionists are on exactly the same page.

或是那些最暄嚷的、支持廢除死刑的人

都會站在同一陣線

That's the corner I want to explore.

這就是我要探討的角落

Before I do that, though, I want to spend a couple of minutes

在這之前，我希望用幾分鐘的時間去告訴你們

telling you how a death penalty case unfolds,

一個死刑的判決是怎樣開展的

and then I want to tell you two lessons

接著我會告訴你，這二十年裏

that I have learned over the last 20 years as a death penalty lawyer

我作為死刑律師

from watching well more than a hundred cases unfold in this way.

處理一百多個案件的其中兩課

You can think of a death penalty case as a story that has four chapters.

你可以把一個死刑的案件

分成四個章節

The first chapter of every case is exactly the same, and it is tragic.

每個案件的第一章都是一樣

悲哀的

It begins with the murder of an innocent human being,

它從一宗

無辜受害者被殺的事件開始

and it's followed by a trial

接著是審訊

where the murderer is convicted and sent to death row,

殺人犯被定罪並被判死刑

and that death sentence is ultimately upheld by the state appellate court.

之後死刑的判決

州的上訴法院維持原判

第二章是一個複雜的司法程序

The second chapter consists of a complicated legal proceeding

known as a state habeas corpus appeal.

叫做州人身保護令上訴

The third chapter is an even more complicated legal proceeding

第三章是一個更為繁複的司法程序

known as a federal habeas corpus proceeding.

叫做聯邦人身保護令審裁

And the fourth chapter is one where a variety of things can happen.

之後的第四章中

一系列的事情可以發生。律師們可能會可能會提出特赦申請

The lawyers might file a clemency petition,

they might initiate even more complex litigation,

他們可能會啟動更繁複的訴訟

or they might not do anything at all.

又或者他們甚麼都不再做

But that fourth chapter always ends with an execution.

但第四章很多時都會

以執行死刑為終結

二十多年前，當我開始作死囚代表律師的時候

When I started representing death row inmates more than 20 years ago,

people on death row did not have a right to a lawyer

被判死刑的人在第二或第四章的時候

in either the second or the fourth chapter of this story.

並沒有聘請律師作辯護的權利

They were on their own.

他們需要獨自面對審判

In fact, it wasn't until the late 1980s

實際上，一九八零年代以前

that they acquired a right to a lawyer during the third chapter of the story.

他們在故事的第三章裏

都沒有聘請代表律師的權利

So what all of these death row inmates had to do was rely on volunteer lawyers

所以這些被判死刑的人

只能夠依靠義務律師

to handle their legal proceedings.

去處理他們的司法程序

The problem is that there were way more guys on death row

問題是，那些被判死刑的人的數目

遠遠多於那些既願意幫助死囚，又有具備專門知識的律師的數目

than there were lawyers

who had both the interest and the expertise to work on these cases.

And so inevitably,

無可避免地

lawyers drifted to cases that were already in chapter four --

律師們都會先處理已經到了第四章的死囚案件

that makes sense, of course.

這不難埋解，因為這些案件都比較趕急

Those are the cases that are most urgent;

這些死囚都在被處決的最邊緣

those are the guys who are closest to being executed.

Some of these lawyers were successful;

有一些律師成功了；他們為當時人爭取新的審訊

they managed to get new trials for their clients.

Others of them managed to extend the lives of their clients,

其他律師就爭取了延長他們當時人的生命

sometimes by years, sometimes by months.

有時幾年，有時幾個月

But the one thing that didn't happen

但有一種事並沒有發生

那就是德州的行刑數目，以年計

was that there was never a serious and sustained decline

in the number of annual executions in Texas.

一直沒有重大而持久的下降趨勢

In fact, as you can see from this graph,

實際上，看看這個圖表，德州在一九九零年代

from the time that the Texas execution apparatus got efficient

添置了足夠的行刑工具後

in the mid- to late 1990s,

there have only been a couple of years

只有少數年份，行刑數子以年計

where the number of annual executions dipped below 20.

在二十以下

In a typical year in Texas,

在一個普通的年份

we're averaging about two people a month.

德州每個月處決

兩個人

In some years in Texas, we've executed close to 40 people,

在某些年份，德州每年處決近四十人

and this number has never significantly declined over the last 15 years.

這個數字在過去的十五年間一直沒有顯著的下降

And yet, at the same time that we continue to execute

但是，在我們每年繼續處決

about the same number of people every year,

相當數量的死囚的同時

the number of people who we're sentencing to death on an annual basis

實際上我們的法庭

以年計大幅減少了

has dropped rather steeply.

