An inventory of the invisible | John Lloyd

75,698 views ใƒป 2009-09-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Aviad Auerbach ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ori Yaffe
00:12
So the question is, what is invisible?
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”?
00:17
There is more of it than you think, actually.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื.
00:20
Everything, I would say. Everything that matters
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ
00:23
except every thing and except matter.
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ืคืจื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืคืจื˜ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ
00:29
We can see matter. But we can't see what's the matter.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
00:33
As in this cryptic sentence I found in The Guardian recently:
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื—ื™ื“ืชื™ ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”:
00:38
"The marriage suffered a setback in 1965,
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"ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965
00:41
when the husband was killed by the wife."
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ื ื”ืจื’ ืข"ื™ ืื™ืฉืชื•"
00:44
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
00:47
There's a world of invisibility there, isn't there?
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:49
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
00:51
So, we can see the stars and the planets,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
00:53
but we can't see what holds them apart
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ืืš ืœื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชืŸ,
00:56
or what draws them together.
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ืื• ืืช ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
00:58
With matter, as with people, we see only the skin of things.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:01
We can't see into the engine room.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ืขื™ื
01:03
We can't see what makes people tick, at least not without difficulty.
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ืื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืœื™ ืงื•ืฉื™.
01:06
And the closer we look at anything, the more it disappears.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืขืžืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืขืœื.
01:10
In fact, if you look really closely at stuff,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืžืฉ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:12
if you look at the basic substructure of matter,
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ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืชืช-ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ,
01:14
there isn't anything there.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื›ืœื•ื.
01:16
Electrons disappear in a kind of fuzz,
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ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจื˜ื˜
01:18
and there is only energy. And you can't see energy.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ื•ื”ืจื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”...
01:23
So everything that matters, that's important, is invisible.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”.
01:26
One slightly silly thing that's invisible
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืชื™ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”
01:29
is this story, which is invisible to you.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื”, ื›ืขืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื.
01:31
And I'm now going to make it visible to you in your minds.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ื ื›ื.
01:34
It's about an M.P. called Geoffrey Dickens.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืคืงื“-ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ืคืจื™ ื“ื™ืงื ืก
01:38
The late Geoffrey Dickens, M.P. was attending a fete in his constituency.
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ื’'ืคืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•
01:41
Wherever he went, at every stall he stopped he was closely followed
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ืœืš ืขืงื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ื•
01:44
by a devoted smiling woman of indescribable ugliness.
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ืžืขืจื™ืฆื” ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื™ืช, ืžื›ื•ืขืจืช ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื“
01:47
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
01:49
Try as he might, he couldn't get away from her.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ืกื”, ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื’'ืคืจื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืžื ื”
01:51
A few days later he received a letter from a constituent
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ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืื—ืช ืžื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื•
01:53
saying how much she admired him,
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ื‘ื• ื›ืชื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ืฆื” ืื•ืชื•
01:55
had met him at a fete and asking for a signed photograph.
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ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ืชื•ืžื”
01:58
After her name, written in brackets was the apt description, horse face.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื˜ืคื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื’ืจืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืœื - ืคื ื™ ืกื•ืก
02:03
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
02:04
"I've misjudged this women," thought Mr. Dickens.
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"ื”ืžืž, ืœื ืฉืคื˜ืชื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช", ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื• ืžืจ ื“ื™ืงื ืก
02:06
"Not only is she aware of her physical repulsiveness,
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"ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื”,
02:09
she turns it to her advantage.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœื™ืชืจื•ื ื”
02:11
A photo is not enough."
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื”"
02:13
So he went out and bought a plastic frame to put the photograph in.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ื•ืงื ื” ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ืฉื ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
02:16
And on the photograph, he wrote with a flourish,
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”
02:18
"To Horse Face, with love from Geoffrey Dickens, M.P."
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"ืœืคื ื™-ืกื•ืก, ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืžื’'ืคืจื™ ื“ื™ืงื ืก".
02:23
After it had been sent off, his secretary said to him,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืœื•
02:25
"Did you get that letter from the woman at the fete?
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"ื”ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื”?
02:27
I wrote Horse Face on her, so you'd remember who she was."
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ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ "ืคื ื™-ืกื•ืก" ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื˜ืคื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžื™ ื–ืืช"
02:31
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
02:37
I bet he thought he wished he was invisible, don't you?
