Deborah Rhodes: A tool that finds 3x more breast tumors, and why it's not available to you

62,109 views ใƒป 2011-01-06

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Rotem Eitan ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
There are two groups of women
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื
00:18
when it comes to screening mammography --
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” --
00:20
women in whom mammography works very well
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ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื“
00:23
and has saved thousands of lives
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืืœืคื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
00:25
and women in whom it doesn't work well at all.
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ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
00:29
Do you know which group you're in?
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ื”ืื ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืื™ื–ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช?
00:32
If you don't, you're not alone.
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ืื ืืช ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช, ืืช ืœื ืœื‘ื“.
00:34
Because the breast has become
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื“ ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
00:36
a very political organ.
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ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
00:39
The truth has become lost
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“
00:41
in all the rhetoric
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ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืคื˜ืคื˜ืช
00:43
coming from the press, politicians,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื,
00:45
radiologists
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ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
00:47
and medical imaging companies.
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
00:49
I will do my best this morning
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ืืขืฉื” ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ
00:51
to tell you what I think is the truth.
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ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžื”ื™ ื”ืืžืช ืœื“ืขืชื™.
00:54
But first, my disclosures.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ:
00:57
I am not a breast cancer survivor.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“.
00:59
I'm not a radiologist.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
01:01
I don't have any patents,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื,
01:03
and I've never received any money from a medical imaging company,
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
01:06
and I am not seeking your vote.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉืชืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.
01:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:11
What I am
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ืžื™ ืฉืื ื™
01:13
is a doctor of internal medicine
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ื”ื™ื ื“"ืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช
01:15
who became passionately interested in this topic
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ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืœื”ื‘ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื
01:17
about 10 years ago
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-10 ืฉื ื™ื
01:19
when a patient asked me a question.
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ื›ืฉืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉืืœื” ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืืœื”.
01:23
She came to see me
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™
01:25
after discovering a breast lump.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื’ื™ืœืชื” ื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื“.
01:27
Her sister had been diagnosed with breast cancer
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ืื—ื•ืชื” ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื” ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“
01:30
in her 40s.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”.
01:32
She and I were both very pregnant at that time,
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ืฉืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
01:35
and my heart just ached for her,
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ื•ืœื™ื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื ืืœื™ื”,
01:37
imagining how afraid she must be.
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ื›ืฉื“ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืคื•ื—ื“ืช.
01:40
Fortunately, her lump proved to be benign.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืคื™ืจ.
01:43
But she asked me a question:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืืœื”:
01:45
how confident was I
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ื›ืžื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™
01:47
that I would find a tumor early on her mammogram
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ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื”
01:49
if she developed one?
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ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืื—ื“?
01:51
So I studied her mammogram,
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ืื– ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื”,
01:53
and I reviewed the radiology literature,
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ื•ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
01:55
and I was shocked to discover
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ื•ื ื“ื”ืžืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช
01:57
that, in her case,
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื”,
01:59
our chances of finding a tumor early on the mammogram
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ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
02:01
were less than the toss of a coin.
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ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื™.
02:04
You may recall a year ago
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”
02:06
when a firestorm erupted
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ืคืจืฆื” ืกืขืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืขื–ื”
02:08
after the United States Preventive Services Task Force
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื
02:12
reviewed the world's mammography screening literature
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ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
02:15
and issued a guideline
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ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช
02:17
recommending against screening mammograms
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ื”ืžืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืกืจื™ืงืช ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
02:20
in women in their 40s.
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ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื.
02:22
Now everybody rushed to criticize the Task Force,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื™ื”ืจื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื›ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”,
02:25
even though most of them weren't in anyway familiar
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช
02:27
with the mammography studies.
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ืขื ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
02:30
It took the Senate just 17 days
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืœืกื ืื˜ ืจืง 17 ื™ื•ื
02:32
to ban the use of the guidelines
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ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช
02:34
in determining insurance coverage.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจืคื•ืื™.
02:38
Radiologists were outraged
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ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืงื•ืžืžื•
02:40
by the guidelines.
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ืืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื.
02:42
The pre-eminent mammographer in the United States
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ื˜ื›ื ืื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
02:44
issued the following quote
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ืฉื™ื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืœื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜:
02:46
to the Washington Post.
