Charles Leadbeater: Education innovation in the slums

85,409 views ใƒป 2010-06-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
It's a great pleasure to be here.
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.
00:17
It's a great pleasure to speak after
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื™
00:19
Brian Cox from CERN.
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ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืงื•ืงืก ืž CERN (ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™).
00:21
I think CERN is the home
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉ CERN ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช
00:23
of the Large Hadron Collider.
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ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ LHC.
00:26
What ever happened to the Small Hadron Collider?
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ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงืจื” ืœืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ?
00:29
Where is the Small Hadron Collider?
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ืื™ืคื” ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ?
00:32
Because the Small Hadron Collider once was the big thing.
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ื›ื™ ืคืขื ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื.
00:35
Now, the Small Hadron Collider
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ
00:38
is in a cupboard, overlooked and neglected.
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื, ื ืฉื›ื— ื•ืžื•ื–ื ื—.
00:41
You know when the Large Hadron Collider started,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืืช ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
00:44
and it didn't work, and people tried to work out why,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคืขืœ, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข,
00:47
it was the Small Hadron Collider team
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ
00:50
who sabotaged it
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ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื•,
00:52
because they were so jealous.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงื™ื ื.
00:54
The whole Hadron Collider family
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ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืžืื™ืฆื™ื
00:56
needs unlocking.
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ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
00:58
The lesson of Brian's presentation, in a way --
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ื”ืžืกืจ ืžื”ืžืฆื’ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
01:01
all those fantastic pictures --
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืœืื•ืช,
01:03
is this really:
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื”:
01:05
that vantage point determines everything that you see.
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืชืจืื•.
01:08
What Brian was saying was
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืืžืจ ื”ื•ื
01:10
science has opened up successively different vantage points
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ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ืคืชื— ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
01:12
from which we can see ourselves,
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ืฉืžื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
01:14
and that's why it's so valuable.
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›"ื› ื™ืงืจ ืขืจืš.
01:16
So the vantage point you take
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ื›ืš ืฉื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื›ื
01:18
determines virtually everything that you will see.
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ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืจืื•.
01:20
The question that you will ask
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืชืฉืืœื•
01:22
will determine much of the answer that you get.
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ืชืงื‘ืข ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื•.
01:25
And so if you ask this question:
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ืื– ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”:
01:27
Where would you look to see the future of education?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš?
01:30
The answer that we've traditionally given to that
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™
01:33
is very straightforward, at least in the last 20 years:
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:35
You go to Finland.
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื ืœื ื“.
01:37
Finland is the best place in the world to see school systems.
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ืคื™ื ืœื ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ.
01:40
The Finns may be a bit boring and depressive and there's a very high suicide rate,
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ื”ืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื ื•ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช,
01:43
but by golly, they are qualified.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื—ื™ื™, ื”ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื.
01:46
And they have absolutely amazing education systems.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช.
01:49
So we all troop off to Finland,
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ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืคื™ื ืœื ื“,
01:51
and we wonder at the social democratic miracle of Finland
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ื•ืžืชืคืœืื™ื ืžื”ื ืก ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœ-ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื ืœื“,
01:54
and its cultural homogeneity and all the rest of it,
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ื•ืžื”ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ,
01:57
and then we struggle to imagine how we might
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ
01:59
bring lessons back.
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื”.
02:01
Well, so, for this last year,
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ืื– ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
02:03
with the help of Cisco who sponsored me,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื™ืกืงื• ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ ื—ืกื•ืช,
02:05
for some balmy reason, to do this,
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื”,
02:08
I've been looking somewhere else.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:10
Because actually radical innovation does sometimes
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ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื
02:13
come from the very best,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
02:15
but it often comes from places
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
02:17
where you have huge need --
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ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืขืฆื•ื,
02:19
unmet, latent demand --
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ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื ืกืชืจืช ืฉืœื ื ืขื ื™ืช,
02:21
and not enough resources for traditional solutions to work --
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ื•ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื™ืคืขืœื•,
02:24
traditional, high-cost solutions,
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ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืงืจื™ื
02:26
which depend on professionals,
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ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื,
02:28
which is what schools and hospitals are.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
02:30
So I ended up in places like this.
