The story of life in photographs | Frans Lanting

65,253 views ใƒป 2007-05-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:25
Nature's my muse and it's been my passion.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืœื”ื˜ ืฉืœื™.
00:28
As a photographer for National Geographic, I've portrayed it for many.
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ื›ืฆืœื ืฉืœ ื”"ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’'ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง" ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•.
00:34
But five years ago, I went on a personal journey.
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ืืš ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœืžืกืข ืคืจื˜ื™.
00:38
I wanted to visualize the story of life.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:43
It's the hardest thing I've ever attempted,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืื™-ืคืขื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
00:45
and there have been plenty of times when I felt like backing out.
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ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืฉืง ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
00:50
But there were also revelations.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื”ืชื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:52
And one of those I'd like to share with you today.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขื™ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ.
00:57
I went down to a remote lagoon in Australia, hoping to see the Earth
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ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœืœื’ื•ื ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:04
the way it was three billion years ago,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:06
back before the sky turned blue.
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ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ืชื›ื•ืœื™ื.
01:11
There's stromatolites down there --
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืื˜ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื--
01:14
the first living things to capture photosynthesis --
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”--
01:18
and it's the only place they still occur today.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื• ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
01:23
Going down there was like entering a time capsule,
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ื”ืžืกืข ืœืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื›ืžื•ืกืช ื–ืžืŸ,
01:28
and I came out with a different sense of myself in time.
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ื•ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ืžืŸ.
01:34
The oxygen exhaled by those stromatolites
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ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื ืคืœื˜ ืžืื•ืชื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืื˜ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื
01:39
is what we all breathe today.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
01:43
Stromatolites are the heroes in my story.
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ื”ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืื˜ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™.
01:47
I hope it's a story that has some resonance for our time.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ืžื ื ื•.
01:52
It's a story about you and me, nature and science.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื›ื ื•ืขืœื™, ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืžื“ืข.
01:57
And with that said, I'd like to invite you for
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ื•ื›ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ื ื›ื
02:02
a short, brief journey of life through time.
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ืœืžืกืข ืงืฆืจืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:25
Our journey starts in space, where matter condenses into spheres over time ...
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ืžืกืขื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืชืจื›ื– ื•ื”ืคืš ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื.
02:33
solidifying into surface, molded by fire.
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ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืชืžืฆืงื• ื•ื—ื•ืฉืœื• ื‘ืืฉ.
02:46
The fire gave way, Earth emerged -- but this was an alien planet.
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ื”ืืฉ ื“ืขื›ื” ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื•ืœื“ื”-- ืืš ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื–ืจ.
02:57
The moon was closer; things were different.
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ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:02
Heat from within made geysers erupt -- that is how the oceans were born.
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ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื’ืจื ืœื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืฅ-- ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
03:15
Water froze around the poles and shaped the edges of the Earth.
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ื”ืžื™ื ืงืคืื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:29
Water is the key to life, but in frozen form, it is a latent force.
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืงืคื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื— ืจื“ื•ื.
03:36
And when it vanishes, Earth becomes Mars.
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ื•ืขื ื”ื™ืขืœืžื, ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžืื“ื™ื.
03:48
But this planet is different -- it's roiling inside.
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ืืš ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืฉื•ื ื”-- ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืขืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
03:55
And where that energy touches water, something new emerges: life.
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืžื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ: ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:01
It arises around cracks in the Earth.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื“ืจืš ืกื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืข.
04:05
Mud and minerals become substrate; there are bacteria.
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ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆืข, ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
04:13
Learn to multiply, thickening in places ...
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ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
04:23
Growing living structures under an alien sky ...
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ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื— ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืฉืžื™ื ื–ืจื™ื.
04:32
Stromatolites were the first to exhale oxygen.
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ื”ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืื˜ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคืœื˜ื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
04:40
And they changed the atmosphere.
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”.
04:43
A breath that's fossilized now as iron.
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ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืื‘ื ื” ืขืชื” ืœื‘ืจื–ืœ.
04:51
Meteorites delivered chemistry, and perhaps membranes, too.
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ื”ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืงืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
04:57
Life needs a membrane to contain itself
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื
05:02
so it can replicate and mutate.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืฉืชื›ืคืœ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
05:09
These are diatoms, single-celled phytoplankton
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืืฆื•ืช ื“ื™ืื˜ื•ื, ืจื‘-ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื“-ืชืื™
05:18
with skeletons of silicon ...
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ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืœื“ ืฆื•ืจืŸ.
05:21
circuit boards of the future.
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ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
05:27
Shallow seas nurtured life early on, and that's where it morphed
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ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื—ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื•ืฉื ื”ื ื”ืชืขืฆื‘ื•
05:35
into more complex forms.
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ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:40
It grew as light and oxygen increased.
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ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื• ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื‘ืจื• ื”ืื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
05:48
Life hardened and became defensive.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืงืฉื• ื•ื ืขืฉื• ืžื’ื•ื ื ื™ื.
05:55
It learned to move and began to see. The first eyes grew on trilobites.
