Deborah Rhodes: A tool that finds 3x more breast tumors, and why it's not available to you

62,229 views ใƒป 2011-01-06

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeong-Seok Oh ๊ฒ€ํ† : Seongsu JEONG
00:15
There are two groups of women
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(X-ray) ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ์„ ๋ณ„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ,
00:18
when it comes to screening mammography --
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์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
women in whom mammography works very well
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๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์•„์„œ
00:23
and has saved thousands of lives
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์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ,
00:25
and women in whom it doesn't work well at all.
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๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
Do you know which group you're in?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋А ์ชฝ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
00:32
If you don't, you're not alone.
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๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
Because the breast has become
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์€ ์ •์น˜์  ๋…ผ๋ž€์—
00:36
a very political organ.
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ํœฉ์‹ธ์ด๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
The truth has become lost
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์–ธ๋ก , ์ •์น˜์ธ, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ „๋ฌธ์˜,
00:41
in all the rhetoric
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์˜ํ•™ ์˜์ƒ์ง„๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ œ์กฐํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ
00:43
coming from the press, politicians,
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๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์–ด๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
00:45
radiologists
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์ง„์‹ค์„
00:47
and medical imaging companies.
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๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
I will do my best this morning
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ
00:51
to tell you what I think is the truth.
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์ตœ์„ ์„ ๋‹คํ•ด ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
But first, my disclosures.
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์šฐ์„  ์ €์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ˆจ๊น€์—†์ด ํ„ธ์–ด๋†“๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
I am not a breast cancer survivor.
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์ €๋Š” ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์ƒ์กด์ž๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
00:59
I'm not a radiologist.
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ,
01:01
I don't have any patents,
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์–ด๋–ค ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ,
01:03
and I've never received any money from a medical imaging company,
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์˜ํ•™ ์˜์ƒ์ง„๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ œ์กฐํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
and I am not seeking your vote.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:11
What I am
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์ €๋Š”
01:13
is a doctor of internal medicine
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10๋…„์ „ ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„
01:15
who became passionately interested in this topic
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๋˜์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์—
01:17
about 10 years ago
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๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ
01:19
when a patient asked me a question.
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๋‚ด๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
She came to see me
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๊ทธ๋ถ„์€ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์— ์ข…๊ดด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ด์„œ
01:25
after discovering a breast lump.
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์ง„์ฐฐ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋Ÿฌ ์™”์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
Her sister had been diagnosed with breast cancer
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ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” 40๋Œ€ ๋‚˜์ด์— ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์œผ๋กœ
01:30
in her 40s.
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์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
She and I were both very pregnant at that time,
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ํ™˜์ž์™€ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ž„์‹ ์ค‘์ด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ,
01:35
and my heart just ached for her,
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๊ทธ๋ถ„์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์— ๋–จ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ˆ
01:37
imagining how afraid she must be.
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์ œ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์•„ํŒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
Fortunately, her lump proved to be benign.
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„, ์œ ๋ฐฉ์ข…๊ดด๋Š” ์–‘์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
But she asked me a question:
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ถ„์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
how confident was I
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"๋งŒ์•ฝ ์•”์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:47
that I would find a tumor early on her mammogram
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ์ œ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
01:49
if she developed one?
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
01:51
So I studied her mammogram,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:53
and I reviewed the radiology literature,
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
and I was shocked to discover
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ
01:57
that, in her case,
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์•”์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด
01:59
our chances of finding a tumor early on the mammogram
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๋™์ „์„ ๋˜์ € (์•”์ธ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ) ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š”
02:01
were less than the toss of a coin.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
You may recall a year ago
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ 1๋…„์ „
02:06
when a firestorm erupted
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ง„๋ฃŒ ํŠน๋ณ„์‹ฌ์˜ํšŒ(USPSTF)๊ฐ€
02:08
after the United States Preventive Services Task Force
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ์„ ๋ณ„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ,
02:12
reviewed the world's mammography screening literature
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40๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ์„ ๋ณ„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š”
02:15
and issued a guideline
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๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ์ดํ›„
02:17
recommending against screening mammograms
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ํ„ฐ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ›„ํญํ’์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
in women in their 40s.
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(์—ญ์ฃผ-Ann Intern Med. 2009 Nov 17;151(10):716-26, W-236)
02:22
Now everybody rushed to criticize the Task Force,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ํŠน๋ณ„์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์—ฌ๋…์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
even though most of them weren't in anyway familiar
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์„ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”
02:27
with the mammography studies.
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์ด๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
It took the Senate just 17 days
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(๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์‹œ) ๋ณดํ—˜๋‹ด๋ณด๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„
02:32
to ban the use of the guidelines
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๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ƒ์›์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:34
in determining insurance coverage.