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ืื– ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
02:32
This is a place called Monkey Hill.
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ื–ื• ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื.
02:35
It's one of the hundreds of favelas in Rio.
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžืžืื•ืช ืคืื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื•.
02:38
Most of the population growth of the next 50 years
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ืขื™ืงืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ื‘-50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
02:41
will be in cities.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื.
02:43
We'll grow by six cities of 12 million people a year
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘-6 ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ 12 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”
02:46
for the next 30 years.
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ื‘-30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
02:48
Almost all of that growth will be in the developed world.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ืชืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—.
02:51
Almost all of that growth will be
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ืชืชืจื—ืฉ
02:53
in places like Monkey Hill.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื.
02:55
This is where you'll find the fastest growing
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ื›ืืŸ ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:57
young populations of the world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื”.
02:59
So if you want recipes to work --
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• -
03:01
for virtually anything -- health, education,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
03:03
government politics
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ืžืžืฉืœ, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”
03:05
and education --
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ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
03:07
you have to go to these places.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
03:09
And if you go to these places, you meet people like this.
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ื•ืื ืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืชืคื’ืฉื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
03:11
This is a guy called Juanderson.
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื™ื•ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ.
03:13
At the age of 14,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 14,
03:15
in common with many 14-year-olds in the Brazilian education system,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ื ื™ 14 ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™ืช,
03:18
he dropped out of school.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืจ ืžื‘ื™ื”"ืก.
03:20
It was boring.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืขืžื.
03:22
And Juanderson, instead, went into
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ื•ื™ื•ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ ืคื ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื,
03:24
what provided kind of opportunity and hope
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ืœืžื” ืฉืกื™ืคืง ืœื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื”
03:26
in the place that he lived, which was the drugs trade.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื–ื” ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื.
03:29
And by the age of 16, with rapid promotion,
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ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16, ืขื ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื”ื™ืจ,
03:32
he was running the drugs trade in 10 favelas.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื‘-10 ืคืื‘ืœื•ืช.
03:34
He was turning over 200,000 dollars a week.
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ืขื ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 200,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
03:37
He employed 200 people.
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ืขื 200 ืื™ืฉ ืชื—ืชื™ื•.
03:39
He was going to be dead by the age of 25.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืช ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 25.
03:41
And luckily, he met this guy,
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ื•ืœืžื–ืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
03:43
who is Rodrigo Baggio,
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ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื• ื‘ื’ื™ื•,
03:45
the owner of the first laptop to ever appear in Brazil.
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ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœืคื˜ื•ืค ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
03:48
1994, Rodrigo started something
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1994, ืจื•ื“ืจื™ื’ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
03:50
called CDI,
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ืฉื ืงืจื CDI,
03:52
which took computers
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
03:54
donated by corporations,
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ืฉื ืชืจืžื• ืข"ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
03:56
put them into community centers in favelas
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ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืชื "ืกื™ื ื‘ืคืื‘ืœื•ืช
03:58
and created places like this.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
04:01
What turned Juanderson around
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ืžื” ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื™ื•ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ
04:03
was technology for learning
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“,
04:05
that made learning fun and accessible.
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœื ื’ื™ืฉ ื•ืžื”ื ื”.
04:07
Or you can go to places like this.
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ืื• ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
04:09
This is Kibera, which is the largest slum in East Africa.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
04:12
Millions of people living here,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
04:14
stretched over many kilometers.
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ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
04:16
And there I met these two,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ืืœื”,
04:18
Azra on the left, Maureen on the right.
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ืื–ืจื” ืžืฉืžืืœ, ืžื•ืจื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ.
04:20
They just finished their Kenyan certificate
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ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™ืช
04:22
of secondary education.
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ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ื ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:24
That name should tell you that the Kenyan education system
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™ืช
04:27
borrows almost everything
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
04:29
from Britain, circa 1950,
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ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50,
04:32
but has managed to make it even worse.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ืจื•ืขื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:35
So there are schools in slums like this.
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ืื– ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉื›ืืœื”.
04:37
They're places like this.
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ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืš.