作出死刑的裁決

So we have this paradox,

現在我們有這個矛盾

一方面被行刑的數字一直居高不下

which is that the number of annual executions has remained high

but the number of new death sentences has gone down.

另一方面新增的死刑裁決一直下降

Why is that?

為甚麼會這樣呢

It can't be attributed to a decline in the murder rate,

謀殺案罪案率下降並不能解釋這個現象

because the murder rate has not declined nearly so steeply

因為罪案率在這幾年間並沒有

像圖表中的紅線下降得一樣厲害

as the red line on that graph has gone down.

What has happened instead

真正的原因是

is that juries have started to sentence more and more people to prison

仲裁員傾向將犯人判以

沒有假釋機會的終身監禁

for the rest of their lives without the possibility of parole,

rather than sending them to the execution chamber.

多於送他們到行刑室

為甚麼會這樣呢

Why has that happened?

It hasn't happened because of a dissolution

這個情況發生並不是因為公眾對死刑的支持已經瓦解

of popular support for the death penalty.

反對死刑的人因為德州對死刑的支持度

Death penalty opponents take great solace in the fact

跌至新低而得到慰藉

that death penalty support in Texas is at an all-time low.

Do you know what all-time low in Texas means?

你知道“新低”的意思嗎?

It means that it's in the low 60 percent.

這是指稍為多於百分之六十

Now, that's really good compared to the mid-1980s,

相對上世紀八十年代

when it was in excess of 80 percent,

多於百分之八十的支持度，這已是很好了

but we can't explain the decline in death sentences

但我們不能以民眾對死刑的支持度減少

and the affinity for life without the possibility of parole

去解釋死刑減少與無期徒刑增加的倩況

by an erosion of support for the death penalty,

because people still support the death penalty.

因為大部分的民眾還是支持死刑

What's happened to cause this phenomenon?

那甚麼促使這個情況發生呢?

What's happened is that lawyers who represent death row inmates

這個由於

那些代表死囚的律師

將他們的焦點移到

have shifted their focus to earlier and earlier chapters

死刑故事較早、較早的章節

of the death penalty story.

So 25 years ago, they focused on chapter four.

二十五年前，他們聚焦在第四章

And they went from chapter four 25 years ago

大概二十五年前，即是八十年代後期

to chapter three in the late 1980s.

他們改為聚焦在第三章

And they went from chapter three in the late 1980s

到九十年代中期，他們從第三章改為聚焦在第二章

to chapter two in the mid-1990s.

直到九十年代中至後期

And beginning in the mid- to late 1990s,

they began to focus on chapter one of the story.

他們將焦點放在故事的第一章

Now, you might think that this decline in death sentences

現在，你或許會對死刑數目減少和

and the increase in the number of life sentences

無期徒刑的增長有正面或負面的看法

is a good thing or a bad thing.

I don't want to have a conversation about that today.

我今天不想觸及這個問題

All that I want to tell you is that the reason that this has happened

我想說的，是這個情況發生的原因

is because death penalty lawyers have understood

死囚代表律師明白到

that the earlier you intervene in a case,

你愈早介入一個案件

the greater the likelihood that you're going to save your client's life.

你更加容易保住你當時人的性命

That's the first thing I've learned.

這是我學到的第一件事

Here's the second thing I learned:

第二件事我學到的:

My client Will was not the exception to the rule;

我的當時人威廉

他的故事不是一個例外

he was the rule.

他本身就是一個典型的例子

I sometimes say, if you tell me the name of a death row inmate --

我有時會說－如果你給我一個死囚的名字

doesn't matter what state he's in,

不論他在哪一個州，不論我跟他有沒有相遇過

doesn't matter if I've ever met him before --

I'll write his biography for you.

我都可以替他寫一篇傳記

And eight out of 10 times,

十次裏面有八次

the details of that biography will be more or less accurate.

傳記的細節

多多少少都是準確的

And the reason for that is that 80 percent of the people on death row

這是因為百分之八十的死囚

are people who came from the same sort of dysfunctional family that Will did.

都像威廉一樣來自一些無法起效的家庭

Eighty percent of the people on death row

百分之八十的死囚

are people who had exposure to the juvenile justice system.

都曾經接觸過

少年司法制度

That's the second lesson that I've learned.

這是我學到的

第二課

Now we're right on the cusp of that corner

現在，我們應該達到了

where everybody's going to agree.

