The story of life in photographs | Frans Lanting

65,184 views ・ 2007-05-14

TED


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譯者: 張新永 Davidchang 審譯者: Shelley Krishna Tsang
00:25
Nature's my muse and it's been my passion.
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自然一直是我沈思及激情之所在。
00:28
As a photographer for National Geographic, I've portrayed it for many.
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作為國家地理的一名攝影師,我對自然作過很多的描繪。
00:34
But five years ago, I went on a personal journey.
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五年前我進行了一次私人旅行。
00:38
I wanted to visualize the story of life.
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我想將生命的故事以視覺方式呈現。
00:43
It's the hardest thing I've ever attempted,
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這是我嚐試做過的事情中最困難的 一件,
00:45
and there have been plenty of times when I felt like backing out.
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有很多次我都想 撒手不幹了。
00:50
But there were also revelations.
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但我也獲得一些出乎意料的成果
00:52
And one of those I'd like to share with you today.
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今天我就想和你分享其中的一個。
00:57
I went down to a remote lagoon in Australia, hoping to see the Earth
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我去了澳大利亞一個遙遠的潟湖 ,希望看到地球
01:04
the way it was three billion years ago,
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在三十億年以前的樣子。
01:06
back before the sky turned blue.
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回到之前天空還不是藍色的時代。
01:11
There's stromatolites down there --
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那裡有疊藻層
01:14
the first living things to capture photosynthesis --
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第一種進行光合作用的生物
01:18
and it's the only place they still occur today.
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也是現在僅存的一處。
01:23
Going down there was like entering a time capsule,
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走向那裡就像是進入了時間膠囊,
01:28
and I came out with a different sense of myself in time.
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當我出來時時間感完全不一樣了。
01:34
The oxygen exhaled by those stromatolites
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疊藻層所散發出的氧氣
01:39
is what we all breathe today.
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正是我們今天所呼吸的。
01:43
Stromatolites are the heroes in my story.
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疊藻層是我故事裡的英雄
01:47
I hope it's a story that has some resonance for our time.
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我希望這個故事在今天也能引起一些共鳴。
01:52
It's a story about you and me, nature and science.
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這是一個關於你和我,自然和科學的故事。
01:57
And with that said, I'd like to invite you for
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正如上所說,我想邀請你
02:02
a short, brief journey of life through time.
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來一次簡短的時光之旅。
02:25
Our journey starts in space, where matter condenses into spheres over time ...
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我們的旅行從太空開始,在那裡隨著時間的流逝物質濃縮成了球體。
02:33
solidifying into surface, molded by fire.
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凝固成表面,被火改造成各種形狀。
02:46
The fire gave way, Earth emerged -- but this was an alien planet.
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當火退去時,地球出現了-但這時還像是一個外星球。
02:57
The moon was closer; things were different.
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月亮離我們更近,情況開始不一樣了。
03:02
Heat from within made geysers erupt -- that is how the oceans were born.
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地底的熱氣使得間歇泉噴湧而出-海洋就這樣形成了。
03:15
Water froze around the poles and shaped the edges of the Earth.
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水在兩極附近凍結,形成了地球的邊界。
03:29
Water is the key to life, but in frozen form, it is a latent force.
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水是生命的關鍵,即使是處於冰凍狀態,也是一種潛在的力量。
03:36
And when it vanishes, Earth becomes Mars.
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而一旦它蒸發了,地球就變成如火星般。
03:48
But this planet is different -- it's roiling inside.
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但這個星球與眾不同之處就在於,它的內部(岩漿)不斷攪拌。
03:55
And where that energy touches water, something new emerges: life.
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在那裡能量遇到水,生命就由此產生了。
04:01
It arises around cracks in the Earth.
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它上升並包圍了地球。
04:05
Mud and minerals become substrate; there are bacteria.
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泥土和礦石墊作為基底,細菌在上面
04:13
Learn to multiply, thickening in places ...
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繁殖,在那裡慢慢變厚。
04:23
Growing living structures under an alien sky ...
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生命結構就在外星空下形成了。
04:32
Stromatolites were the first to exhale oxygen.
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疊藻層是最先釋放氧氣的。
04:40
And they changed the atmosphere.
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它們改變了大氣層。
04:43
A breath that's fossilized now as iron.
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有些就被成為了鐵礦石。
04:51
Meteorites delivered chemistry, and perhaps membranes, too.
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隕石釋放出化學物質,或許還有薄膜。
04:57
Life needs a membrane to contain itself
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生命需要有東西來承載自己
05:02
so it can replicate and mutate.
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這樣它才能複製和變異
05:09
These are diatoms, single-celled phytoplankton
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這裡面有矽藻類,一種單細胞浮游生物
05:18
with skeletons of silicon ...
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它們有著矽質的骨骼。
05:21
circuit boards of the future.