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๊ฒจ์šฐ 17์ผ ๋ฐ–์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
Radiologists were outraged
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋“ค๋„ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
02:40
by the guidelines.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ„๋…ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
The pre-eminent mammographer in the United States
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋„
02:44
issued the following quote
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์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ดํฌ์ŠคํŠธ์—
02:46
to the Washington Post.
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
The radiologists were, in turn, criticized
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธˆ์ „์  ์ด์ต์„
02:52
for protecting their own financial self-interest.
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์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
But in my view,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”
02:57
the radiologists are heroes.
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋“ค์ด ์˜ณ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
There's a shortage of radiologists
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ํŒ๋…ํ•  ์ž๊ฒฉ์„
03:01
qualified to read mammograms,
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๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
and that's because mammograms are one of the most complex
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์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์—์„œ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„์ด
03:06
of all radiology studies to interpret,
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ํŒ๋…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚œํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
03:09
and because radiologists
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋” ์ž์ฃผ
03:11
are sued more often
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(์œ ๋ฐฉ์—) ์•”์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
03:13
over missed breast cancer
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋ฅผ
03:15
than any other cause.
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(ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€) ๊ณ ์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
But that very fact is telling.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ง„์‹ค์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
Where there is this much legal smoke,
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์•„๋‹ˆ ๋• ๊ตด๋š์—
03:23
there is likely to be some fire.
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์—ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
The factor most responsible for that fire
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์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ตด๋š๋ถˆ์„ ํ”ผ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์š”์ธ์€
03:29
is breast density.
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
Breast density refers to the relative amount of fat --
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ
03:35
pictured here in yellow --
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๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ
03:37
versus connective and epithelial tissues --
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๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์กฐ์งยท์ƒํ”ผ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์–‘๊ณผ
03:39
pictured in pink.
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๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
And that proportion
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋น„์œจ์€
03:43
is primarily genetically determined.
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์œ ์ „์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
Two-thirds of women in their 40s
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40๋Œ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 3๋ช…์ค‘ 2๋ช…์€
03:47
have dense breast tissue,
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์น˜๋ฐ€ํ˜• ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
which is why mammography doesn't work as well in them.
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์ด๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
And although breast density generally declines with age,
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€์ง€๋งŒ,
03:55
up to a third of women
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ํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜
03:57
retain dense breast tissue
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1/3 ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ˜• ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์ง์„
03:59
for years after menopause.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
So how do you know if your breasts are dense?
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:06
Well, you need to read the details
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ
04:08
of your mammography report.
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์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
Radiologists classify breast density
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์ƒ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์ง์˜
04:12
into four categories
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์™ธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ
04:14
based on the appearance of the tissue on a mammogram.
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ 4๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
If the breast is less than 25 percent dense,
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ 25% ์ดํ•˜์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
04:20
that's called fatty-replaced.
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์ง€๋ฐฉํ˜• ์œ ๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
The next category
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ
04:24
is scattered fibroglandular densities,
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์œ ์„ ์‚ฐ์žฌํ˜•(25 ~ 50%),
04:26
followed by heterogeneously dense
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์ค‘๋“ฑ๋„ ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ˜•(50 ~ 75%),
04:28
and extremely dense.
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๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋„ ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ˜•(>75%)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
And breasts that fall into these two categories
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‘ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์— ์†ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
04:32
are considered dense.
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์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
The problem with breast density
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‚œ์ œ๋Š”
04:36
is that it's truly the wolf in sheep's clothing.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์–‘๊ฐ€์ฃฝ์„ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด ์“ด ๋Š‘๋Œ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
Both tumors and dense breast tissue
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์ข…์–‘๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ˜• ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์ง์€
04:41
appear white on a mammogram,
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์กฐ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„์ƒ ๋‘˜๋‹ค ํ•˜์–—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ,
04:44
and the X-ray often can't distinguish between the two.
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์—‘์Šค๋ ˆ์ด๋กœ ์ด ๋‘˜์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
So it's easy to see this tumor
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์ด ์ง€๋ฐฉํ˜• ์œ ๋ฐฉ ์ƒ๋ถ€์— ์žˆ๋Š”
04:49
in the upper part of this fatty breast.
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์ข…์–‘์€ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์ง€๋งŒ,
04:52
But imagine how difficult it would be
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์ด ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ˜• ์œ ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…์–‘์€
04:54
to find that tumor in this dense breast.
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์ฐพ๊ธฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
That's why mammograms find
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์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ
04:59
over 80 percent of tumors in fatty breasts,
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์ง€๋ฐฉํ˜• ์œ ๋ฐฉ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 80%์˜ ์ข…์–‘์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
05:02
but as few as 40 percent in extremely dense breasts.
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๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋„ ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ˜• ์œ ๋ฐฉ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฒจ์šฐ 40% ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
Now it's bad enough that breast density
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ์•” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ๋Š”
05:07
makes it hard to find a cancer,
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๋‚˜์œ ์†Œ์‹์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
05:09
but it turns out
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๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๋Š”
05:11
that it's also a powerful predictor
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
05:13
of your risk for breast cancer.