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"ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืื™ื“ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืกืœ ืื•ืชืŸ." ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘. ืงื•ืคื ืก, ืคืจื•ืค' ืœืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ื™"ืก ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“. "ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ -- ืœื ืืชื™".
02:49
The radiologists were, in turn, criticized
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
02:52
for protecting their own financial self-interest.
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ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื.
02:55
But in my view,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™,
02:57
the radiologists are heroes.
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ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
02:59
There's a shortage of radiologists
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ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
03:01
qualified to read mammograms,
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ื”ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื ื— ืžืžื•ื’ืจืžื•ืช,
03:03
and that's because mammograms are one of the most complex
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืžื•ื’ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:06
of all radiology studies to interpret,
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ืœืคืขื ื•ื— ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
03:09
and because radiologists
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
03:11
are sued more often
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ื ืชื‘ืขื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:13
over missed breast cancer
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ืขืœ ืคืกืคื•ืก ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื“
03:15
than any other cause.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืžืฆื ืื—ืจ.
03:17
But that very fact is telling.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
03:20
Where there is this much legal smoke,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™,
03:23
there is likely to be some fire.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืืฉ.
03:26
The factor most responsible for that fire
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืฉ ื”ื–ื•
03:29
is breast density.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื“.
03:33
Breast density refers to the relative amount of fat --
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ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช --
03:35
pictured here in yellow --
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ืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘ --
03:37
versus connective and epithelial tissues --
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืจืงืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืคื™ืชืœ -
03:39
pictured in pink.
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ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื“.
03:41
And that proportion
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ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
03:43
is primarily genetically determined.
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ื ืงื‘ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
03:45
Two-thirds of women in their 40s
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ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ
03:47
have dense breast tissue,
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ื™ืฉ ืจืงืžืช ืฉื“ ืฆืคื•ืคื”,
03:49
which is why mammography doesn't work as well in them.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ.
03:52
And although breast density generally declines with age,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ ืคื•ื—ืชืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ,
03:55
up to a third of women
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ืืฆืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื
03:57
retain dense breast tissue
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ื ืฉืžืจืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืจืงืžืช ื”ืฉื“
03:59
for years after menopause.
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ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื•ืกืช.
04:03
So how do you know if your breasts are dense?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื ื”ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื?
04:06
Well, you need to read the details
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขืœื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ื˜
04:08
of your mammography report.
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ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœืš.
04:10
Radiologists classify breast density
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ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื“
04:12
into four categories
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ืœืืจื‘ืข ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช
04:14
based on the appearance of the tissue on a mammogram.
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืจืงืžื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
04:17
If the breast is less than 25 percent dense,
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ืื ืœืฉื“ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-25%,
04:20
that's called fatty-replaced.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉื•ืžื ื™.
04:22
The next category
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ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืื”
04:24
is scattered fibroglandular densities,
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืฉื•ืžื ื™ ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื’ืœื ื“ื•ืœืืจื™,
04:26
followed by heterogeneously dense
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ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื’ืœื“ื•ืœืืจื™
04:28
and extremely dense.
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ื•ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื’ืœื“ื•ืœืืจื™ ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
04:30
And breasts that fall into these two categories
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ื•ืฉื“ ืฉื ื•ืคืœ ืœืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
04:32
are considered dense.
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฆืคื•ืฃ.
04:34
The problem with breast density
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื“
04:36
is that it's truly the wolf in sheep's clothing.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื–ืื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื›ื‘ืฉ.
04:39
Both tumors and dense breast tissue
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ื’ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื ืจืงืžืช ืฉื“ ืฆืคื•ืคื”
04:41
appear white on a mammogram,
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ื ืจืื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”,
04:44
and the X-ray often can't distinguish between the two.
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ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
04:47
So it's easy to see this tumor
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ืื– ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”
04:49
in the upper part of this fatty breast.
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ ื”ืฉื•ืžื ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
04:52
But imagine how difficult it would be
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”
04:54
to find that tumor in this dense breast.
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ืœืืชืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
04:57
That's why mammograms find
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื
04:59
over 80 percent of tumors in fatty breasts,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-80% ืžื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื™ื,
05:02
but as few as 40 percent in extremely dense breasts.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-40% ื‘ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื’ืœื ื“ื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
05:05
Now it's bad enough that breast density
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื ืจืง ืฉืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื“
05:07
makes it hard to find a cancer,
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ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
05:09
but it turns out
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ
05:11
that it's also a powerful predictor
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™
05:13
of your risk for breast cancer.