04:39
That's where Maureen went to school.
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ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื‘ื™"ืก.
04:41
They're private schools. There are no state schools in slums.
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ืืœื” ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
04:44
And the education they got was pitiful.
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื•ื‘.
04:47
It was in places like this. This a school set up by some nuns
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”. ื–ื” ื‘ื™"ืก ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืข"ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช
04:50
in another slum called Nakuru.
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ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื ืืงื•ืจื•.
04:53
Half the children in this classroom have no parents
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ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื™ื,
04:56
because they've died through AIDS.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืชื• ืžืื™ื™ื“ืก.
04:58
The other half have one parent
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ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืจื” ืื—ื“
05:00
because the other parent has died through AIDS.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืช ืžืื™ื™ื“ืก.
05:03
So the challenges of education
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ืื– ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
05:05
in this kind of place
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ื–ื”
05:07
are not to learn the kings and queens of Kenya or Britain.
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ื”ื ืœื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื” ืื• ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
05:10
They are to stay alive, to earn a living,
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ื”ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก,
05:13
to not become HIV positive.
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ืœื ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ HIV (ืื™ื™ื“ืก).
05:16
The one technology that spans rich and poor
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžืฉืชืจืขืช ืžืขื ื™ ืœืขืฉื™ืจ
05:19
in places like this
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
05:21
is not anything to do with industrial technology.
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ืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
05:23
It's not to do with electricity or water.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ืื• ืœืžื™ื.
05:25
It's the mobile phone.
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ื–ื” ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“.
05:27
If you want to design from scratch
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
05:29
virtually any service in Africa,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
05:31
you would start now with the mobile phone.
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ืชื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“.
05:34
Or you could go to places like this.
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ืื• ืื ืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
05:36
This is a place called the Madangiri Settlement Colony,
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ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื“ื ื’ื™ืจื™,
05:39
which is a very developed slum
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช
05:41
about 25 minutes outside New Delhi,
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ืžืจื—ืง 25 ื“' ืžื ื™ื• ื“ืœื”ื™,
05:44
where I met these characters
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ืฉื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:46
who showed me around for the day.
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ืฉืขืฉื• ืœื™ ืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
05:48
The remarkable thing about these girls,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
05:51
and the sign of the kind of social revolution
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
05:53
sweeping through the developing world
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ื”ืกื•ื—ืคืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—,
05:55
is that these girls are not married.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืื•ืช.
05:58
Ten years ago, they certainly would have been married.
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ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉื•ืื•ืช.
06:00
Now they're not married, and they want to go on
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืŸ ืœื ื ืฉื•ืื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš
06:02
to study further, to have a career.
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ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“, ืœืคืชื— ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”.
06:04
They've been brought up by mothers who are illiterate,
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ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืข"ื™ ืืžื”ื•ืช ืื ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช,
06:07
who have never ever done homework.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช.
06:10
All across the developing world there are millions of parents --
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื,
06:12
tens, hundreds of millions --
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื,
06:14
who for the first time
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
06:16
are with children doing homework and exams.
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉ"ื‘ ื•ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื.
06:19
And the reason they carry on studying
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“
06:21
is not because they went to a school like this.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื‘ื™"ืก ื›ื–ื”.
06:23
This is a private school.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื™"ืก ืคืจื˜ื™.
06:25
This is a fee-pay school. This is a good school.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื™"ืก ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™"ืก ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:27
This is the best you can get
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
06:29
in Hyderabad in Indian education.
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ื‘ื”ื™ื“ืจืื‘ืื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™.
06:32
The reason they went on studying was this.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื–ื•.
06:35
This is a computer installed in the entrance to their slum
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ื–ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื
06:38
by a revolutionary social entrepreneur
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ืข"ื™ ื™ื–ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™
06:40
called Sugata Mitra
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ื‘ืฉื ืกื•ื’ืื˜ื” ืžื™ื˜ืจื”
06:42
who has conducted the most radical experiments,
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ืฉืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื,
06:44
showing that children, in the right conditions,
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ื”ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
06:47
can learn on their own with the help of computers.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
06:50
Those girls have never touched Google.
