Richard Sears: Planning for the end of oil

52,441 views ใƒป 2010-05-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
For the next few minutes we're going to talk about energy,
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ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
00:18
and it's going to be a bit of a varied talk.
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ื•ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช.
00:21
I'll try to spin a story about energy,
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ืื ืกื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:23
and oil's a convenient starting place.
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ื•ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื ื•ื—ื” ืžืื“.
00:25
The talk will be broadly about energy,
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ืื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:27
but oil's a good place to start.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืžื ื•.
00:29
And one of the reasons is this is remarkable stuff.
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืคืœื.
00:32
You take about eight or so carbon atoms,
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
00:34
about 20 hydrogen atoms,
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ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ,
00:36
you put them together in exactly the right way
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ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”
00:38
and you get this marvelous liquid:
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ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”,
00:40
very energy-dense and very easy to refine
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืงืœ ืžืื“ ืœื–ื™ืงื•ืง
00:42
into a number of very useful products and fuels.
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:45
It's great stuff.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืขื•ืœื”.
00:47
Now, as far as it goes,
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•,
00:49
there's a lot of oil out there in the world.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:51
Here's my little pocket map
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ื”ื ื” ืžืคืช ื”ื›ื™ืก ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœื™
00:53
of where it's all located.
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ืฉืžืจืื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื.
00:55
A bigger one for you to look at.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืคื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืœืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื.
00:57
But this is it, this is the oil in the world.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื–ื”. ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:59
Geologists have a pretty good idea of where the oil is.
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ืœื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื ืคื˜.
01:01
This is about 100 trillion gallons
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ืืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš 3.785 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืž"ืง
01:04
of crude oil
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ืฉืœ ื ืคื˜ ื’ื•ืœืžื™
01:06
still to be developed and produced in the world today.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืœื”ืคืงื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:09
Now, that's just one story about oil,
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื ืคื˜,
01:11
and we could end it there and say,
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ,
01:13
"Well, oil's going to last forever
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"ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื ืฆื— ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืคื˜
01:15
because, well, there's just a lot of it."
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ื›ื™, ื‘ืืžืช, ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ืคื˜."
01:17
But there's actually more to the story than that.
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜.
01:19
Oh, by the way, if you think you're very far from some of this oil,
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ืื’ื‘, ืื ืœื“ืขืชื›ื ืืชื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ื–ื”,
01:22
1000 meters below where you're all sitting
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1,000 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
01:25
is one of the largest producing oil fields in the world.
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ื ืžืฆื ืฉื“ื” ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืขืœ ืชืคื•ืงื” ืžื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:28
Come talk to me about it, I'll fill in some of the details if you want.
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ืชื™ื’ืฉื• ืืœื™ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš. ืืชืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื.
01:31
So, that's one of the stories of oil; there's just a lot of it.
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืคื˜. ื™ืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ืคื˜.
01:34
But what about oil? Where is it in the energy system?
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ืื– ืžื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื ืคื˜? ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”?
01:39
Here's a little snapshot of 150 years of oil,
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ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ 150 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ืคื˜.
01:42
and it's been a dominant part of our energy system
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
01:44
for most of those 150 years.
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ืžืฉืš ืขื™ืงืจ 150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
01:47
Now, here's another little secret I'm going to tell you about:
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืกื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื›ื.
01:51
For the last 25 years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 25 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
01:53
oil has been playing less and less of a role
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ื”ื ืคื˜ ืžืฉื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืงื˜ืŸ
01:56
in global energy systems.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช.
01:58
There was one kind of peak oil in 1985,
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ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืคื˜ ื‘-1985,
02:01
when oil represented 50 percent of global energy supply.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืคื˜ ื™ื™ืฆื’ 50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืืกืคืงืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
02:03
Now, it's about 35 percent.
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ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 35 ืื—ื•ื–.
02:05
It's been declining
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ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื”.
02:07
and I believe it will continue to decline.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืชื™ืžืฉืš.
02:09
Gasoline consumption in the U.S. probably peaked in 2007
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ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘-2007
02:11
and is declining.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื”.