一個大家都認同的共識

People in this room might disagree

這個演講廳裏的人可能不同意

about whether Will should have been executed,

威廉應否被處以死刑

but I think everybody would agree

我的相信所有人都會同意

that the best possible version of his story

這個故事最佳的版本

would be a story where no murder ever occurs.

會是沒有兇殺案發的

一個故事

How do we do that?

我們可以怎樣做呢?

When our son Lincoln was working on that math problem two weeks ago,

我的兒子林肯在兩星期前

it was a big, gnarly problem.

嘗試解答他的數學難題。那是一個很大、很複雜的問題

And he was learning how, when you have a big old gnarly problem,

他學習到，當你要解決一個很大、很複雜的問題時

sometimes the solution is to slice it into smaller problems.

有時候你要將這個問題分割成幾個細小的問題

That's what we do for most problems --

這是我們解決大部分問題的方法－ 在數學上、物理上、甚至社會政策上

in math, in physics, even in social policy --

we slice them into smaller, more manageable problems.

我們將問題分割成較細少的、較容易處理的問題

But every once in a while, as Dwight Eisenhower said,

但是，總有一些時候

像(前美國總統)艾森豪曾經講過

the way you solve a problem is to make it bigger.

你解決問題的方法

就是要將它放大

我們現在處理死刑這個問題

The way we solve this problem

is to make the issue of the death penalty bigger.

正正就是要將死刑的事件變大

We have to say, all right.

我們要說，好了

We have these four chapters of a death penalty story,

我們有這四個

關於死刑故事章節

but what happens before that story begins?

但甚麼發生

在這個故事之前呢?

How can we intervene in the life of a murderer

我們可以怎樣在一個人變成殺人犯之前

before he's a murderer?

阻止這件事情發生呢?

What options do we have to nudge that person off of the path

我們有甚麼選擇

去把這個人

輕輕推出這條不歸路呢

這個問題引領我們到一個結局，每個人－

that is going to lead to a result that everybody --

death penalty supporters and death penalty opponents --

死刑支持者也好，反對死刑的人也好－

still think is a bad result:

都認為是

一個悲哀的結局:

the murder of an innocent human being?

一個無辜的人被殺?

You know, sometimes people say that something isn't rocket science.

你知道，有時候人們會說

有些事情

並非“火箭科學”

And by that, what they mean is rocket science is really complicated

他們這樣說，就是指火箭科學的確很複雜

and this problem that we're talking about now is really simple.

相對地，我們今日探討的問題就簡單得多

Well that's rocket science;

哎喲... 其實我們今天討論的問題確實是一種火箭科學

that's the mathematical expression for the thrust created by a rocket.

就像推進火箭發射

所用的數學公式一樣

What we're talking about today is just as complicated.

今天我們所討論的問題

就是一樣的複雜

What we're talking about today is also rocket science.

我們今天所討論的問題

就是高深的科學

My client Will and 80 percent of the people on death row

我的當時人威廉

跟百分之八十的死囚一樣

had five chapters in their lives

他們的生命中有五個章節

that came before the four chapters of the death penalty story.

在死囚故事

的四個章節前發生

我視這五個章節為我們的“介入點”

I think of these five chapters as points of intervention,

places in their lives

一些我們的社會可以

when our society could've intervened in their lives

介入他們的生活、把他們輕輕推出這條不歸路的機會

and nudged them off of the path that they were on

that created a consequence that we all --

一個我們－死刑支持者或

death penalty supporters or death penalty opponents --

反對死刑的人－

say was a bad result.

都認為是悲哀的結局

Now, during each of these five chapters:

現在，我要談談這五個章節:

when his mother was pregnant with him;

第一，當他媽媽懷著他的時候

in his early childhood years;

第二，在他童年時

when he was in elementary school;

第三，在他讀小學的時候

when he was in middle school and then high school;

第四，在他上初中和高中的時候

and when he was in the juvenile justice system --

第五，在他接觸少年司法制度的時候－每一個階段裏

during each of those five chapters,

there were a wide variety of things that society could have done.

我們的社會都有一系列的事情可以做

In fact, if we just imagine

實際上，我們可以想像

that there are five different modes of intervention,

我們有五種不同的介入方式，在五個不同的章節裏

the way that society could intervene in each of those five chapters,

可以有不同的方式

and we could mix and match them any way we want,

我們可以依據我們喜好混合和搭配不同方式

there are 3,000 -- more than 3,000 -- possible strategies

這樣我們有三千種－多於三千種－可以使用的策略

that we could embrace

去把這些像威廉一樣的青少年

in order to nudge kids like Will off of the path that they're on.