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ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื’ืขื• ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ.
06:53
They know nothing about Wikipedia.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”.
06:55
Imagine what their lives would be like
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื• ื ืจืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ
06:58
if you could get that to them.
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ืื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.
07:00
So if you look, as I did,
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ืื– ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™
07:02
through this tour,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
07:04
and by looking at about a hundred case studies
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ื•ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื›ืžืื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืžืงืจื”
07:07
of different social entrepreneurs
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ืฉืœ ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
07:09
working in these very extreme conditions,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
07:12
look at the recipes that they come up with for learning,
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ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื,
07:15
they look nothing like school.
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ืชื’ืœื• ืฉื”ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ.
07:17
What do they look like?
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ื›ืžื• ืžื” ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื?
07:19
Well, education is a global religion.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื“ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
07:21
And education, plus technology,
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ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
07:23
is a great source of hope.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืงื•ื•ื”.
07:25
You can go to places like this.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
07:28
This is a school three hours outside of Sao Paulo.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™"ืก ืžืจื—ืง 3 ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืกืื• ืคืื•ืœื•.
07:31
Most of the children there have parents who are illiterate.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ื.
07:34
Many of them don't have electricity at home.
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ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
07:37
But they find it completely obvious
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืืœื™ื•
07:40
to use computers, websites,
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
07:42
make videos, so on and so forth.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืœื™ืคื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
07:44
When you go to places like this
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
07:46
what you see is that
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ืžื” ืฉืชืจืื• ื”ื•ื
07:48
education in these settings
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:51
works by pull, not push.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ื”, ื•ืœื ื“ื—ื™ืคื”.
07:53
Most of our education system is push.
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ืจื•ื‘ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื“ื—ื™ืคื”.
07:55
I was literally pushed to school.
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ืื ื™ ื ื“ื—ืคืชื™, ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ืืœ ื‘ื™"ืก.
07:57
When you get to school, things are pushed at you:
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื”"ืก, ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืืœื™ื›ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
07:59
knowledge, exams,
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ื™ื“ืข, ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื,
08:01
systems, timetables.
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื.
08:03
If you want to attract people like Juanderson
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ,
08:05
who could, for instance,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ,
08:07
buy guns, wear jewelry,
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ืœืงื ื•ืช ื ืฉืง, ืœืขื ื•ื“ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื,
08:09
ride motorbikes and get girls
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ืœืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื•ืช
08:11
through the drugs trade,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื,
08:13
and you want to attract him into education,
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
08:15
having a compulsory curriculum doesn't really make sense.
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ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
08:18
That isn't really going to attract him.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืžืฉื•ืš ืื•ืชื•.
08:20
You need to pull him.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื•ืชื•.
08:22
And so education needs to work by pull, not push.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ื”, ื•ืœื ื“ื—ื™ืคื”.
08:24
And so the idea of a curriculum
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื
08:27
is completely irrelevant in a setting like this.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
08:29
You need to start education
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
08:31
from things that make a difference
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื
08:33
to them in their settings.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
08:35
What does that?
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ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”?
08:37
Well, the key is motivation, and there are two aspects to it.
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
08:40
One is to deliver extrinsic motivation,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืกืคืง ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
08:43
that education has a payoff.
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ืฉืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืฉื ื• ืชื’ืžื•ืœ.
08:45
Our education systems all work
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ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช
08:48
on the principle that there is a payoff,
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ืขืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืชื’ืžื•ืœ,
08:50
but you have to wait quite a long time.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
08:52
That's too long if you're poor.
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ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ืžื“ื™ ืื ืืชื ืขื ื™ื™ื.
08:54
Waiting 10 years for the payoff from education
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ืœื—ื›ื•ืช 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ื ื•ืš
08:57
is too long when you need to meet daily needs,
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ื”ื•ื ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ืžื“ื™ ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื,
09:00
when you've got siblings to look after
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื—ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื,
09:02
or a business to help with.
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ืื• ืขืกืง ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื•.
09:04
So you need education to be relevant and help people
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ืื– ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™, ื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื
09:06
to make a living there and then, often.
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ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ.