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๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ž„์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
It's a stronger risk factor
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค
05:17
than having a mother or a sister with breast cancer.
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๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
At the time my patient posed this question to me,
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ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์กŒ์„ ๋‹น์‹œ์—
05:23
breast density was an obscure topic
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ
05:25
in the radiology literature,
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๋ณ„๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
and very few women having mammograms,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ
05:29
or the physicians ordering them,
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๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์‹œํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋งŒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„
05:31
knew about this.
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์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
But what else could I offer her?
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ๋ฐ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:36
Mammograms have been around since the 1960's,
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„์€ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
05:39
and it's changed very little.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
There have been surprisingly few innovations,
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2000๋…„์— ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์ด
05:44
until digital mammography was approved
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์Šน์ธ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ, ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋†€๋ž„๋งŒํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์ด
05:46
in 2000.
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์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
Digital mammography is still an X-ray of the breast,
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์—์„œ๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ
05:51
but the images
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์—‘์Šค๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ,
05:53
can be stored and manipulated digitally,
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ๋กœ
05:55
just like we can with a digital camera.
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์ €์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
The U.S. has invested
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€
06:00
four billion dollars
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜ ์žฅ๋น„๋กœ
06:02
converting to digital mammography equipment,
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์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ 40์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์Ÿ์•„ ๋ถ€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
and what have we gained from that investment?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:08
In a study funded by over 25 million taxpayer dollars,
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๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž์˜ ๋ˆ 2์ฒœ 5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์ž…๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ,
06:12
digital mammography was found
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์— ๋น„ํ•ด
06:14
to be no better over all
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๋‚˜์€ ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š”
06:16
than traditional mammography,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
and in fact, it was worse in older women.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ณ ๋ น์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜๋นด์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
But it was better in one group,
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์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ 50์„ธ ์ดํ•˜ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ „
06:24
and that was women under 50
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์น˜๋ฐ€ํ˜• ์œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ
06:26
who were pre-menopausal and had dense breasts,
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ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
and in those women,
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์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ
06:31
digital mammography found twice as many cancers,
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์ดฌ์˜์ˆ ๋กœ ์•”์„ 2๋ฐฐ์ •๋„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
but it still only found 60 percent.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ 60% ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
So digital mammography
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์€
06:39
has been a giant leap forward
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜ ์žฅ๋น„ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
06:41
for manufacturers
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ํฐ ๋„์•ฝ์ด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
06:43
of digital mammography equipment,
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์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
06:45
but it's been a very small step forward for
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๋‹จ์ง€ ํ•œ๋ฐœ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋ฐ
06:47
womankind.
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์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
What about ultrasound?
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์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
06:52
Ultrasound generates more biopsies
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์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋น„ํ•ด
06:54
that are unnecessary relative to other technologies,
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๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
so it's not widely used.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
And MRI is exquisitely sensitive for finding tumors,
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MRI๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ข…์–‘๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€๋งŒ,
07:02
but it's also very expensive.
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๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
If we think about disruptive technology,
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ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋ ฅ์ด ํฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด,
07:09
we see an almost ubiquitous pattern
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ์ž‘์•„์ง€๊ณ ,
07:11
of the technology getting smaller and less expensive.
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๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์€ ์ ์  ๋” ์‹ธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
Think about iPods compared to stereos.
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์•„์ดํŒŸ(iPod)โ„ข์„ ์Šคํ…Œ๋ ˆ์˜ค ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
But it's the exact opposite in health care.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์™€ ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
The machines get ever bigger
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๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ์ปค์ง€๊ณ 
07:22
and ever more expensive.
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์ ์  ๋” ๋น„์‹ธ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
Screening the average young woman with an MRI
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MRI๋กœ ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์ Š์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์„ ๋ณ„๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:29
is kind of like driving to the grocery store in a Hummer.
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์‹ํ’ˆ์ ์— ์‡ผํ•‘ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ํ—˜๋จธ(Hummer)๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
It's just way too much equipment.
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์ฆ‰, ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
One MRI scan
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MRI ์Šค์บ” ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋ฐ
07:37
costs 10 times what a digital mammogram costs.
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค 10๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋น„์Œ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
And sooner or later, we're going to have to accept the fact
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๋†’์€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒํ˜์‹ ์ด
07:42
that health care innovation
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„
07:44
can't always come at a much higher price.