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ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“.
05:15
It's a stronger risk factor
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ
05:17
than having a mother or a sister with breast cancer.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืžื ืื• ืื—ื•ืช ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“.
05:20
At the time my patient posed this question to me,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:23
breast density was an obscure topic
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ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืฉื ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ
05:25
in the radiology literature,
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ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
05:27
and very few women having mammograms,
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ื•ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”,
05:29
or the physicians ordering them,
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ืื• ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื”ืคื ื• ืœืžืžื•ื’ืจืžื™ื”,
05:31
knew about this.
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ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœื™ื•.
05:33
But what else could I offer her?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”?
05:36
Mammograms have been around since the 1960's,
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ืžืžื•ื’ืจืžื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60'.
05:39
and it's changed very little.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.
05:41
There have been surprisingly few innovations,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื,
05:44
until digital mammography was approved
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืื•ืฉืจื”
05:46
in 2000.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000.
05:48
Digital mammography is still an X-ray of the breast,
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ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“,
05:51
but the images
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื
05:53
can be stored and manipulated digitally,
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ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช,
05:55
just like we can with a digital camera.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืžืฆืœืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช.
05:58
The U.S. has invested
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ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื”
06:00
four billion dollars
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ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
06:02
converting to digital mammography equipment,
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช.
06:05
and what have we gained from that investment?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื ื• ืžื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื–ื•?
06:08
In a study funded by over 25 million taxpayer dollars,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืžื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-25 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื,
06:12
digital mammography was found
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ื ืžืฆื ืฉืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช
06:14
to be no better over all
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ื‘ืกื”"ื› ืื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:16
than traditional mammography,
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ืžื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช.
06:18
and in fact, it was worse in older women.
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ื•ืฉื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช.
06:21
But it was better in one group,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช,
06:24
and that was women under 50
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ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœ-50
06:26
who were pre-menopausal and had dense breasts,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื˜ืจื•ื-ืžื ื•ืคืื•ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื“ ืฆืคื•ืฃ.
06:29
and in those women,
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ื•ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื”,
06:31
digital mammography found twice as many cancers,
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ื ืžืฆืื• ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช,
06:34
but it still only found 60 percent.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื• ืจืง 60%.
06:37
So digital mammography
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ืื– ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช
06:39
has been a giant leap forward
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืขื“ ืขื ืง ืงื“ื™ืžื”
06:41
for manufacturers
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ืœื™ืฆืจื ื™
06:43
of digital mammography equipment,
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ืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช,
06:45
but it's been a very small step forward for
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื”
06:47
womankind.
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ืœื ืฉื™ื.
06:50
What about ultrasound?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“?
06:52
Ultrasound generates more biopsies
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจืกืื•ื ื“ ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืคืกื™ื•ืช
06:54
that are unnecessary relative to other technologies,
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ืžื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
06:56
so it's not widely used.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
06:59
And MRI is exquisitely sensitive for finding tumors,
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ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”-MRI ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
07:02
but it's also very expensive.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืงืจ.
07:06
If we think about disruptive technology,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉื‘ืฉืช,
07:09
we see an almost ubiquitous pattern
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ-ืžืงื•ื
07:11
of the technology getting smaller and less expensive.
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ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื–ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:14
Think about iPods compared to stereos.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ iPods ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•.
07:17
But it's the exact opposite in health care.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
07:20
The machines get ever bigger
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
07:22
and ever more expensive.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืงืจื•ืช.
07:26
Screening the average young woman with an MRI
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ืกืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘-MRI
07:29
is kind of like driving to the grocery store in a Hummer.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืžื›ื•ืœืช ืขื ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื˜ื—.
07:33
It's just way too much equipment.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:35
One MRI scan
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ืกืจื™ืงื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ MRI
07:37
costs 10 times what a digital mammogram costs.
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ืขื•ืœื” ืคื™ 10 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช.
07:40
And sooner or later, we're going to have to accept the fact
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ื ืื• ื‘ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
07:42
that health care innovation
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ืฉื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
07:44
can't always come at a much higher price.
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ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›"ื› ื™ืงืจื™ื.