09:09
And you also need to make it intrinsically interesting.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื•.
09:12
So time and again, I found people like this.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
09:15
This is an amazing guy, Sebastiao Rocha,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ื• ืจื•ืงื”,
09:18
in Belo Horizonte,
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ื‘ื‘ืœื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื–ื•ื ื˜ื”
09:20
in the third largest city in Brazil.
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
09:22
He's invented more than 200 games
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžืขืœ 200 ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
09:24
to teach virtually any subject under the sun.
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ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
09:27
In the schools and communities
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ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช
09:29
that Taio works in,
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื˜ืื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“,
09:31
the day always starts in a circle
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ
09:33
and always starts from a question.
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ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืฉืืœื”.
09:36
Imagine an education system that started from questions,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืฉืืœื•ืช,
09:39
not from knowledge to be imparted,
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ื•ืœื ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ,
09:41
or started from a game, not from a lesson,
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ืื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืžืฉื—ืง, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ,
09:44
or started from the premise
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ืื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื ื—ื”
09:46
that you have to engage people first
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ืฉืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
09:49
before you can possibly teach them.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื.
09:51
Our education systems,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื ื•,
09:53
you do all that stuff afterward, if you're lucky,
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ืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื—"ื›, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื–ืœ,
09:55
sport, drama, music.
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ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ื“ืจืžื”, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
09:57
These things, they teach through.
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ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื,
10:00
They attract people to learning
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ื”ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”
10:02
because it's really a dance project
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื—ื•ืœ,
10:04
or a circus project
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ืื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืงืจืงืก,
10:06
or, the best example of all --
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ืื• - ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” -
10:08
El Sistema in Venezuela --
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ืืœ ืกื™ืกื˜ืžื” ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื•ืืœื”,
10:10
it's a music project.
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ื–ื”ื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
10:12
And so you attract people through that into learning,
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ืื– ืืชื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ืจืš ื–ื” ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”,
10:14
not adding that on after
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ืœื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™
10:16
all the learning has been done
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื ืขืฉืชื”,
10:18
and you've eaten your cognitive greens.
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืื›ืœืชื ืืช ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
10:21
So El Sistema in Venezuela
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ืื– ืืœ ืกื™ืกื˜ืžื” ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื•ืืœื”
10:23
uses a violin as a technology of learning.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ื›ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื”.
10:26
Taio Rocha uses making soap
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ื˜ืื™ื• ืจื•ืงื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืกื‘ื•ืŸ
10:29
as a technology of learning.
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ื›ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื”.
10:31
And what you find when you go to these schemes
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ื›ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
10:33
is that they use people and places
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
10:35
in incredibly creative ways.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
10:37
Masses of peer learning.
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื.
10:39
How do you get learning to people
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ืื™ืš ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื
10:41
when there are no teachers,
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ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื,
10:43
when teachers won't come, when you can't afford them,
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ื›ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืฉืœื ืœื”ื,
10:45
and even if you do get teachers,
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ื•ื’ื ืื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื,
10:48
what they teach isn't relevant to the communities that they serve?
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ื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ืžืฉืจืชื™ื?
10:51
Well, you create your own teachers.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื.
10:53
You create peer-to-peer learning,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“,
10:55
or you create para-teachers, or you bring in specialist skills.
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ืื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืคืืจื-ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื.
10:58
But you find ways to get learning that's relevant to people
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื
11:01
through technology, people and places that are different.
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ื“ืจืš ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:04
So this is a school in a bus
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ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ื™"ืก ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก
11:06
on a building site
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ื‘ืืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”
11:09
in Pune, the fastest growing city in Asia.
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ื‘ืคื•ื ื”, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืกื™ื”.
11:12
Pune has 5,000 building sites.
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ื‘ืคื•ื ื” 5,000 ืืชืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.
11:15
It has 30,000 children
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30,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื
11:17
on those building sites.
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ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืืœื”.
11:19
That's one city.
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ื•ื–ื• ืจืง ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืช.
11:21
Imagine that urban explosion
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™
11:23
that's going to take place across the developing world
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—
11:26
and how many thousands of children
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
11:28
will spend their school years on building sites.