02:13
So oil is playing a less significant role
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืคื˜ ืžืฉื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
02:16
every year.
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ืขื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ื•ืœืคืช.
02:18
And so, 25 years ago,
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ 25 ืฉื ื”
02:20
there was a peak oil;
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืคื˜
02:22
just like, in the 1920s,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20
02:24
there was a peak coal;
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื—ื,
02:26
and a hundred years before that,
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ื•ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
02:28
there was a peak wood.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฅ.
02:30
This is a very important picture of the evolution of energy systems.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
02:33
And what's been taking up the slack in the last few decades?
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ื•ืžื” ืžื™ืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘-20 ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช?
02:36
Well, a lot of natural gas
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™
02:38
and a little bit of nuclear, for starters.
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ื•ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ.
02:41
And what goes on in the future?
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ื•ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“?
02:43
Well, I think out ahead of us a few decades
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืฆืคื” ืœื ื•
02:45
is peak gas,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื–,
02:48
and beyond that,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
02:50
peak renewables.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:52
Now, I'll tell you another little, very important
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ื•ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:54
story about this picture.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
02:56
Now, I'm not pretending that energy use in total
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื‘ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
02:58
isn't increasing, it is --
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื›ืŸ.
03:00
that's another part of the story. Come talk to me about it,
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ื–ื” ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ืชื™ื’ืฉื• ืืœื™ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš.
03:02
we'll fill in some of the details --
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ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื.
03:04
but there's a very important message here:
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืกืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:06
This is 200 years of history,
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ 200 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
03:08
and for 200 years we've been systematically decarbonizing
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš 200 ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ
03:11
our energy system.
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ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:13
Energy systems of the world
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
03:15
becoming progressively -- year on year,
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”,
03:17
decade on decade, century on century --
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ืžื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ, ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžืื”,
03:19
becoming less carbon intense.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช.
03:22
And that continues into the future
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื”ืœืื” ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
03:24
with the renewables that we're developing today,
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ืขื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื,
03:26
reaching maybe 30 percent of primary energy
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ืฉื™ื”ื•ื• ืื•ืœื™ 30 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื
03:28
by mid century.
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ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื”.
03:30
Now that might be the end of the story --
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ--
03:32
Okay, we just replace it all with conventional renewables --
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ื™ื•ืคื™, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื--
03:34
but I think, actually, there's more to the story than that.
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ืืš ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืฆื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื”.
03:36
And to tell the next part of the story --
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ--
03:38
and this is looking out say 2100 and beyond.
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ื–ืืช ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ื‘ืขืจืš 2100 ื•ื”ืœืื”.
03:41
What is the future
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ืžื”ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื
03:43
of truly sustainable, carbon-free energy?
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ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™-ืงื™ื™ืžื ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืืžืช?
03:45
Well, we have to take a little excursion,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ.
03:47
and we'll start in central Texas.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื˜ืงืกืก.
03:49
Here's a piece of limestone.
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ื”ื ื” ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืจ.
03:51
I picked it up outside of Marble Falls, Texas.
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืืจื‘ืœ ืคื•ืœืก ืฉื‘ื˜ืงืกืก.
03:53
It's about 400 million years old.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช ื›-400 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
03:55
And it's just limestone, nothing really special about it.
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ื–ื• ืจืง ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
03:58
Now, here's a piece of chalk.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื’ื™ืจ.
04:00
I picked this up at MIT. It's a little younger.
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžืืž-ืื™ื™-ื˜ื™. ื”ื•ื ืžืขื˜ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:03
And it's different than this limestone, you can see that.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืจ. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืืช ืืช ื–ื”.
04:05
You wouldn't build a building out of this stuff,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”,
04:07
and you wouldn't try to give a lecture and write on the chalkboard with this.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ืขื ื–ื”.
04:10
Yeah, it's very different -- no, it's not different.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ืžืื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœื, ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:12
It's not different, it's the same stuff:
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ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ:
04:14
calcium carbonate, calcium carbonate.