07:49
Malcolm Gladwell wrote an article in the New Yorker
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ืžืœืงื•ืœื ื’ืœื“ื•ื•ืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืงืจ
07:51
on innovation,
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ืขืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
07:53
and he made the case that scientific discoveries
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื
07:56
are rarely the product of one individual's genius.
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ื”ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“.
08:00
Rather, big ideas can be orchestrated,
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ืืœื, ืฉืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ,
08:03
if you can simply gather
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ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื›ื ืก
08:05
people with different perspectives in a room
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ืœื—ื“ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
08:07
and get them to talk about things
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ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
08:09
that they don't ordinarily talk about.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ืจ"ื› ืœื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
08:11
It's like the essence of TED.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ TED.
08:14
He quotes one innovator who says,
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืืžืจ,
08:16
"The only time a physician and a physicist get together
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"ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ืจื•ืคื ื•ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื
08:20
is when the physicist gets sick."
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ ื—ื•ืœื”."
08:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:24
This makes no sense,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™,
08:26
because physicians have all kinds of problems
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
08:28
that they don't realize have solutions.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
08:31
And physicists have all kinds of solutions for things
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ื•ืœืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื
08:33
that they don't realize are problems.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
08:36
Now, take a look at this cartoon
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
08:39
that accompanied Gladwell's article,
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ืฉืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื“ื•ื•ืœ,
08:41
and tell me if you see something disturbing
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ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืคืจื™ืข
08:43
about this depiction of innovative thinkers.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
08:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:48
So if you will allow me a little creative license,
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ืื– ืื ืชืชื ื• ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™,
08:52
I will tell you the story
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ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
08:54
of the serendipitous collision
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ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ืช
08:56
of my patient's problem
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ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉืœื™
08:58
with a physicist's solution.
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ืขื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™.
09:00
Shortly after her visit,
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ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื”,
09:02
I was introduced to a nuclear physicist
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ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืขืชื™ ืœืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
09:04
at Mayo
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ื‘"ืžืื™ื•"
09:06
named Michael O'Conner,
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ื‘ืฉื ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืื•ืงื•ื ื•ืจ,
09:08
who was a specialist in cardiac imaging,
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ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืงืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
09:10
something I had nothing to do with.
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ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ื•.
09:12
And he happened to tell me
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ื•ื™ืฆื ืœื• ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™
09:14
about a conference he'd just returned from in Israel,
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ืขืœ ื›ื ืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืžืžื ื• ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ,
09:17
where they were talking about a new type of gamma detector.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืื™ ื’ืžื.
09:20
Now gamma imaging has been around for a long time
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ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ื’ืžื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
09:22
to image the heart,
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ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ื”ืœื‘,
09:24
and it had even been tried to image the breast.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“.
09:27
But the problem was
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื”
09:29
that the gamma detectors
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ืฉื’ืœืื™ ื”ื’ืžื
09:31
were these huge, bulky tubes,
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉืคื•ืคืจื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช, ืžื’ื•ืฉืžื•ืช,
09:33
and they were filled with these scintillating crystals,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
09:35
and you just couldn't get them close enough around the breast
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืื™ืชื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืฉื“
09:38
to find small tumors.
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ืข"ืž ืœืืชืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
09:40
But the potential advantage was
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื ื”ื™ื”
09:42
that gamma rays, unlike X-rays,
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ืฉืงืจื ื™ ื”ื’ืžื, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ,
09:44
are not influenced by breast density.
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ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื“.
09:47
But this technology
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
09:49
could not find tumors when they're small,
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ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืืชืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
09:51
and finding a small tumor is critical for survival.
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ื•ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœืžื”.
09:54
If you can find a tumor
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ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
09:56
when it's less than a centimeter,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืก"ืž,
09:58
survival exceeds 90 percent,
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœืžื” ืžืœืื” ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 90%,
10:00
but drops off rapidly
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื•ื—ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
10:02
as tumor size increases.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื’ื“ืœ.
10:05
But Michael told me about
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ
10:07
a new type of gamma detector that he'd seen,
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ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืื™ ื’ืžื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื”,
10:09
and this is it.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื.
10:11
It's made
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขืฉื•ื™,
10:13
not of a bulky tube,
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ืžืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืžื’ื•ืฉืžืช,
10:15
but of a thin layer of a semiconductor material
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ืืœื ืžืฉื›ื‘ื” ื“ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ืœืžื—ืฆื”
10:18
that serves as the gamma detector.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืœืื™ ื”ื’ืžื.