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ื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.
11:30
Well, this is a very simple scheme
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ืื– ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
11:32
to get the learning to them through a bus.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืืœื™ื”ื ืขื ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก.
11:35
And they all treat learning,
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”,
11:38
not as some sort of academic, analytical activity,
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ืœื ื›ืืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ืช,
11:41
but as that's something that's productive,
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ืืœื ื›ืืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
11:43
something you make,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ,
11:45
something that you can do, perhaps earn a living from.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืžืžื ื•.
11:48
So I met this character, Steven.
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ืื– ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื–ื”, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ.
11:51
He'd spent three years in Nairobi living on the streets
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ื”ื•ื ื’ืจ 3 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™
11:54
because his parents had died of AIDS.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืžืชื• ืžืื™ื™ื“ืก.
11:56
And he was finally brought back into school,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ื”"ืก,
11:58
not by the offer of GCSEs,
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ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืขื•ื“ื”,
12:00
but by the offer of learning how to become a carpenter,
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ืจ,
12:03
a practical making skill.
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ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืขืฉื™.
12:05
So the trendiest schools in the world,
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ืื– ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
12:07
High Tech High and others,
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ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง ื•ืื—ืจื™ื,
12:09
they espouse a philosophy of learning as productive activity.
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
12:12
Here, there isn't really an option.
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ื›ืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื”.
12:14
Learning has to be productive
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ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
12:16
in order for it to make sense.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
12:19
And finally, they have a different model of scale,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ื”.
12:22
and it's a Chinese restaurant model
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื“ื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช
12:24
of how to scale.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ืœืžื“ื•ื“.
12:26
And I learned it from this guy,
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ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
12:28
who is an amazing character.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
12:30
He's probably the most remarkable social entrepreneur
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื–ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ
12:32
in education in the world.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
12:34
His name is Madhav Chavan,
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ืฉืžื• ืžื“ื”ื‘ ืฆ'ื‘ืŸ,
12:36
and he created something called Pratham.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืคืจืืช'ื.
12:38
And Pratham runs preschool play groups
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ื•ืคืจืืช'ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืœืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืช
12:41
for, now, 21 million children in India.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืœ 21 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
12:44
It's the largest NGO in education in the world.
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ื–ื” ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
12:47
And it also supports working-class kids going into Indian schools.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืžืขืžื“ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
12:50
He's a complete revolutionary.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืคื›ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
12:52
He's actually a trade union organizer by background,
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.
12:55
and that's how he learned the skills
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืจื›ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื
12:57
to build his organization.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
12:59
When they got to a certain stage,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
13:01
Pratham got big enough to attract
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ืคืจืืช'ื ื’ื“ืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš
13:03
some pro bono support from McKinsey.
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ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื—ื™ื ื ืžืžืง'ืงื™ื ื–ื™.
13:05
McKinsey came along and looked at his model and said,
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ืžืง'ืงื™ื ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื• ื•ืืžืจื•,
13:08
"You know what you should do with this, Madhav?
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"ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื–ื”, ืžื“ื”ื‘?
13:10
You should turn it into McDonald's.
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก.
13:12
And what you do when you go to any new site
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืืชืจ ื—ื“ืฉ
13:14
is you kind of roll out a franchise.
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ืืชื” ืžืขื ื™ืง ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ.
13:16
And it's the same wherever you go.
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ืชื’ื™ืข.
13:18
It's reliable and people know exactly where they are.
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ื–ื” ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืคื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื.
13:21
And there will be no mistakes."
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ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช."
13:23
And Madhav said,
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ื•ืžื“ื”ื‘ ืืžืจ,
13:25
"Why do we have to do it that way?
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"ืœืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืš?
13:27
Why can't we do it more like the Chinese restaurants?"
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ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช?"
13:30
There are Chinese restaurants everywhere,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
13:32
but there is no Chinese restaurant chain.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
13:35
Yet, everyone knows what is a Chinese restaurant.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื• ืžืกืขื“ื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
13:37
They know what to expect, even though it'll be subtly different
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื”
13:40
and the colors will be different and the name will be different.