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื?
02:39
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
02:41
So, one of the interesting things about invisibility
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื”
02:43
is that things that we can't see
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
02:45
we also can't understand.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
02:47
Gravity is one thing that we can't see
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ื›ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
02:49
and which we don't understand.
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ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื.
02:51
It's the least understood of all the four fundamental forces,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื›ื— ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื
02:53
and the weakest.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:55
And nobody really knows what it is or why it's there.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื• ืื• ืœืฉื ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื•
02:57
For what it's worth, Sir Isaac Newton, the greatest scientist who ever lived,
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœ,
03:00
he thought Jesus came to Earth specifically to operate the levers of gravity.
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ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
03:05
That's what he thought he was there for.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘!
03:07
So, bright guy, could be wrong on that one, I don't know.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืœื—, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข...
03:10
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
03:12
Consciousness. I see all your faces.
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ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื›ื.
03:14
I have no idea what any of you are thinking. Isn't that amazing?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื–ื” ืœื ืžื“ื”ื™ื?
03:17
Isn't that incredible that we can't read each other's minds?
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช?
03:20
But we can touch each other, taste each other perhaps, if we get close enough.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืขืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™, ืœื˜ืขื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืœื™, ืื ื ืชืงืจื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง...
03:24
But we can't read each other's minds. I find that quite astonishing.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
03:27
In the Sufi faith, this great Middle Eastern religion,
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ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
03:31
which some claim is the route of all religions,
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,ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช,
03:33
Sufi masters are all telepaths, so they say.
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ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ื˜ืœืคืชื™ื, ื›ื›ื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื.
03:38
But their main exercise of telepathy
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื˜ืœืคืชื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื
03:40
is to send out powerful signals to the rest of us that it doesn't exist.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
03:45
So that's why we don't think it exists,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
03:47
the Sufi masters working on us.
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ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•.
03:50
In the question of consciousness
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ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
03:52
and artificial intelligence,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช:
03:54
artificial intelligence has really, like the study of consciousness,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช
03:56
gotten nowhere. We have no idea how consciousness works.
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ืœื ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื. ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
03:59
With artificial intelligence, not only have they not created artificial intelligence,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช
04:03
they haven't yet created artificial stupidity.
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ื’ื ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ.
04:06
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
04:11
The laws of physics: invisible, eternal, omnipresent, all-powerful.
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ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”: ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื, ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื, ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
04:15
Remind you of anyone?
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ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•ื?
04:17
Interesting. I'm, as you can guess,
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ืœื ื—ืฉ,
04:19
not a materialist, I'm an immaterialist.
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ืœื ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™. ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ.
04:21
And I've found a very useful new word, ignostic. Okay?
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ: "ื›ื•ืคืจ ื‘ื›ืคื™ืจื”"
04:24
I'm an ignostic.
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ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืคืจ ื‘ื›ืคื™ืจื”
04:26
I refuse to be drawn on the question of whether God exists,
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ืื ื™ ืžืกืจื‘ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื,
04:29
until somebody properly defines the terms.
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ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื.
04:32
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
04:35
Another thing we can't see is the human genome.
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ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
04:38
And this is increasingly peculiar,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ื”.
04:41
because about 20 years ago, when they started delving into the genome,
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ื›ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›20 ืฉื ื”, ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื
04:46
they thought it would probably contain around 100,000 genes.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ื’ื ื™ื.
04:49
Geneticists will know this, but every year since,
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ื•ืžืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
04:51
it's been revised downwards.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืงืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”.
04:53
We now think there are likely to be only just over 20,000
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ื›ืขืช ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž20 ืืœืฃ ื’ื ื™ื
04:56
genes in the human genome.
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ื‘ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
04:58
This is extraordinary. Because rice -- get this --
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืคืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืื•ืจื–
05:01
rice is known to have 38 thousand genes.
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ื™ืฉ 38 ืืœืฃ ื’ื ื™ื
05:05
Potatoes, potatoes have 48 chromosomes. Do you know that?
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ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื”. ืœืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื™ืฉ 48 ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื. ื™ื“ืขืชื?
05:10
Two more than people,
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2 ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
05:12
and the same as a gorilla.
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช.