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ืœืžื“ื• ืœื ื•ืข ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช. ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฆืžื—ื• ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื.
06:10
Vision was refined in horseshoe crabs,
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ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืขื“ื ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื ื™ ื”ืคืจืกื”,
06:14
among the first to leave the sea.
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ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื.
06:19
They still do what they've done for ages, their enemies long gone.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื ื”ื’ื ืžื–ื” ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื, ืืฃ ืฉืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื ืขืœืžื• ืžื–ืžืŸ.
06:26
Scorpions follow prey out of the sea. Slugs became snails.
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ื”ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื˜ืจืคื ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ื. ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™ื.
06:33
Fish tried amphibian life. Frogs adapted to deserts.
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ื“ื’ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžืคื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื”ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ื”ืกืชื’ืœื• ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ.
06:43
Lichens arose as a co-op. Fungi married algae ...
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ื”ื—ื–ื–ื™ื•ืช ืงืžื• ื›ืจืฉืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช. ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืฉืื• ืœืืฆื•ืช.
06:48
clinging to rock, and eating it too ... transforming barren land.
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ื ืฆืžื“ื• ืœืกืœืขื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืื›ืœื• ืื•ืชื. ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื—ื™ื—.
07:00
True land plants arose, leafless at first.
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ืฆืฆื• ืฆืžื—ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืœื ืขืœื™ื.
07:06
Once they learn how to stay upright, they grew in size and shape.
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ืžืขืช ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื–ืงื•ืคื™ื, ื’ื“ืœื• ืžื™ื“ืชื ื•ืฆื•ืจืชื.
07:12
The fundamental forms of ferns followed,
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ืื—ืจ ื‘ืื• ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื›ื™ื,
07:20
to bear spores that foreshadowed seeds.
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ื•ื ืฉืื• ื ื‘ื’ื™ื, ืื•ืช ืœื–ืจืขื™ื.
07:24
Life flourished in swamps.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื’ืฉื’ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช.
07:28
On land, life turned a corner. Jaws formed first; teeth came later.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื—ืœ ืžืคื ื”. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
07:36
Leatherbacks and tuataras are echoes from that era.
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ืฆื‘ื™-ืขื•ืจ ื•ืกืคื ื•ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืขื™ื“ืŸ.
07:45
It took time for life to break away from water,
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื,
07:49
and it still beckons all the time.
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ื•ืืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคืชื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ.
07:53
Life turned hard so it could venture inland.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืงืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื– ื•ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
08:01
And the dragons that arose are still among us today.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืขื•ื“ื ืขื™ืžื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื.
08:20
Jurassic Park still shimmers in part of Madagascar,
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ืคืืจืง ื”ื™ื•ืจื” ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื— ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ,
08:25
and the center of Brazil,
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ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
08:29
where plants called "cycads" remain rock hard.
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืกื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืงืฉื™ื ื›ืื‘ืŸ.
08:40
Forests arose and nurtured things with wings.
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ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขืœื• ื•ื˜ื™ืคื—ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ืคื™ื.
08:49
One early form left an imprint, like it died only yesterday.
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ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืื—ืช ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืชื, ื›ืžื• ืžืชื” ืจืง ืืชืžื•ืœ.
08:55
And others fly today like echoes of the past.
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ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืŸ ืžืขื•ืคืคื•ืช, ื›ื”ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ.
09:01
In birds, life gained new mobility.
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ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจื›ืฉื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”.
09:13
Flamingos covered continents. Migrations got underway.
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ื”ืคืœืžื™ื ื’ื• ื›ื™ืกื• ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื”.
09:24
Birds witnessed the emergence of flowering plants.
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืฆืžื—ื™ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื.
09:29
Water lilies were among the first.
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ื—ื‘ืฆืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื.
09:38
Plants began to diversify and grew, turning into trees.
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืขืฆื™ื.
09:49
In Australia, a lily turned into a grass tree,
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ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื—ื‘ืฆืœืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืขืฅ-ื“ืฉื,
09:58
and in Hawaii, a daisy became a silver sword.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืื™ื™, ื—ื™ื ื ื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืฉืจืš ื—ืจื‘-ื›ืกืฃ.
10:07
In Africa, Gondwana molded Proteas.
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื™ืฆืจื” ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืื ื” ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืื”.
10:13
But when that ancient continent broke up, life got lusher.
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ืืš ื›ืฉืื•ืชื” ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื”ืชืคืฆืœื”, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•.
10:19
Tropical rainforests arose, sparking new layers of interdependence.
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ืฆืžื—ื• ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืจื‘ื ื• ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช.
10:28
Fungi multiplied. Orchids emerged, genitalia shaped to lure insects ...
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•. ืฆืฆื• ื”ืกื—ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ืื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืชืขืฆื‘ื• ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื—ืจืงื™ื.
10:43
a trick shared by the largest flower on Earth.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืชื›ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืคืจื—ื™ื ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช.
10:50
Co-evolution entwined insects and birds and plants forever.
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ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ืœืขื“ ื—ืจืงื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
11:01
When birds can't fly, they become vulnerable.