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ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
13:42
You know a Chinese restaurant when you see it.
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืžืกืขื“ื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”.
13:45
These people work with the Chinese restaurant model --
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืกืขื“ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
13:48
same principles, different applications and different settings --
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ืื•ืชื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
13:51
not the McDonald's model.
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ืœื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก.
13:53
The McDonald's model scales.
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ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก ืžื˜ืคืก ืžืขืœื”.
13:55
The Chinese restaurant model spreads.
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ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืกืขื“ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืžืชืคืฉื˜.
13:58
So mass education
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ืื– ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื”ืžื•ื ื™ื
14:00
started with social entrepreneurship
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ื”ื—ืœ ืขื ื™ื–ืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
14:02
in the 19th century.
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19.
14:04
And that's desperately what we need again
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืš ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช
14:06
on a global scale.
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
14:08
And what can we learn from all of that?
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ื•ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”?
14:10
Well, we can learn a lot
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”
14:12
because our education systems
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ื›ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื ื•
14:14
are failing desperately in many ways.
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ื ื›ืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.
14:16
They fail to reach the people
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ื”ืŸ ื ื›ืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื’ืขื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื
14:18
they most need to serve.
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ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
14:20
They often hit their target but miss the point.
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
14:23
Improvement is increasingly
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ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:25
difficult to organize;
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ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ.
14:27
our faith in these systems, incredibly fraught.
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ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ืขื•ื ื”.
14:30
And this is just a very simple way of
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
14:32
understanding what kind of innovation,
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื• ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
14:35
what kind of different design we need.
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ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
14:38
There are two basic types of innovation.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
14:40
There's sustaining innovation,
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ืช,
14:42
which will sustain an existing institution or an organization,
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ืฉืชืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžื•ืกื“ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
14:45
and disruptive innovation
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืฉืช,
14:47
that will break it apart, create some different way of doing it.
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ืฉืชืคืจืง ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
14:50
There are formal settings --
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ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช,
14:52
schools, colleges, hospitals --
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ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ, ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
14:54
in which innovation can take place,
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ,
14:56
and informal settings -- communities,
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ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื-ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช, ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช,
14:58
families, social networks.
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ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
15:00
Almost all our effort goes in this box,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื
15:02
sustaining innovation in formal settings,
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ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืจืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช,
15:05
getting a better version
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื’ืจืกื ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช
15:07
of the essentially Bismarckian school system
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืกืžืืจืงื™ืช
15:09
that developed in the 19th century.
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ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19.
15:12
And as I said, the trouble with this is that,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื
15:14
in the developing world
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—
15:16
there just aren't teachers to make this model work.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื•ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
15:18
You'd need millions and millions of teachers
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ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื
15:21
in China, India, Nigeria
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ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”
15:23
and the rest of developing world to meet need.
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ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ.
15:26
And in our system, we know
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ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
15:28
that simply doing more of this won't eat into
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ืฉืื ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ืœื ืชื”ื™ื”
15:31
deep educational inequalities,
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ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืื™-ืฉื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™,
15:33
especially in inner cities
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขืจื™ื
15:35
and former industrial areas.
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ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ.
15:37
So that's why we need three more kinds of innovation.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช.
15:40
We need more reinvention.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
15:42
And all around the world now you see
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ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื
15:44
more and more schools reinventing themselves.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
15:47
They're recognizably schools, but they look different.
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ื”ื ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ, ืืš ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืื—ืจืช.
15:50
There are Big Picture schools
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ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื’ Big Picture
15:52
in the U.S. and Australia.
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
15:54
There are Kunskapsskolan schools
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ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื’ Kunscap Skolan
15:56
in Sweden.
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ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”.
15:58
Of 14 of them,
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ืžืชื•ืš 14,
16:01
only two of them are in schools.
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ืจืง 2 ืžื”ื ื”ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ.
16:03
Most of them are in other buildings not designed as schools.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ.
16:06
There is an amazing school in Northen Queensland
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™"ืก ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืกืœื ื“ (ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”)
16:08
called Jaringan.
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ื‘ืฉื Jaringan.