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์กฐ๋งŒ๊ฐ„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
Malcolm Gladwell wrote an article in the New Yorker
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๋ง์ฝค ๊ธ€๋ž˜๋“œ์›ฐ์€ ํ˜์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด <๋‰ด์š”์ปค>์—
07:51
on innovation,
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๊ธฐ๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ธ€์—์„œ
07:53
and he made the case that scientific discoveries
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๊ณผํ•™์ƒ ๋Œ€๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฒœ์žฌ์  ์žฌ๋Šฅ์—์„œ
07:56
are rarely the product of one individual's genius.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ณ ,
08:00
Rather, big ideas can be orchestrated,
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
08:03
if you can simply gather
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ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋ชจ์—ฌ ๋ณดํ†ต์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
08:05
people with different perspectives in a room
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์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ์„œ๋กœ ํ† ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:07
and get them to talk about things
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๊ฑฐ์ฐฝํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์œจ๋˜์–ด
08:09
that they don't ordinarily talk about.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
It's like the essence of TED.
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๋งˆ์น˜ TED ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
08:14
He quotes one innovator who says,
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๊ธ€๋ž˜๋“œ์›ฐ์€
08:16
"The only time a physician and a physicist get together
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"์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์˜ค์ง ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”Œ ๋•Œ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค"
08:20
is when the physicist gets sick."
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๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ํ˜์‹ ์ž๋ฅผ ์ธ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
08:22
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:24
This makes no sense,
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์ด๋Š” ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
because physicians have all kinds of problems
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”
08:28
that they don't realize have solutions.
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:31
And physicists have all kinds of solutions for things
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
08:33
that they don't realize are problems.
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
Now, take a look at this cartoon
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ธ€๋ž˜๋“œ์›ฐ์˜ ๊ธ€์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ
08:39
that accompanied Gladwell's article,
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์‚ฝํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
and tell me if you see something disturbing
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ˜์‹ ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ ์‚ฝํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
08:43
about this depiction of innovative thinkers.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•ด์ฃผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ์˜ค.
08:46
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:48
So if you will allow me a little creative license,
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ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:52
I will tell you the story
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์ œ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€
08:54
of the serendipitous collision
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด
08:56
of my patient's problem
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๋œป๋ฐ–์— ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ
08:58
with a physicist's solution.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:00
Shortly after her visit,
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ํ™˜์ž ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ์ดํ›„ ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋’ค์—,
09:02
I was introduced to a nuclear physicist
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๋ฉ”์ด์š” ํด๋ฆฌ๋‹‰์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š”
09:04
at Mayo
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๋งˆ์ดํด ์˜ค์ฝ”๋„ˆ๋ผ ํ•˜๋Š”
09:06
named Michael O'Conner,
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์ €๋ž‘ ์ „ํ˜€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๋Š”
09:08
who was a specialist in cardiac imaging,
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์ดฌ์˜์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์ธ
09:10
something I had nothing to do with.
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ํ•ต๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
And he happened to tell me
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๋งˆ์ดํด์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ „ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์—์„œ
09:14
about a conference he'd just returned from in Israel,
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์ฐธ์„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ•™ํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
where they were talking about a new type of gamma detector.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ† ๋ก ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
Now gamma imaging has been around for a long time
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๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ์˜์ƒ์ดฌ์˜์€ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ
09:22
to image the heart,
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๊ณ ,
09:24
and it had even been tried to image the breast.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์œ ๋ฐฉ์ดฌ์˜๋„ ์‹œ๋„๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
But the problem was
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๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€
09:29
that the gamma detectors
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๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
09:31
were these huge, bulky tubes,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž—๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด๋ฉฐ,
09:33
and they were filled with these scintillating crystals,
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๋ฒˆ์ฉ๋ฒˆ์ฉ ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
and you just couldn't get them close enough around the breast
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ์ข…์–‘์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐฉ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ
09:38
to find small tumors.
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๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ‘๊ทผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:40
But the potential advantage was
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์ž ์žฌ์  ์ด๋“์€
09:42
that gamma rays, unlike X-rays,
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์—‘์Šค๋ ˆ์ด์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„ ์€
09:44
are not influenced by breast density.
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
But this technology
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ๋Š”
09:49
could not find tumors when they're small,
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์ž‘์€ ์ข…์–‘์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
and finding a small tumor is critical for survival.
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์ข…์–‘์ด ์ž‘์„ ๋•Œ ์กฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ ์ƒ์กด์— ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
If you can find a tumor
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1cm๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ์ข…์–‘์„
09:56
when it's less than a centimeter,
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด
09:58
survival exceeds 90 percent,
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์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ 90%๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์ง€๋งŒ,
10:00
but drops off rapidly
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์ข…์–‘ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
10:02
as tumor size increases.
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์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
But Michael told me about
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๋งˆ์ดํด์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณธ
10:07
a new type of gamma detector that he'd seen,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
and this is it.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
It's made
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€
10:13
not of a bulky tube,
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๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:15
but of a thin layer of a semiconductor material
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๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‡์€ ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎํžŒ
10:18
that serves as the gamma detector.
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๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
And I started talking to him
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์ด์–ด ๋งˆ์ดํด์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
10:22
about this problem with breast density,
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๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
10:24
and we realized that we might be able to get this detector
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๊ณง ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์ข…์–‘์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด
10:27
close enough around the breast
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๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์—
10:29
to actually find small tumors.