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ื›ืฉืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื•ืฃ, ื”ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช.
11:05
Kiwis are, and so are these hawks trapped near Antarctica.
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ื›ืš ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื•ื™, ื•ื”ื ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืื ื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
11:14
Extinction can come slowly, but sometimes it arrives fast.
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ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืœืื˜, ืืš ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
11:22
An asteroid hits, and the world went down in flames.
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ื ื•ืคืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“, ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ืจื“ ืชื”ื•ืžื” ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช.
11:28
But there were witnesses, survivors in the dark.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื”.
11:37
When the skies cleared, a new world was born.
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื”ืจื•, ื ื•ืœื“ ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ.
11:44
A world fit for mammals. From tiny shrews [came]
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ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื. ืžื—ื“ืคื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
11:51
tenrecs, accustomed to the dark.
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ื˜ื ืจืงื™ื ืฉื”ืกืชื’ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื›ื”.
11:55
New forms became bats. Civets.
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ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืขื˜ืœืคื™ื. ื—ืชื•ืœื™ ื–ื‘ื“.
12:05
New predators, hyenas, getting faster and faster still.
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ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:17
Grasslands created opportunities.
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ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืžืจืขื” ืกื™ืคืงื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
12:23
Herd safety came with sharpened senses.
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ืœื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ืชืœื•ื• ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
12:28
Growing big was another answer, but size always comes at a price.
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ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื™ืจ.
12:41
Some mammals turned back to water.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžื™ื.
12:45
Walruses adapted with layers of fat. Sea lions got sleek.
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ืกื•ืกื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ. ืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ื—ืœืงืœืงื™ื.
12:55
And cetaceans moved into a world without bounds.
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืงื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
13:03
There are many ways to be a mammal. A 'roo hops in Oz;
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืง. "ืจื•" ืžืงืคืฅ ื‘"ืื•ื–".
13:11
a horse runs in Asia; and a wolf evolves stilt legs in Brazil.
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ืกื•ืก ื“ื•ื”ืจ ื‘ืืกื™ื”, ื•ื–ืื‘ ืžืคืชื— ืจื’ืœื™ ืงื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
13:27
Primates emerge from jungles, as tarsiers first,
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ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืงื•ืคื™ืคื™ื,
13:36
becoming lemurs not much later.
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ืจื™ื.
13:41
Learning became reinforced. Bands of apes ventured into the open.
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ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช. ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืงื•ืคื™ื ืžืกืชื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคืชื•ื—.
13:49
And forests dried out once more. Going upright became a lifestyle.
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ื•ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื. ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื.
13:59
So who are we? Brothers of masculine chimps,
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ืื– ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•? ืื—ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช.
14:05
sisters of feminine bonobos? We are all of them, and more.
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ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื ืฉื™ืช. ืื ื• ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:14
We're molded by the same life force.
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ื ื•ืฆืงื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื.
14:21
The blood veins in our hands
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•
14:26
echoed a course of water traces on the Earth.
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ื”ื ื”ื“ ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
14:31
And our brains -- our celebrated brains --
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ื•ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•-- ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืžื”ื•ืœืœื™ื--
14:35
reflect a drainage of a tidal marsh.
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ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ืงื–ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื’ืŸ ื’ืื•ืช.
14:39
Life is a force in its own right. It is a new element.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื–ื”ื• ืื™ืชืŸ-ื˜ื‘ืข ื—ื“ืฉ.
14:47
And it has altered the Earth. It covers Earth like a skin.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืกื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืจ.
14:59
And where it doesn't, as in Greenland in winter,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื•, ื›ืžื• ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
15:04
Mars is still not very far.
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ื”ืžืื“ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ื” ืจื—ื•ืง.
15:09
But that likelihood fades as long as ice melts again.
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ืืš ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื ืžื•ื’ื” ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงืจื— ืฉื‘ ื•ื ืžืก.
15:14
And where water is liquid, it becomes a womb
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ื–ืœื™, ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืจื—ื.
15:18
for cells green with chlorophyll -- and that molecular marvel
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ืœืชืื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืžื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ-- ื•ื”ืคืœื ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ื”ื–ื”
15:24
is what's made a difference -- it powers everything.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ-- ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื›ืœ.
15:31
The whole animal world today lives on a stockpile
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžืœืื™
15:35
of bacterial oxygen that is cycled constantly
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ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ืฉืžืชืžื—ื–ืจ ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ
15:38
through plants and algae, and their waste is our breath,
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ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืืฆื•ืช, ืฉื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืžืช ืืคื ื•,
15:43
and vice versa.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš.
15:47
This Earth is alive, and it's made its own membrane.
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ื”ืืจืฅ ื—ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ืœื” ืงืจื•ืžื™ืช ืžืฉืœื”.
15:52
We call it "atmosphere." This is the icon of our journey.
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื–ืืช "ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”". ื–ื”ื• ืกืžืœ ืžืกืขื ื•.
16:02
And you all here today can imagine and will shape where we go next.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื.
16:10
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
16:16
Thank you. Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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