05:14
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
05:16
You can't see these things, but they are very strange.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื•, ืืš ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
05:19
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
05:21
The stars by day. I always think that's fascinating.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืจืชืง.
05:24
The universe disappears.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ืขืœื.
05:26
The more light there is, the less you can see.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืจ ื›ืš ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช.
05:29
Time, nobody can see time.
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ื–ืžืŸ. ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ.
05:31
I don't know if you know this. Modern physics,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื. ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
05:33
there is a big movement in modern physics
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ื™ืฉ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
05:35
to decide that time doesn't really exist,
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ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช
05:37
because it's too inconvenient for the figures.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื ื•ื— ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
05:40
It's much easier if it's not really there.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืงื™ื™ื
05:42
You can't see the future, obviously.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“
05:44
And you can't see the past, except in your memory.
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ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
05:47
One of the interesting things about the past is
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ
05:49
you particularly can't see. My son asked me this the other day,
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ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื™,
05:52
he said, "Dad, can you remember what I was like when I was two?"
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"ืื‘ื, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื?"
05:54
And I said, "Yes." And he said, "Why can't I?"
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ื•ืขื ื™ืชื™ ืœื• "ื›ืŸ" ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ, "ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ?"
05:57
Isn't that extraordinary? You cannot remember
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ืคืœื? ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
05:59
what happened to you earlier than the age of two or three,
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ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉ
06:02
which is great news for psychoanalysts,
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,ืฉื–ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื.
06:04
because otherwise they'd be out of a job.
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ื›ื™ ืื—ืจืช ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
06:06
Because that's where all the stuff happens
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ื›ื™ ืื– ื”ื›ืœ ืงืจื”
06:09
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
06:11
that makes you who you are.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชืš ืžื™ ืฉืืชื”
06:14
Another thing you can't see is the grid on which we hang.
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ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
06:17
This is fascinating. You probably know, some of you,
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ื–ื” ืžืจืชืง. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืœืงื›ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
06:20
that cells are continually renewed. You can see it in skin and this kind of stuff.
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ืชืื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
06:23
Skin flakes off, hairs grow, nails, that kind of stuff.
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ื—ืœืงื™ ืขื•ืจ ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื, ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
06:27
But every cell in your body is replaced at some point.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื”
06:30
Taste buds, every 10 days or so.
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ืชืื™ ื˜ืขื, ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืœ 10 ื™ืžื™ื
06:32
Livers and internal organs sort of take a bit longer. A spine takes several years.
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ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ. ืœื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
06:36
But at the end of seven years, not one cell in your body
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ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ืืฃ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ
06:40
remains from what was there seven years ago.
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ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื
06:43
The question is, who, then, are we?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ื: ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•?
06:45
What are we? What is this thing that we hang on,
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื•? ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื• ื ืฉืขื ื™ื
06:48
that is actually us?
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืื ื—ื ื•?
06:52
Okay. Atoms, you can't see them.
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ืื•ืงื™. ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื. ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื
06:54
Nobody ever will. They're smaller than the wavelength of light.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ. ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื’ืœ-ืื•ืจ
06:57
Gas, you can't see that.
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ื’ื–. ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
06:59
Interesting. Somebody mentioned 1600 recently.
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ 1600 ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
07:01
Gas was invented in 1600
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ื”ื’ื– ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1600
07:03
by a Dutch chemist called Van Helmont.
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ืข"ื™ ื›ื™ืžืื™ ื“ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืืŸ ื”ืœืžื•ื ื˜
07:06
It's said to be the most successful ever invention
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ืืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:09
of a word by a known individual.
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืข"ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืžื•ื›ืจ
07:11
Quite good. He also invented a word called "blas,"
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื‘ืœืืก
07:14
meaning astral radiation.
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืงืจื™ื ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืช
07:16
Didn't catch on, unfortunately.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืœื ืชืคืกื” ื•ื—ื‘ืœ.
07:18
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
07:20
But well done, him.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”...
07:22
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
07:23
There is so many things that -- Light.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉ... - ืื•ืจ.
07:26
You can't see light. When it's dark, in a vacuum,
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืจ. ื›ืฉื—ืฉื•ืš, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื•ืืงื•ื,
07:29
if a person shines a beam of light straight across your eyes,
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืคื ืก ืื ื›ื™ืช ืœืขื™ื ื™ืš
07:32
you won't see it. Slightly technical, some physicists will disagree with this.