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這就是未來的電路板。
05:27
Shallow seas nurtured life early on, and that's where it morphed
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淺灘更早的孕育了生命,在這裡 它們變異
05:35
into more complex forms.
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成為更高級的形式。
05:40
It grew as light and oxygen increased.
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隨著光和氧氣的增多它們不斷成長。
05:48
Life hardened and became defensive.
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生命變得堅強起來而且演變出自衛的功能。
05:55
It learned to move and began to see. The first eyes grew on trilobites.
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它開始學著移動和觀看。三葉蟲最早長出眼睛
06:10
Vision was refined in horseshoe crabs,
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馬蹄蟹重新定義視覺
06:14
among the first to leave the sea.
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它也是第一個離開大海的生物。
06:19
They still do what they've done for ages, their enemies long gone.
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至今它們依舊做著千百年來相同的事,但它們的敵人早已不復存在
06:26
Scorpions follow prey out of the sea. Slugs became snails.
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蠍子跟隨它們的獵物也離開大海,蛞蝓演變成蝸牛。
06:33
Fish tried amphibian life. Frogs adapted to deserts.
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魚開始嘗試兩棲生活。青蛙也適應了沙漠的氣候。
06:43
Lichens arose as a co-op. Fungi married algae ...
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地衣連成一片。菌類和水藻一起生長。
06:48
clinging to rock, and eating it too ... transforming barren land.
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它們依附在岩石上,也以此為食。改善著貧瘠的土地。
07:00
True land plants arose, leafless at first.
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真正的陸上植物開始產生,首先是裸子植物。
07:06
Once they learn how to stay upright, they grew in size and shape.
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一旦它們知道如何筆直的朝上生長,它們就長得更高更大。
07:12
The fundamental forms of ferns followed,
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其次是基本形式的蕨類
07:20
to bear spores that foreshadowed seeds.
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產生孢子,這是種子的前兆。
07:24
Life flourished in swamps.
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生命在沼澤裡繁榮起來。
07:28
On land, life turned a corner. Jaws formed first; teeth came later.
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在陸地上,生命也有了轉變。最開始是長出顎,接著是牙齒。
07:36
Leatherbacks and tuataras are echoes from that era.
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大海龜和大蜥蜴就是那個時代的產物。
07:45
It took time for life to break away from water,
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它們花費了畢生的時間來離開水,
07:49
and it still beckons all the time.
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但仍然不時被大海召喚回去。
07:53
Life turned hard so it could venture inland.
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生活變得艱難起來所以才到內陸冒險
08:01
And the dragons that arose are still among us today.
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那時候崛起的恐龍現在仍在我們中間。
08:20
Jurassic Park still shimmers in part of Madagascar,
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在馬達加斯加和巴西的中部侏羅紀公園
08:25
and the center of Brazil,
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仍然閃爍著生命的光芒
08:29
where plants called "cycads" remain rock hard.
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而蘇鐵依然頑強的攀附在岩石上存活著
08:40
Forests arose and nurtured things with wings.
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森林長成並孕育出有雙翼的生物
08:49
One early form left an imprint, like it died only yesterday.
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一個早期的形式留下了印記,好像昨天才去世。
08:55
And others fly today like echoes of the past.
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像過去的回聲一樣 以另一形式回到今日。
09:01
In birds, life gained new mobility.
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鳥類中,生命有了新的遷移。
09:13
Flamingos covered continents. Migrations got underway.
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紅鶴遍佈各大洲。它們開始遠途遷徙。£
09:24
Birds witnessed the emergence of flowering plants.
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鳥類見證了開花植物的出現。
09:29
Water lilies were among the first.
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睡蓮作先鋒。
09:38
Plants began to diversify and grew, turning into trees.
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植物開始多樣化和增長,變成樹木。
09:49
In Australia, a lily turned into a grass tree,
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在澳大利亞,百合變成了草本植物,
09:58
and in Hawaii, a daisy became a silver sword.
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而在夏威夷,菊花成為銀劍。
10:07
In Africa, Gondwana molded Proteas.
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在非洲,山龍眼在岡瓦那大陸出現。
10:13
But when that ancient continent broke up, life got lusher.
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但是,當這一古老的大陸解體,生命變得更加繁盛。
10:19
Tropical rainforests arose, sparking new layers of interdependence.
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熱帶雨林產生,引發新層次的相互依存關係。
10:28
Fungi multiplied. Orchids emerged, genitalia shaped to lure insects ...
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真菌繁殖 。蘭花的出現,他們用外生殖器形成用來吸引昆蟲。
10:43
a trick shared by the largest flower on Earth.
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這是地球上最大的花慣用的一個手法。
10:50
Co-evolution entwined insects and birds and plants forever.
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昆蟲,鳥類和植物永遠協同進化。
11:01
When birds can't fly, they become vulnerable.
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當鳥不能飛,他們變得易受傷 。
11:05
Kiwis are, and so are these hawks trapped near Antarctica.