10:20
And I started talking to him
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืื™ืชื•
10:22
about this problem with breast density,
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ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื“,
10:24
and we realized that we might be able to get this detector
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ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื’ืœืื™ ื”ื–ื”
10:27
close enough around the breast
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืฉื“
10:29
to actually find small tumors.
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
10:31
So after putting together
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ืื– ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขื ื ื™ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืง
10:33
a grid of these cubes with tape --
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ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” --
10:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:39
-- Michael hacked off the X-ray plate
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-- ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื ื™ืชืง ืืช ืคืœื˜ืช ื”ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ
10:42
of a mammography machine
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ืžืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
10:44
that was about to be thrown out,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ืขืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื–ืจืง.
10:46
and we attached the new detector,
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ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœืื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ,
10:49
and we decided to call this machine
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”
10:51
Molecular Breast Imaging, or MBI.
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ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืฉื“ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช, ืื• MBI.
10:55
This is an image from our first patient.
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
10:57
And you can see, using the old gamma technology,
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช, ืฉื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื’ืžื ื”ื™ืฉื ื”,
10:59
that it just looked like noise.
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ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืจืขืฉ.
11:01
But using our new detector,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
11:03
we could begin to see the outline of a tumor.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
11:06
So here we were, a nuclear physicist,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
11:08
an internist,
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ืคื ื™ืžืื™ืช,
11:10
soon joined by Carrie Hruska, a biomedical engineer,
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืืœื™ื ื• ืžื”ื ื“ืกืช ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™ืช, ืงืืจื™ ืจื•ืฉืงื”,
11:13
and two radiologists,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื,
11:15
and we were trying to take on
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื
11:17
the entrenched world of mammography
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืฉืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
11:19
with a machine that was held together by duct tape.
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ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆืœื•ื˜ื™ื™ืค.
11:23
To say that we faced
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ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื ื• ืžื•ืœ
11:25
high doses of skepticism
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ืžื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื•ืช
11:27
in those early years
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
11:29
is just a huge understatement,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื˜ื”.
11:31
but we were so convinced that we might be able to make this work
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
11:34
that we chipped away with incremental modifications
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ืฉื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื
11:37
to this system.
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
11:39
This is our current detector.
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ืœืื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
11:41
And you can see that it looks a lot different.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
11:43
The duct tape is gone,
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ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืœื•ื˜ื™ื™ืค.
11:47
and we added a second detector on top of the breast,
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ื•ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ื’ืœืื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืขืœ ื”ืฉื“,
11:49
which has further improved our tumor detection.
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ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
11:52
So how does this work?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
11:54
The patient receives an injection of a radio tracer
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ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื–ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
11:57
that's taken up by rapidly proliferating tumor cells,
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ืฉื ืกืคื’ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
12:00
but not by normal cells,
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ืืš ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื.
12:02
and this is the key difference from mammography.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืœืื™ ืœืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
12:05
Mammography relies on differences
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ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ืกืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
12:07
in the appearance of the tumor from the background tissue,
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ื‘ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืจืงืžืช ื”ืจืงืข,
12:10
and we've seen that those differences
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ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•
12:12
can be obscured in a dense breast.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืืคืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื“ ื“ื—ื•ืก.
12:15
But MBI exploits
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ืื‘ืœ MBI ืžื ืฆืœ
12:17
the different molecular behavior of tumors,
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ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
12:20
and therefore, it's impervious to breast density.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืœื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉื“.
12:24
After the injection,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื–ืจื™ืงื”,
12:26
the patient's breast is placed between the detectors.
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ืฉื“ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืœืื™ื.
12:28
And if you've ever had a mammogram --
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ื•ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืขื‘ืจืช ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” --
12:30
if you're old enough to have had a mammogram --
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ืื ืืช ืžื•ื‘ื’ืจืช ื“ื™ื™ืš ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” --
12:32
you know what comes next:
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ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ืžื’ื™ืข:
12:34
pain.
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ื›ืื‘.