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ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ. ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™. ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื›ืš.
07:35
But it's odd that you can't see the beam of light,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ,
07:37
you can only see what it hits.
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ืจืง ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื•.
07:39
I find that extraordinary, not to be able to see light,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืฉืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ,
07:41
not to be able to see darkness.
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ื•ืฉืœื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš
07:43
Electricity, you can't see that.
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ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
07:45
Don't let anyone tell you they understand electricity.
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ืืœ ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
07:47
They don't. Nobody knows what it is.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื–ื”.
07:49
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
07:50
You probably think the electrons in an electric wire
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ืืชื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœื™
07:52
move instantaneously down a wire, don't you, at the speed of light
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื›ื‘ืœ,ื ื›ื•ืŸ?, ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ
07:55
when you turn the light on. They don't.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ. ื”ื ืœื.
07:57
Electrons bumble down the wire,
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ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ืœ
07:59
about the speed of spreading honey, they say.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืฉ ื ื™ื’ืจ
08:02
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
08:04
Galaxies, 100 billion of them estimated in the universe.
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ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช. ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ 100 ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
08:07
100 billion. How many can we see? Five.
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100 ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื›ืžื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช? ื—ืžืฉ.
08:10
Five out of the 100 billion galaxies, with the naked eye,
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ื—ืžืฉ, ืžืชื•ืš 100 ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ื ืช
08:13
and one of them is quite difficult to see unless you've got very good eyesight.
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ื•ืงืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ, ืืœื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจืื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
08:17
Radio waves. There's another thing.
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ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื•, ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
08:19
Heinrich Hertz, when he discovered radio waves in 1887,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื”ืจืฅ ื’ื™ืœื” ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘1887
08:22
he called them radio waves because they radiated.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืงืจื™ื ื”
08:24
And somebody said to him,
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ ืœื•,
08:27
"Well what's the point of these, Heinrich?
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ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื™ืชื ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš?
08:29
What's the point of these radio waves that you've found?"
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ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืืœื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืช?
08:32
And he said, "Well, I've no idea.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’.
08:34
But I guess somebody will find a use for them someday."
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืคืขื"
08:37
And that's what they do, radio. That's what they discovered.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืจื“ื™ื•. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื•.
08:41
Anyway, so the biggest thing
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:44
that's invisible to us is what we don't know.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืœื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
08:46
It is incredible how little we know.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
08:49
Thomas Edison once said,
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ืชื•ืžืืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคืขื ืืžืจ
08:51
"We don't know one percent of one millionth
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
08:53
about anything."
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ืขืœ ื›ืœื•ื"
08:55
And I've come to the conclusion --
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ื•ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื”
08:58
because you've asked this other question, "What's another thing you can't see?"
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ื›ื™ ืฉืืœืชื "ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช?"
09:01
The point, most of us. What's the point?
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•. ืžื” ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”?
09:04
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
09:07
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:08
You can't see a point. It's by definition dimensionless,
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื”. ื”ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ื—ืกืจืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื,
09:11
like an electron, oddly enough.
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ื›ืžื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื.
09:14
But the point, what I've got it down to,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื”
09:17
is there are only two questions really worth asking.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ.
09:19
"Why are we here?" and "What should we do about it while we are?
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"ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ?" ื•"ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”?"
09:24
And to help you, I've got two things to leave you with, from two great philosophers,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื›ื, ืžืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
09:29
perhaps two of the greatest philosopher thinkers of the 20th century,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20
09:32
one a mathematician and an engineer, and the other a poet.
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ืื—ื“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืก, ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ.
09:35
The first is Ludwig Wittgenstein who said,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื“ื•ื™ื’ ื•ื™ื˜ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืžืจ,
09:39
"I don't know why we are here.
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ.
09:41
But I'm pretty sure it's not in order to enjoy ourselves."
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื•ืช"
09:44
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
09:50
He was a cheerful bastard wasn't he?
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื– ื”ื?
09:52
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
09:55
And secondly and lastly, W.H. Auden,
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื•.ื”.ืืื•ื“ืŸ,
09:57
one of my favorite poets, who said,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™, ืฉืืžืจ,
09:59
"We are here on earth
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"ืื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
10:02
to help others.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
10:04
What the others are here for, I've no idea."
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’."
10:07
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
10:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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