輕輕推出他們踏上的不歸路

So I'm not standing here today with the solution.

今天，我站在這裏

並沒有一個確實的解決方案

But the fact that we still have a lot to learn,

事實上，我們還有很多東西需要學習

that doesn't mean that we don't know a lot already.

但這並不代表我們所知的有限

We know from experience in other states

我們從其他州份的經驗知道

that there are a wide variety of modes of intervention

一系列的介入方式已經存在

that we could be using in Texas,

而且可以應用在德州，和其他還沒有使用這些介入方式的州份

and in every other state that isn't using them,

in order to prevent a consequence that we all agree is bad.

去阻止一個我們都認為是悲哀的結局

I'll just mention a few.

我會在以下提及一部分

I won't talk today about reforming the legal system.

今天，我不會提及司法制度的改革

That's probably a topic

這個題目最好預留給一眾律師及法官

that is best reserved for a room full of lawyers and judges.

Instead, let me talk about a couple of modes of intervention

反而，我希望探討一些介入的方式

that we can all help accomplish,

一些我們都可以推動的方式

because they are modes of intervention that will come about

因為這些方式需要得到

when legislators and policymakers, when taxpayers and citizens,

議員、政策制定者、納稅人和民眾

agree that that's what we ought to be doing

的支持，認同這是我們應該做的事

and that's how we ought to be spending our money.

以及認為我們應該這樣投放公帑

We could be providing early childhood care

我們可以提供早期的托兒服務

去幫助低收入及有潛在危機的兒童

for economically disadvantaged and otherwise troubled kids,

and we could be doing it for free.

我們可以兒費提供這類服務

And we could be nudging kids like Will off of the path that we're on.

這樣我們可以及早把那些像威廉一樣的誤入歧途的孩子扶正

There are other states that do that, but we don't.

有一些州份正提供這些服務，但我們沒有

We could be providing special schools,

我們亦可以提供特殊教育，在高中、

at both the high school level and the middle school level,

以及初中程度，甚至幼稚園至小學

but even in K-5,

that target economically and otherwise disadvantaged kids,

特別針對那些來自低收入家庭、弱勢群體，以至

and particularly kids who have had exposure to the juvenile justice system.

曾經接觸少年司法制度的

青少年

There are a handful of states that do that;

在一些州份正在執行這類工作

Texas doesn't.

但德州沒有

There's one other thing we can be doing -- well, there are a bunch of other things --

另外，也有一樣事情我們可以做－

哎呀，事實上我們有很多其他事情可以做－但有一樣

there's one other thing that I'm going to mention,

我想在這裏提及，而這件事是我今天要探討的

and this is going to be the only controversial thing that I say today.

唯一一件富爭議的事情

We could be intervening much more aggressively

我們可以

更積極地介入

into dangerously dysfunctional homes,

去從一些已經失效的家庭裏

and getting kids out of them

在孩子的母親拿起屠刀、威脅要殺死他們前

before their moms pick up butcher knives and threaten to kill them.

帶走孩子

If we're going to do that, we need a place to put them.

如果我們真的要這樣做

我們需要一個地方去安置他們

Even if we do all of those things,

即使我們做足所有事情，總有一些孩子會踏上歧途

some kids are going to fall through the cracks

and they're going to end up in that last chapter

這時他們會進入殺人故事前的最後章節

before the murder story begins,

they're going to end up in the juvenile justice system.

他們會接觸到少年司法制度

即使這件事情發生

And even if that happens, it's not yet too late.

亦不代表為時已晚

There's still time to nudge them,

我們還有時間把他們帶回正軌

if we think about nudging them rather than just punishing them.

只要我們想帶他們重回正軌

而非懲罰他們

There are two professors in the Northeast --

東北部有兩位大學教授－一位在耶魯，另一位在馬里蘭－

one at Yale and one at Maryland --

他們籌辦了一所學校

they set up a school that is attached to a juvenile prison.

一所附設於少年監獄的學校

And the kids are in prison, but they go to school

那些少年正在監獄服刑，但他們從早上八時至

from eight in the morning until four in the afternoon.

下午四時都在學校上課

Now, it was logistically difficult.