12:36
You may be surprised to know
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ืืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืชืขืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช
12:38
that mammography is the only radiologic study
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ืฉืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
12:41
that's regulated by federal law,
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ืฉืžืคื•ืงื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืง ืคื“ืจืืœื™,
12:43
and the law requires
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง ื“ื•ืจืฉ
12:45
that the equivalent of a 40-pound car battery
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ืฉืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืกื•ืœืœืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ 20 ืงื™ืœื•
12:48
come down on your breast during this study.
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ื™ื•ืจื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื“ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”.
12:52
But with MBI,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื MBI
12:54
we use just light, pain-free compression.
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ืงืœื”, ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ื›ืื‘.
12:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:03
And the detector
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ื•ื”ื’ืœืื™
13:05
then transmits the image to the computer.
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ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘
13:07
So here's an example.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื.
13:09
You can see, on the right, a mammogram
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
13:11
showing a faint tumor,
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ืฉืžืจืื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ื
13:13
the edges of which are blurred by the dense tissue.
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ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ื“ื—ื•ืกื”
13:15
But the MBI image shows that tumor much more clearly,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”MBI ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ,
13:18
as well as a second tumor,
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ื•ื’ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
13:20
which profoundly influence that patient's surgical options.
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื”ื–ื•.
13:24
In this example, although the mammogram found one tumor,
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ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื–ื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืฆืื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื—ื“,
13:27
we were able to demonstrate three discrete tumors --
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ืื ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช 3 ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื ืกืชืจื™ื --
13:30
one is small as three millimeters.
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ืื—ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ.
13:33
Our big break came in 2004.
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ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ 2004.
13:38
After we had demonstrated that we could find small tumors,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืจืื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
13:41
we used these images
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
13:43
to submit a grant to the Susan G. Komen Foundation.
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ืœื”ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืžืขื ืง ืžื”ืงืจืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื ืกื•ื–ืืŸ ื’. ืงื•ืžืืŸ.
13:46
And we were elated when they took a chance
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ื•ื—ืฉื ื• ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
13:49
on a team of completely unknown investigators
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ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื
13:51
and funded us to study
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ื•ืžื™ืžื ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
13:53
1,000 women with dense breasts,
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1000 ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉื“ ื“ื—ื•ืก,
13:55
comparing a screening mammogram to an MBI.
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ื”ื•ืฉื•ื• ื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืœ MBI.
13:58
Of the tumors that we found,
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ืžื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืื ื•,
14:00
mammography found
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ื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืฆืื”
14:02
only 25 percent of those tumors.
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ืจืง 25% ืžื”ื.
14:05
MBI found 83 percent.
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MBI ืžืฆื 83%.
14:08
Here's an example from that screening study.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื”.
14:11
The digital mammogram was read as normal
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ื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื ืจืื™ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช
14:13
and shows lots of dense tissue,
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ื•ืžืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืงืžืช ืฉื“ ื“ื—ื•ืกื”,
14:15
but the MBI shows an area of intense uptake,
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ืื‘ืœ ื” MBI ืžืจืื” ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™
14:18
which correlated with a two-centimeter tumor.
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ืฉื ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 2 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ.
14:21
In this case, a one-centimeter tumor.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“.
14:24
And in this case,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
14:26
a 45-year-old medical secretary at Mayo,
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ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืช 45 ืž"ืžืื™ื•",
14:29
who had lost her mother to breast cancer when she was very young,
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ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ืื™ืžื” ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื“,
14:32
wanted to enroll in our study.
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ื•ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
14:34
And her mammogram showed an area of very dense tissue,
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ื•ื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืชื” ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจืงืžืช ืฉื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ืคื”,
14:37
but her MBI showed an area
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ืื‘ืœ ื” MBI ืฉืœื” ื”ืจืื” ืื™ื–ื•ืจ
14:39
of worrisome uptake,
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ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืžื“ืื™ื’ื”,
14:41
which we can also see on a color image.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช.
14:44
And this corresponded
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชืื™ื
14:46
to a tumor the size of a golf ball.
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ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื’ื•ืœืฃ.
14:48
But fortunately it was removed
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกืจ
14:50
before it had spread to her lymph nodes.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžืคื” ืฉืœื”.
14:54
So now that we knew that this technology
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ืื– ื›ืขืช ื›ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•
14:56
could find three times more tumors in a dense breast,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคื™ 3 ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ ื“ื—ื•ืก,
14:59
we had to solve one very important problem.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“.
15:02
We had to figure out how to lower the radiation dose,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื”.