16:10
And they all have the same kind of features:
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ื•ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื,
16:12
highly collaborative, very personalized,
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ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืช"ืค,
16:15
often pervasive technology,
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช.
16:18
learning that starts from questions
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ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืฉืืœื•ืช
16:20
and problems and projects,
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื,
16:22
not from knowledge and curriculum.
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ื•ืœื ืžืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืข.
16:24
So we certainly need more of that.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
16:26
But because so many of the issues in education
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
16:29
aren't just in school,
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ืฉืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ,
16:31
they're in family and community,
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ืืœื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”.
16:33
what you also need, definitely,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื’ื
16:35
is more on the right hand side.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
16:37
You need efforts to supplement schools.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ.
16:40
The most famous of these is Reggio Emilia in Italy,
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ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžืืœื” ื”ื•ื Reggio Emilia ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”,
16:43
the family-based learning system
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”
16:46
to support and encourage people in schools.
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ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ.
16:49
The most exciting is the Harlem Children's Zone,
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ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืืจืœื,
16:52
which over 10 years, led by Geoffrey Canada,
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ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืžืขืœ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื’'ืคืจื™ ืงื ื“ื”,
16:55
has, through a mixture of schooling
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ืฉื ื™ืกื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
16:57
and family and community projects,
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ื•ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”,
16:59
attempted to transform not just education in schools,
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ,
17:02
but the entire culture and aspiration
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ืืœื ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช
17:05
of about 10,000 families in Harlem.
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ืฉืœ 10,000 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืืจืœื.
17:08
We need more of that
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื•ื“
17:10
completely new and radical thinking.
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ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื›ื–ื•.
17:12
You can go to places an hour away, less,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืขื”
17:15
from this room,
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ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
17:17
just down the road, which need that,
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ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘, ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืš,
17:20
which need radicalism of a kind that we haven't imagined.
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ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉืœื ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•.
17:23
And finally, you need transformational innovation
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
17:25
that could imagine getting learning to people
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื
17:27
in completely new and different ways.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
17:30
So we are on the verge, 2015,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ, ื‘-2015,
17:33
of an amazing achievement,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
17:36
the schoolification of the world.
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ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
17:38
Every child up to the age of 15 who wants a place in school
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ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 15 ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™"ืก
17:41
will be able to have one in 2015.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘-2015.
17:43
It's an amazing thing.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
17:45
But it is,
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ืื‘ืœ,
17:47
unlike cars, which have developed
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ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื•
17:49
so rapidly and orderly,
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ืžื”ืจ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ,
17:51
actually the school system is recognizably
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ
17:54
an inheritance from the 19th century,
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ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
17:56
from a Bismarkian model of German schooling
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ืžืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืกืžืืจืงื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื’ืจืžื ื™
17:59
that got taken up by English reformers,
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ืฉืื•ืžืฅ ืข"ื™ ืจืคื•ืจืžื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ื™ื,
18:02
and often by
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืข"ื™
18:05
religious missionaries,
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ืžืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื,
18:07
taken up in the United States
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ืื•ืžืฅ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
18:09
as a force of social cohesion,
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ื›ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
18:11
and then in Japan and South Korea as they developed.
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ.
18:14
It's recognizably 19th century in its roots.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19.
18:16
And of course it's a huge achievement.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืขืฆื•ื.
18:18
And of course it will bring great things.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืœื™ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
18:20
It will bring skills and learning and reading.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืœื™ื“ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืงืจื™ืื”.
18:23
But it will also lay waste to imagination.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืชื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
18:26
It will lay waste to appetite. It will lay waste to social confidence.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
18:29
It will stratify society
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ื”ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
18:31
as much as it liberates it.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื”.
18:33
And we are bequeathing to the developing world
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—
18:35
school systems that they will now spend
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื™ืฆืจื™ื›ื•
18:38
a century trying to reform.
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ืžืื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืจืžื”.
18:40
That is why we need really radical thinking,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจื“ื™ืงืืœื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช,
18:43
and why radical thinking is now
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื”
18:45
more possible and more needed than ever in how we learn.
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ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืžืื™ ืคืขื.
18:48
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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