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์ ‘๊ทผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
So after putting together
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
10:33
a grid of these cubes with tape --
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ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋กœ ๋•์ง€๋•์ง€ ๊ฒฉ์žํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ™์ธ ํ›„,
10:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:39
-- Michael hacked off the X-ray plate
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๋งˆ์ดํด์€ ๊ณง ํ๊ธฐ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋˜
10:42
of a mammography machine
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜
10:44
that was about to be thrown out,
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์—‘์Šค๋ ˆ์ด ํŒ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
10:46
and we attached the new detector,
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์ƒˆ ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
and we decided to call this machine
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์žํ•™์  ์œ ๋ฐฉ ์˜์ƒ์žฅ์น˜(Molecular Breast Imaging)
10:51
Molecular Breast Imaging, or MBI.
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- ์•ฝ์นญ MBI ๋ผ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๋ถ™์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
This is an image from our first patient.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฒซ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์–ป์€ ์˜์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
And you can see, using the old gamma technology,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด, ์˜› ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ๋Š”
10:59
that it just looked like noise.
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์˜์ƒ์ด ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
But using our new detector,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ƒˆ ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ž,
11:03
we could begin to see the outline of a tumor.
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์ข…์–‘์˜ ์™ธ๊ณฝ์„ ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
So here we were, a nuclear physicist,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•ต๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์™€
11:08
an internist,
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๋‚ด๊ณผ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์—
11:10
soon joined by Carrie Hruska, a biomedical engineer,
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์ƒ์˜ํ•™ ๊ณตํ•™์ž์ธ ๋Œํ„ฐ ์บ๋ฆฌ ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์นด์™€
11:13
and two radiologists,
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๋‘๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณง ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•ด
11:15
and we were trying to take on
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์ ‘์ฐฉ ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋กœ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ
11:17
the entrenched world of mammography
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๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ์ฐธํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์ธ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€
11:19
with a machine that was held together by duct tape.
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ํ•œ ํŒ ๊ฒจ๋ฃจ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:23
To say that we faced
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„
11:25
high doses of skepticism
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์—
11:27
in those early years
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์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:29
is just a huge understatement,
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์ด๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ ˆ์ œ๋œ ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
but we were so convinced that we might be able to make this work
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ฐจ๊ทผ์ฐจ๊ทผ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
11:34
that we chipped away with incremental modifications
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ
11:37
to this system.
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ํ™•์‹ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
This is our current detector.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
And you can see that it looks a lot different.
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๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋А๋ผ์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
The duct tape is gone,
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์ ‘์ฐฉ ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๊ณ ,
11:47
and we added a second detector on top of the breast,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐฉ ์œ„์ชฝ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
which has further improved our tumor detection.
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์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ข…์–‘ ๊ฐ์ง€๋ ฅ์ด ๋” ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
So how does this work?
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:54
The patient receives an injection of a radio tracer
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์—ด ์ฆ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์•”์„ธํฌ์—๋Š” ํก์ˆ˜๋˜์ง€๋งŒ,
11:57
that's taken up by rapidly proliferating tumor cells,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ •์ƒ์„ธํฌ์—๋Š” ํก์ˆ˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ถ”์ ์ž๋ฅผ
12:00
but not by normal cells,
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ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
and this is the key difference from mammography.
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์ด์ ์ด ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‚คํฌ์ธํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
Mammography relies on differences
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์€ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์™ธ๊ด€์ด
12:07
in the appearance of the tumor from the background tissue,
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์˜์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
and we've seen that those differences
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ˜• ์œ ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์ข…์–‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
12:12
can be obscured in a dense breast.
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์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
But MBI exploits
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MBI๋Š” ์ข…์–‘์—์„œ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์ด
12:17
the different molecular behavior of tumors,
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์ •์ƒ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
and therefore, it's impervious to breast density.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
After the injection,
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ถ”์ ์ž ์ฃผ์ž… ํ›„,
12:26
the patient's breast is placed between the detectors.
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๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ™˜์ž ์œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„์น˜์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
And if you've ever had a mammogram --
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์œผ์‹  ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
12:30
if you're old enough to have had a mammogram --
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-- ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์‹  ๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋ฉด --
12:32
you know what comes next:
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๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์˜ค๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
pain.
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์•„ํ”„์ฃ .(์—ญ์ฃผ-์˜์ƒ์ดฌ์˜์‹œ ์••๋ฐ•ํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ์–‘์ชฝ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.)
12:36
You may be surprised to know
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์€ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด
12:38
that mammography is the only radiologic study
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๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ,
12:41
that's regulated by federal law,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋„์ค‘ 40ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ(์•ฝ 18kg) ์ž๋™์ฐจ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์™€
12:43
and the law requires
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๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ 
12:45
that the equivalent of a 40-pound car battery
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๋ฒ•์— ๊ทœ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:48
come down on your breast during this study.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ผ์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
But with MBI,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ MBI์—์„œ๋Š”
12:54
we use just light, pain-free compression.