15:05
and we have spent the last three years
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ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช 3 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
15:08
making modifications to every aspect of the imaging system
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ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื”
15:11
to allow this.
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ืœืืคืฉืจ ื–ืืช.
15:13
And I'm very happy to report that we're now using a dose of radiation
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืฉืื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืงืจื™ื ื”
15:16
that is equivalent to the effective dose
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ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
15:18
from one digital mammogram.
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ืฉืœ ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืื—ืช.
15:20
And at this low dose, we're continuing this screening study,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื”ื–ื”,
15:23
and this image from three weeks ago
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ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ื–ื•, ืžืœืคื ื™ 3 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
15:26
in a 67-year-old woman
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ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืช 67
15:28
shows a normal digital mammogram,
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช,
15:30
but an MBI image
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ืช MBI
15:32
showing an uptake that proved to be a large cancer.
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ืžืจืื” ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืฉื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
15:35
So this is not just young women that it's benefiting.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืจืง ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื•ืช
15:38
It's also older women with dense tissue.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืขื ืฉื“ ื“ื—ื•ืก.
15:41
And we're now routinely using one-fifth the radiation dose
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื”
15:44
that's used in any other type of gamma technology.
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื’ืืžื
15:48
MBI generates four images per breast.
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MBI ื™ื•ืฆืจ 4 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื“.
15:51
MRI generates over a thousand.
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MRI ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืฃ.
15:54
It takes a radiologist
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ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’
15:56
years of specialty training
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ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช
15:58
to become expert in differentiating
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืœืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื”
16:00
the normal anatomic detail
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™
16:02
from the worrisome finding.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฆื ืžื“ืื™ื’.
16:04
But I suspect even the non-radiologists in the room
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืœื-ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”
16:07
can find the tumor on the MBI image.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ื”MBI
16:10
But this is why MBI
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉ MBI
16:12
is so potentially disruptive --
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ, ืžืคืจื™ืข
16:14
it's as accurate as MRI,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื›ืžื• MRI,
16:16
it's far less complex to interpret,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ,
16:19
and it's a fraction of the cost.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืžื”ืžื—ื™ืจ.
16:21
But you can understand why there may be
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
16:23
forces in the breast-imaging world
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ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื“
16:25
who prefer the status quo.
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ื”ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื•.
16:29
After achieving what we felt were remarkable results,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฉื’ื ื• ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
16:32
our manuscript was rejected
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ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื ื“ื—ื”
16:35
by four journals.
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ืข"ื™ 4 ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช.
16:37
After the fourth rejection,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช,
16:39
we requested reconsideration of the manuscript,
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“,
16:41
because we strongly suspected
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉื“ื ื• ืžืื•ื“
16:43
that one of the reviewers who had rejected it
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ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืฉื“ื—ื” ืื•ืชื•
16:45
had a financial conflict of interest
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™
16:47
in a competing technology.
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ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืจื”.
16:50
Our manuscript was then accepted
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ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ืื– ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ
16:52
and will be published later this month
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ื•ื™ืคื•ืจืกื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
16:55
in the journal Radiology.
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ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”"
16:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:05
We still need to complete the screening study using the low dose,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื” ืขื ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš,
17:08
and then our findings will need to be replicated
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
17:10
at other institutions,
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ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
17:12
and this could take five or more years.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช 5 ืฉื ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:15
If this technology is widely adopted,
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ืื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืชืื•ืžืฅ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘,
17:18
I will not benefit financially in any way,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื›ืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ.
17:21
and that is very important to me,
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“,
17:24
because it allows me to continue to tell you the truth.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช.
17:28
But I recognize --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื” --
17:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:34
I recognize that the adoption of this technology
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•
17:37
will depend as much on economic
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”
17:39
and political forces
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ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
17:41
as it will on the soundness of the science.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ืข.
17:44
The MBI unit has now been FDA approved,
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ื”MBI ืื•ืฉืจ ื›ืขืช ืข"ื™ ื” FDA,
17:47
but it's not yet widely available.
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ืืš ืœื ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘.
17:50
So until something is available
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ืื– ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ
17:52
for women with dense breasts,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉื“ ื“ื—ื•ืก,
17:54
there are things that you should know
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื“ืขืช
17:56
to protect yourself.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื.