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ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคื—ืžืชื™, ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคื—ืžืชื™.
04:17
What's different is how the molecules are put together.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
04:20
Now, if you think that's kind of neat,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘,
04:23
the story gets really neat right now.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืžื™ื“ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
04:26
Off the coast of California comes this:
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ืžื—ื•ืฃ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
04:29
It's an abalone shell.
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ื–ื• ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ื.
04:31
Now, millions of abalone every year
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™-ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
04:33
make this shell.
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ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืฆื“ืคื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
04:35
Oh, by the way, just in case you weren't already guessing,
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ื•ืื’ื‘, ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื,
04:37
it's calcium carbonate.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคื—ืžืชื™.
04:39
It's the same stuff as this
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ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
04:41
and the same stuff as this.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
04:43
But it's not the same stuff; it's different.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ; ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื”.
04:45
It's thousands of times,
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ื”ื•ื ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ื,
04:47
maybe 3,000 times tougher than this.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืคื™ 3,000 ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
04:50
And why? Because the lowly abalone
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข? ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ืื•ื–ืŸ-ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื ื•ืข
04:53
is able to lay down
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ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืจื‘ื“
04:55
the calcium carbonate crystals in layers,
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ืืช ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืคื—ืžืชื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช,
04:57
making this beautiful, iridescent
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ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
04:59
mother of pearl.
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ืื ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”.
05:01
Very specialized material
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
05:03
that the abalone self-assembles,
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ืฉืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžืื™ืช,
05:05
millions of abalone,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™-ื™ื, ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื, ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
05:07
all the time, every day, every year.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื, ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”.
05:09
This is pretty incredible stuff.
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™.
05:11
All the same, what's different?
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ื•ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื–ื”ื™ื, ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ?
05:13
How the molecules are put together.
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ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
05:15
Now, what does this have to do with energy?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”?
05:18
Here's a piece of coal.
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ื”ื ื” ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืคื—ื.
05:20
And I'll suggest that this coal
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ื•ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืคื—ื ื”ื–ื”
05:22
is about as exciting
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ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•
05:24
as this chalk.
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ื”ื’ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
05:27
Now, whether we're talking about fuels
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืœืงื™ื,
05:29
or energy carriers,
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ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
05:31
or perhaps novel materials for batteries
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ืจื™ื
05:33
or fuel cells,
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ืื• ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง,
05:35
nature hasn't ever built those perfect materials yet
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื˜ืจื ื‘ื ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
05:38
because nature didn't need to.
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ื›ื™ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื.
05:40
Nature didn't need to because, unlike the abalone shell,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื, ื›ื™ ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ื,
05:43
the survival of a species didn't depend
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ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืœื•ื™ื”
05:46
on building those materials,
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ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื”
05:48
until maybe now when it might just matter.
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ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื•ืœื™, ื›ืฉื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
05:52
So, when we think about the future of energy,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
05:55
imagine
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื
05:57
what would it be like
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”
05:59
if instead of this,
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ืื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”,
06:01
we could build the energy equivalent of this
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
06:05
just by rearranging the molecules differently.
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ืจืง ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
06:09
And so that is my story.
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™.
06:11
The oil will never run out.
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ื”ื ืคื˜ ืœื ื™ื™ื’ืžืจ ืœืขื•ืœื.
06:13
It's not because we have a lot of it.
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ืคื˜.
06:15
It's not because we're going to build a bajillion windmills.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื˜ื—ื ื•ืช-ืจื•ื—.
06:18
It's because, well,
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ
06:21
thousands of years ago,
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ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
06:23
people invented ideas --
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืœื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
06:25
they had ideas, innovations, technology --
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
06:27
and the Stone Age ended,
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ื•ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืชืžื”,
06:30
not because we ran out of stones.
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ื’ืžืจื• ืœื ื• ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื.
06:32
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
06:34
It's ideas, it's innovation, it's technology
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
06:37
that will end the age of oil, long before we run out of oil.
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ื•ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื ื™ืื–ืœ ื”ื ืคื˜.
06:40
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
06:42
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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