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因此鷸鴕和這些鷹因此被困南極洲。
11:14
Extinction can come slowly, but sometimes it arrives fast.
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滅絕有時來的很緩慢,但有時卻來得很快。
11:22
An asteroid hits, and the world went down in flames.
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當小行星撞上來,整個世界陷入火海。
11:28
But there were witnesses, survivors in the dark.
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但仍有生物在隨後暗不見天 日中僥倖存活下來
11:37
When the skies cleared, a new world was born.
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當天空再度開朗,一個新的世界誕生了。
11:44
A world fit for mammals. From tiny shrews [came]
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這是一個適合哺乳動物的世界。從習慣於黑暗的
11:51
tenrecs, accustomed to the dark.
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小型鼩及無尾蝟
11:55
New forms became bats. Civets.
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演變成為蝙蝠。果子狸。
12:05
New predators, hyenas, getting faster and faster still.
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他們新的天敵,鬣狗跑得也是越來越快。
12:17
Grasslands created opportunities.
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草原創造了機會。
12:23
Herd safety came with sharpened senses.
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羊群為了安全生就了敏銳的感官。
12:28
Growing big was another answer, but size always comes at a price.
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變得越來越大是另外一個答案,但規模總是是要付出代價的。
12:41
Some mammals turned back to water.
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一些哺乳動物又回到水中。
12:45
Walruses adapted with layers of fat. Sea lions got sleek.
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海象長出了幾層脂肪。海獅變得渾身圓滑。
12:55
And cetaceans moved into a world without bounds.
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鯨類動物在世界各地無邊界的游動
13:03
There are many ways to be a mammal. A 'roo hops in Oz;
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有很多方法變成哺乳動物。袋鼠在澳洲蹦跳。
13:11
a horse runs in Asia; and a wolf evolves stilt legs in Brazil.
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馬出現在亞洲,在巴西狼變成了細長腿。
13:27
Primates emerge from jungles, as tarsiers first,
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靈長目動物擺脫了叢林,眼鏡猴拔得頭彩,
13:36
becoming lemurs not much later.
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狐猴不久也演化出來了。
13:41
Learning became reinforced. Bands of apes ventured into the open.
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學習能力變得更強。一群猿冒險進入了空曠原野。
13:49
And forests dried out once more. Going upright became a lifestyle.
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森林不斷地乾涸。往上發展成為一種生活方式。
13:59
So who are we? Brothers of masculine chimps,
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那我們又是誰?雄黑猩猩的兄弟。
14:05
sisters of feminine bonobos? We are all of them, and more.
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雌倭黑猩猩的姐妹。我們所有的人,還有更多。
14:14
We're molded by the same life force.
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我們都是被同樣的生命力所塑造。
14:21
The blood veins in our hands
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在我們的手中的血管
14:26
echoed a course of water traces on the Earth.
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就像水在地球上的流過的痕跡。
14:31
And our brains -- our celebrated brains --
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我們的大腦-我們著名的大腦-
14:35
reflect a drainage of a tidal marsh.
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反映了潮汐沼澤的水域。
14:39
Life is a force in its own right. It is a new element.
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生命是一種能支配自我的力量。這是一個新的因素。
14:47
And it has altered the Earth. It covers Earth like a skin.
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它改變了地球。它像皮膚一樣的涵蓋地球。
14:59
And where it doesn't, as in Greenland in winter,
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在生命沒有觸及的地方,比如冬季裡的格陵蘭島,
15:04
Mars is still not very far.
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那裡的景象與火星也相去不遠。
15:09
But that likelihood fades as long as ice melts again.
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但是,這很可能消失,只要冰融化了。
15:14
And where water is liquid, it becomes a womb
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當水變成液體時,它成為一個子宮。
15:18
for cells green with chlorophyll -- and that molecular marvel
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細胞因為有了葉綠素變成綠色-這個分子的奇跡
15:24
is what's made a difference -- it powers everything.
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在於它改變了一切。
15:31
The whole animal world today lives on a stockpile
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它是一切的動力。 現在的整個世界的動物生活
15:35
of bacterial oxygen that is cycled constantly
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在細菌庫裡, 在這裡氧氣能通過
15:38
through plants and algae, and their waste is our breath,
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植物和藻類不斷地循環, 它們消耗的正是我們呼出的東西,
15:43
and vice versa.
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反之亦然。
15:47
This Earth is alive, and it's made its own membrane.
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地球是有生命的,它形成了自己的细胞膜。
15:52
We call it "atmosphere." This is the icon of our journey.
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我們稱它為大氣圈。這是我們這一旅程的標記。
16:02
And you all here today can imagine and will shape where we go next.
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今天在這裡大家可以想像 並型塑我們未來的世界。
16:10
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
16:16
Thank you. Thank you.
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謝謝。謝謝
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