17:58
First, know your density.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื“ืขื• ืืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
18:00
Ninety percent of women don't,
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90% ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
18:02
and 95 percent of women don't know
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ื• 95% ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช
18:04
that it increases your breast cancer risk.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“.
18:07
The State of Connecticut became the first and only state
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ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
18:10
to mandate that women receive notification
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื”
18:12
of their breast density
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ืขืœ ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ ืฉืœื”ืŸ
18:14
after a mammogram.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
18:17
I was at a conference of 60,000 people in breast-imaging
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื ืก ืฉืœ 60,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ืช ืฉื“
18:20
last week in Chicago,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืงืื’ื•
18:22
and I was stunned that there was a heated debate
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื”ื˜
18:25
as to whether we should be telling women
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื
18:27
what their breast density is.
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ืžื” ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
18:29
Of course we should.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
18:31
And if you don't know, please ask your doctor
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ื•ืื ืืช ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืืœื™ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœืš
18:34
or read the details of your mammography report.
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ืื• ืงืจืื™ ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœืš.
18:37
Second, if you're pre-menopausal,
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื ืืช ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ
18:39
try to schedule your mammogram
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ื ืกื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœืš
18:41
in the first two weeks of your menstrual cycle,
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ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™.
18:43
when breast density is relatively lower.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:46
Third, if you notice a persistent change in your breast,
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื ืฉืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื“ ืฉืœืš,
18:49
insist on additional imaging.
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ื”ืชืขืงืฉื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
18:52
And fourth and most important,
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ืœ,
18:54
the mammography debate will rage on,
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ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ืžืฉืš,
18:57
but I do believe that all women 40 and older
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 40 ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš
19:00
should have an annual mammogram.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช.
19:02
Mammography isn't perfect,
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ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช,
19:04
but it's the only test that's been proven
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื›ื—ื”
19:06
to reduce mortality from breast cancer.
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ื›ืžืคื—ื™ืชืช ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“.
19:09
But this mortality banner
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ืืš ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ื–ื”
19:11
is the very sword
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื—ืจื‘
19:13
which mammography's most ardent advocates use
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
19:16
to deter innovation.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืชื™ืข ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
19:18
Some women who develop breast cancer
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ื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื“
19:21
die from it many years later,
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ืžืชื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื.
19:23
and most women, thankfully, survive.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ืฉื•ืจื“ื•ืช.
19:25
So it takes 10 or more years
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— 10 ืฉื ื™ื, ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
19:27
for any screening method
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื”
19:29
to demonstrate a reduction
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ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื”ืคื—ืชื”
19:31
in mortality from breast cancer.
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“.
19:33
Mammography's the only one that's been around long enough
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ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ
19:35
to have a chance of making that claim.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื.
19:38
It is time for us to accept
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ
19:41
both the extraordinary successes of mammography
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ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
19:43
and the limitations.
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ื•ื’ื ืืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื”.
19:45
We need to individualize screening
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช
19:47
based on density.
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช.
19:49
For women without dense breasts,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืœื ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื,
19:51
mammography is the best choice.
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ืžืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
19:54
But for women with dense breasts;
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ืืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื,
19:56
we shouldn't abandon screening altogether,
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ืืœ ืœื ื• ืœื–ื ื•ื— ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื”,
19:58
we need to offer them something better.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
20:03
The babies that we were carrying
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื ืฉืื ื•
20:05
when my patient first asked me this question
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืืœื” ืื•ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
20:08
are now both in middle school,
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
20:11
and the answer has been so slow to come.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื›ื” ืœืื˜.
20:16
She's given me her blessing
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ื”ื™ื ื ืชื ื” ืœื™ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื”
20:18
to share this story with you.
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ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื”.
20:21
After undergoing biopsies
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืคืกื™ื•ืช
20:23
that further increased her risk for cancer
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ืฉืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ
20:26
and losing her sister to cancer,
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ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ืื—ื•ืชื” ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ,
20:28
she made the difficult decision
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ื”ื™ื ืœืงื—ื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืงืฉื”
20:30
to have a prophylactic mastectomy.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืจื™ืชืช ืฉื“ ืžื•ื ืขืช
20:34
We can and must do better,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
20:37
not just in time for her granddaughters
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
20:40
and my daughters,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™
20:42
but in time for you.
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ืืœื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš.
20:44
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
20:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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