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๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ณ  ํ†ต์ฆ์ด ์—†์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ์••๋ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:03
And the detector
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์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Š”
13:05
then transmits the image to the computer.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋กœ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ „์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
So here's an example.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ฆ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
You can see, on the right, a mammogram
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์ขŒ์ธก ์กฐ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ
13:11
showing a faint tumor,
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์น˜๋ฐ€์กฐ์ง์— ์˜ํ•ด
13:13
the edges of which are blurred by the dense tissue.
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๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์ด ํ๋ฆฟํ•ด์ง„ ํฌ๋ฏธํ•œ ์ข…์–‘์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
But the MBI image shows that tumor much more clearly,
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MBI ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ข…์–‘์ด ๋ณด์ผ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
13:18
as well as a second tumor,
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ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์— ์‹ฌ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
13:20
which profoundly influence that patient's surgical options.
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ข…์–‘๋„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
In this example, although the mammogram found one tumor,
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์ด ์ฆ๋ก€์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ข…์–‘์ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
13:27
we were able to demonstrate three discrete tumors --
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MBI์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„ ๋ˆˆ์— ์ž˜ ๋„์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
one is small as three millimeters.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” 3mm ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
Our big break came in 2004.
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2004๋…„ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ํ–‰์šด์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์—๊ฒŒ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
After we had demonstrated that we could find small tumors,
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MBI๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์€ ์ข…์–‘์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•œ ํ›„,
13:41
we used these images
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
13:43
to submit a grant to the Susan G. Komen Foundation.
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์ˆ˜์ž”์ง€์ฝ”๋ฉ˜ ์žฌ๋‹จ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์‹ ์ฒญ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
And we were elated when they took a chance
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์žฌ๋‹จ์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌด๋ช…์ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์„ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ 
13:49
on a team of completely unknown investigators
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ๊ณผ MBI๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
13:51
and funded us to study
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์น˜๋ฐ€ํ˜• ์œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„
13:53
1,000 women with dense breasts,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ๋Œ€์ฃผ์ž,
13:55
comparing a screening mammogram to an MBI.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:58
Of the tumors that we found,
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ข…์–‘ ์ค‘,
14:00
mammography found
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์€
14:02
only 25 percent of those tumors.
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๋‹จ์ง€ 25%๋งŒ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
MBI found 83 percent.
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MBI๋Š” 83% ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:08
Here's an example from that screening study.
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์„ ๋ณ„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
The digital mammogram was read as normal
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
14:13
and shows lots of dense tissue,
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๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์น˜๋ฐ€์กฐ์ง์ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
but the MBI shows an area of intense uptake,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ MBI์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ํก์ˆ˜์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ,
14:18
which correlated with a two-centimeter tumor.
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์ด๋Š” 2cm ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ข…์–‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:21
In this case, a one-centimeter tumor.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 1cm ์ข…์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:24
And in this case,
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”,
14:26
a 45-year-old medical secretary at Mayo,
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45์„ธ ๋ฉ”์ด์š” ํด๋ฆฌ๋‹‰ ์˜ํ•™๋‹ด๋‹น ๋น„์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
who had lost her mother to breast cancer when she was very young,
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์ด๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์žƒ์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
14:32
wanted to enroll in our study.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋“ฑ๋กํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
And her mammogram showed an area of very dense tissue,
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์ด๋ถ„์˜ ์กฐ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:37
but her MBI showed an area
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ MBI์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํก์ˆ˜์„
14:39
of worrisome uptake,
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๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
which we can also see on a color image.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ปฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
And this corresponded
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€
14:46
to a tumor the size of a golf ball.
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๊ณจํ”„๊ณต๋งŒํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ข…์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
But fortunately it was removed
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๋‹คํ–‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ์—
14:50
before it had spread to her lymph nodes.
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์ „์ด๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— (์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋กœ) ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
So now that we knew that this technology
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์ด์ œ MBI๋กœ ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ˜• ์œ ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ 3๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋”
14:56
could find three times more tumors in a dense breast,
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์ข…์–‘์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
14:59
we had to solve one very important problem.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
We had to figure out how to lower the radiation dose,
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(๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์‹œ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”) ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
and we have spent the last three years
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์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜์ƒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜
15:08
making modifications to every aspect of the imaging system
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง€๋‚œ 3๋…„์„
15:11
to allow this.