這當然有統籌上的困難

They had to recruit teachers who wanted to teach inside a prison,

他們很難找到

願意在監獄工作的教師，他們需要建立一套

they had to establish strict separation

between the people who work at the school and the prison authorities,

將教學人員及監獄工作人員分隔的系統

而最令人怯步的，是他們需要創造一套全新的課程

and most dauntingly of all,

they needed to invent a new curriculum because you know what?

你知道為甚麼嗎?

People don't come into and out of prison on a semester basis.

少年犯不會依著學期的開始、完結進出監獄

(Laughter)

But they did all those things.

但這些事情他們都辦到了

Now, what do all of these things have in common?

這些介入方法有甚麼共通的地方呢

What all of these things have in common is that they cost money.

他們共通的地方就是它們都需要經費

Some of the people in the room might be old enough

你們當中或許有些人比較年長

to remember the guy on the old oil filter commercial.

記得那個古老的機油過濾器廣告

He used to say, "Well, you can pay me now or you can pay me later."

那個人說: 哎喲，你可以今天付鈔

或者以後才付款

What we're doing in the death penalty system

現在我們的

死刑制度

is we're paying later.

就是延後付鈔

But the thing is that for every 15,000 dollars

但問題是

今大我們花一萬五千元

that we spend intervening

in the lives of economically and otherwise disadvantaged kids

在較早的章節裏介入

in those earlier chapters,

那些來自低收入家庭、有潛在危機的孩子的生活時

we save 80,000 dollars in crime-related costs down the road.

我們可以在以後的道路上，省卻與犯罪相關的八萬元支出

Even if you don't agree that there's a moral imperative that we do it,

即使你不同意

我們有必要的道德責任去履行這些事

它們都符合經濟原則

it just makes economic sense.

I want to tell you about the last conversation that I had with Will.

我想告訴你我跟威廉的最後對話

It was the day that he was going to be executed,

那是他將要行刑的當日

我們在談天

and we were just talking.

There was nothing left to do in his case.

在他的案件中

我們都沒有其他事情可以做

And we were talking about his life.

所以只好談談他的人生

And he was talking first about his dad, who he hardly knew, who had died,

他先講他的父親，一個他不太認識的父親

已經去世的父親

接著是他母親

and then about his mom, who he did know, who was still alive.

這個人他認識

而且她還在生

And I said to him,

我告訴他

"I know the story.

我知道你的故事

I've read the records.

我看過你的檔案

I know that she tried to kill you."

我知道她曾經要殺死你

I said, "But I've always wondered

我說: 但我很疑惑

whether you really actually remember that."

為甚麼你還記得起這件事情

I said, "I don't remember anything from when I was five years old.

我說: 五歲發生的事情

我一點也記不起

Maybe you just remember somebody telling you."

可能你只是記得有人想過要殺你

And he looked at me and he leaned forward,

接著，他向前傾，望著我說

and he said, "Professor," --

教授－他已經認識我十二年了，但仍然稱呼我為教授

he'd known me for 12 years, he still called me Professor.

He said, "Professor, I don't mean any disrespect by this,

他說: 教授，我無意對你不敬

but when your mama picks up a butcher knife

但如果你的媽媽

拿起一把好像比你還要大的屠刀

that looks bigger than you are,

and chases you through the house screaming she's going to kill you,

跑遍全屋追逐你，並呼喊要殺死你

and you have to lock yourself in the bathroom

你要把自己反鎖在浴室、靠著門

and lean against the door

and holler for help until the police get there,"

求她放過你，直至警察到來

他望著我、然後說

he looked at me and he said,

"that's something you don't forget."

這是你一生都難以忘記的事情

I hope there's one thing you all won't forget:

我希望有一件事情你們永遠都不會忘記

In between the time you arrived here this morning

在你今天早上進入會場直至我們吃午餐的時間

and the time we break for lunch,

美國境內發生了

there are going to be four homicides in the United States.

四宗兇殺案

We're going to devote enormous social resources

我們需要調撥大量的社會資源去懲罰這些

to punishing the people who commit those crimes,

干犯罪行的人。這是理所當然的，因為我們應該懲罰

and that's appropriate

because we should punish people who do bad things.

做壞事的人

但是這四宗案件中，有三宗是可以避免的

But three of those crimes are preventable.

If we make the picture bigger

如果我們把這個局面放大

and devote our attention to the earlier chapters,

把我們的注意力放在較早的章節中

then we're never going to write the first sentence

那我們就毋須再寫下死刑幫絕書

that begins the death penalty story.

的第一個句子

Thank you.

謝謝

(掌聲)

(Applause)