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๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:13
And I'm very happy to report that we're now using a dose of radiation
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์ด์ œ ํ•œ ์žฅ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์œ ํšจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๋Ÿ‰์„
15:16
that is equivalent to the effective dose
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด
15:18
from one digital mammogram.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ธฐ์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:20
And at this low dose, we're continuing this screening study,
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๋‚ฎ์€ ์„ ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
15:23
and this image from three weeks ago
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3์ฃผ์ „ ์ฐ์€ 67์„ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ
15:26
in a 67-year-old woman
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๋””์ง€ํƒˆ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€
15:28
shows a normal digital mammogram,
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์ •์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
15:30
but an MBI image
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MBI ์˜์ƒ์€
15:32
showing an uptake that proved to be a large cancer.
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ํฐ ์ข…์–‘์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋ช…๋œ ํก์ˆ˜์˜์—ญ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
So this is not just young women that it's benefiting.
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MBI๋Š” ์ Š์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ด๋“์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
It's also older women with dense tissue.
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์น˜๋ฐ€ํ˜• ์œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณ ๋ น์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:41
And we're now routinely using one-fifth the radiation dose
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
15:44
that's used in any other type of gamma technology.
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 1/5๋งŒ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
MBI generates four images per breast.
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MBI๋Š” ์œ ๋ฐฉ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— 4์žฅ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
MRI generates over a thousand.
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MRI๋Š” ์ฒœ ์žฅ์ด ๋„˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
It takes a radiologist
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๋ฅผ
15:56
years of specialty training
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์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ
15:58
to become expert in differentiating
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์ •์ƒ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ์„ธ๋ถ€๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
16:00
the normal anatomic detail
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(์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ) ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
16:02
from the worrisome finding.
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์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:04
But I suspect even the non-radiologists in the room
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ
16:07
can find the tumor on the MBI image.
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MBI ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ์ข…์–‘์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:10
But this is why MBI
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์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— MBI๋Š”
16:12
is so potentially disruptive --
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์ž ์žฌ์  ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋ ฅ์ด ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:14
it's as accurate as MRI,
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MBI๋Š” MRI๋งŒํผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ ,
16:16
it's far less complex to interpret,
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ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํ›จ์‹  ๋” ์‰ฌ์šฐ๋ฉฐ,
16:19
and it's a fraction of the cost.
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๋น„์šฉ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:21
But you can understand why there may be
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์™œ ์œ ๋ฐฉ ์˜์ƒ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—
16:23
forces in the breast-imaging world
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ํ˜„ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
16:25
who prefer the status quo.
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:29
After achieving what we felt were remarkable results,
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๋†€๋ž„๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋А๋‚€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์ทจํ•œ ํ›„์—
16:32
our manuscript was rejected
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์ œ์ถœ๋œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ €๋„์—์„œ
16:35
by four journals.
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๊ฒŒ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:37
After the fourth rejection,
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๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒŒ์ œ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ ํ›„,
16:39
we requested reconsideration of the manuscript,
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์žฌ์˜๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:41
because we strongly suspected
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์™œ๋‚˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์›๊ณ  ๊ฒŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•œ
16:43
that one of the reviewers who had rejected it
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์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด (MBI์˜) ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—
16:45
had a financial conflict of interest
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๊ธˆ์ „์  ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
16:47
in a competing technology.
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๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜์‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:50
Our manuscript was then accepted
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๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์กŒ๊ณ ,
16:52
and will be published later this month
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<Radiology>์— ์ด๋‹ฌ ๋ง ๊ฒŒ์ œ๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:55
in the journal Radiology.
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(์—ญ์ฃผ-Radiology. 2011 Jan;258(1):106-18)
16:57
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
17:05
We still need to complete the screening study using the low dose,
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๋‚ฎ์€ ์„ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์™„์„ฑํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
17:08
and then our findings will need to be replicated
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ
17:10
at other institutions,
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์žฌํ˜„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:12
and this could take five or more years.
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์ด ์ผ์— 5๋…„ ์•„๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:15
If this technology is widely adopted,
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๋น„๋ก MBI๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„,
17:18
I will not benefit financially in any way,
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์ €๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธˆ์ „์  ์ด๋“์„ ์–ป์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:21
and that is very important to me,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
17:24
because it allows me to continue to tell you the truth.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:28
But I recognize --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €๋Š” --
17:30
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
17:34
I recognize that the adoption of this technology
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์ €๋Š” MBI๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ๋งŒํผ
17:37
will depend as much on economic
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ •์น˜์  ํŒŒ์›Œ์—
17:39
and political forces
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์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„
17:41
as it will on the soundness of the science.
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์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:44
The MBI unit has now been FDA approved,
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MBI๋Š” ์ด์ œ FDA ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
17:47
but it's not yet widely available.
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์•„์ง ๋„๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:50
So until something is available
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ˜• ์œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ
17:52
for women with dense breasts,
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์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€,
17:54
there are things that you should know
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์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
17:56
to protect yourself.
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์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:58
First, know your density.
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์šฐ์„  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:00
Ninety percent of women don't,
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90%์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด (์ž์‹ ์˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ) ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ,
18:02
and 95 percent of women don't know
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95%์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€
18:04
that it increases your breast cancer risk.
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:07
The State of Connecticut became the first and only state
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์ฝ”๋„คํ‹ฐ์ปท ์ฃผ๋Š” ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ
18:10
to mandate that women receive notification
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ต๋ณดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ 
18:12
of their breast density
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๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์ด์ž
18:14
after a mammogram.
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ฃผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:17
I was at a conference of 60,000 people in breast-imaging
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ์ฃผ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ตœ๋œ 6๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ๋ชจ์˜€๋˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์˜์ƒํ•™ํšŒ์—
18:20
last week in Chicago,
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์ฐธ์„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:22
and I was stunned that there was a heated debate
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๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ฐธ์„์ž๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ
18:25
as to whether we should be telling women
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ํ†ต์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ด๋ค ํ† ๋ก ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ 
18:27
what their breast density is.
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์–ด์•ˆ์ด ๋ฒ™๋ฒ™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:29
Of course we should.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ (ํ†ต์ง€) ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:31
And if you don't know, please ask your doctor
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๋งŒ์•ฝ (์ž์‹ ์˜ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ) ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ฃผ์น˜์˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
18:34
or read the details of your mammography report.
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
18:37
Second, if you're pre-menopausal,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ „์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
18:39
try to schedule your mammogram
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€
18:41
in the first two weeks of your menstrual cycle,
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์›”๊ฒฝ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ฒซ ๋‘์ฃผ์—
18:43
when breast density is relatively lower.
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
18:46
Third, if you notice a persistent change in your breast,
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์…‹์งธ๋กœ, ์œ ๋ฐฉ์— ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋А๋‚€๋‹ค๋ฉด
18:49
insist on additional imaging.
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์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
18:52
And fourth and most important,
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๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ์ด์ž ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ,
18:54
the mammography debate will rage on,
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ๋งน์œ„๋ฅผ ๋–จ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
18:57
but I do believe that all women 40 and older
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์ €๋Š” 40์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ 1๋…„์— ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ
19:00
should have an annual mammogram.
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:02
Mammography isn't perfect,
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์€ ์™„์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ,
19:04
but it's the only test that's been proven
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ 
19:06
to reduce mortality from breast cancer.
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์ฆ๋ช…๋œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:09
But this mortality banner
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ (์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”) ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ  ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์€
19:11
is the very sword
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—ด๋ ฌํ•œ
19:13
which mammography's most ardent advocates use
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์˜นํ˜ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
19:16
to deter innovation.
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์–‘๋‚ ์˜ ์นผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:18
Some women who develop breast cancer
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š”
19:21
die from it many years later,
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์ˆ˜ ๋…„ ํ›„์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:23
and most women, thankfully, survive.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์ƒ์กดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:25
So it takes 10 or more years
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ
19:27
for any screening method
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์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„
19:29
to demonstrate a reduction
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๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋˜๋Š”
19:31
in mortality from breast cancer.
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๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:33
Mammography's the only one that's been around long enough
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์˜ค๋žœ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด (์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ) ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„
19:35
to have a chance of making that claim.
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๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:38
It is time for us to accept
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์ด์ œ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์˜
19:41
both the extraordinary successes of mammography
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ทธ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ
19:43
and the limitations.
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๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผํ•  ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:45
We need to individualize screening
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋ฐ€๋„์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
19:47
based on density.
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๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:49
For women without dense breasts,
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์น˜๋ฐ€ํ˜• ์œ ๋ฐฉ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”,
19:51
mammography is the best choice.
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์ด ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:54
But for women with dense breasts;
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
19:56
we shouldn't abandon screening altogether,
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์„ ๋ณ„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋˜๋ฉฐ,
19:58
we need to offer them something better.
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๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:03
The babies that we were carrying
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ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ
20:05
when my patient first asked me this question
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์ €์™€ ๊ทธ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž„์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด
20:08
are now both in middle school,
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ค‘ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:11
and the answer has been so slow to come.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ•ด๋‹ต์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:16
She's given me her blessing
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๊ทธ๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ (์ž์‹ ์˜) ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
20:18
to share this story with you.
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ํ•ด๋„ ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:21
After undergoing biopsies
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์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
20:23
that further increased her risk for cancer
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์กฐ์ง๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ช‡์ฐจ๋ก€ ๋ฐ›๊ณ ,
20:26
and losing her sister to cancer,
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์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์žƒ์€ ํ›„,
20:28
she made the difficult decision
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๊ทธ๋ถ„์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์  ์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„
20:30
to have a prophylactic mastectomy.
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๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:34
We can and must do better,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:37
not just in time for her granddaughters
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๊ทธ๋ถ„์˜ ์†๋…€์‹œ๋Œ€๋‚˜,
20:40
and my daughters,
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์ œ ์ž๋…€ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
20:42
but in time for you.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:44
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:46
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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